Green Infrastructure 2014 Group E - Case Study 4
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Landscape Improvement and Rehabitilation of Urban Margin of Arvand and Karun River, Khoramshahr, Iran:
Potential of Green Infrastructures for social benefits in margin areas
| Name | Arvand River | |
| Country | Iran | |
| City | Khoramshahr | |
| Authors | Hani Gholami | |
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Rationale: Why is this case interesting?
Khoramshahr is a border and potential city at the border of Iran. A big part of its importance is straightly related to the dozens of oil resources nearby and the other part flashes back to the history when it was a war between Iran and Iraq. This nostalgic city is located adjacent to Arvand River which defines a part of the border of Iran-Iraq and also provides a livable land for landscape residents.
Unfortunately, at 30 years ago, Khoramshahr was completely destroyed in the war and The city was a ghost town in the 1986 census, but now it is a fairly big city again, as it was before the war. In previous three decades lots of developments has been accomplished but not by a very deep consideration. Arvand River is providing a considerable possibility for having better quality of everything. By good understanding of Green Infrastructure and a wise plan, we can get its benefits to the work and converse the land from mostly gray to green. Along with, re-providing the bed for biodiversity life and also try to make some perfect facilities for public recreation. Although the climate in this landscape is very warm and it would be a big challenge to bring Green Infrastructure theories to the reality, it is worth trying to develop new ideas for environmental and social benefits.
Author's perspective
I am born in Iran and I have bachelor degree in Architectural Engineering and currently started my course in International Master of Landscape Architecture (IMLA). Before studying my bachelor, I was visualizing architecture as a profession for designing fascinating buildings. After a while, I found out that architecture embraces a lot more than structures. In fact, it covers everything that is related to people's life and their landscape, and along with, any living creatures and its environment.
Arvand River and the specified landscape of Khoramshahr is too far from my hometown in Iran. It is a border city and is located at southwest of the country. I have not been there before but I am aware of people and landscape status in this zone. At the moment, the city is not providing an admirable quality of life and socializing for its citizens. People in this area have been through alot in previous decades and I think that green infrastructure is the best answer for this landscape for further improvements and bringing the boons back to the site.
Landscape and/or urban context of your case
- Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
History
In ancient times, the area where the city exists today was under the waters of the Persian Gulf, before becoming a part of the vast marshlands and the tidal flats at the mouth of the Karun River. The small town known as Piyan, and later Bayan appeared in the area no sooner than the late Parthian time in the 1st. Century AD. Whether or not this was located at the where Khoramshahr is today, is highly debatable.
During the Islamic centuries, the Daylamite Buwayhid king, Panah Khusraw Adud ad-Dawlah ordered the digging of a canal to join Karun River (which at the time emptied independently into the Persian Gulf through the Bahmanshir channel, to the Shatt al-Arab (the joint estuary of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known in Iran as Arvand Rood). The extra water made the joint estuary more reliably navigable. The channel thus created was known as the Haffar, which exactly described what the channel was. The Haffar soon became the main channel of the Karun, as it is in the present day. Establishment of a port town at the confluence of the Haffar and the Arvand River is natural and may be expected. However, there is absolutely no mention of such a place in the geographical records, while there are an ample mentions of the port of Abadan nearby.
Area of interest during the past decade
- Iran–Iraq War
During the Iran–Iraq War it was extensively ravaged by Iraqi forces as a result of Saddam Hussein's scorched earth policy. Prior to the war, Khorramshahr had grown extensively to become Iran's primary non-oil port city, and home to some of the most sprawling neighborhoods in Iran. The population was predominantly wealthy and upper class, and along with Abadan, the prevalent culture was that of modern Iranian cosmopolitanism.
By the end of the war, Khorramshahr had been completely devastated by Saddam Hussein's forces, with very few buildings left intact. Other major urban centres such as Abadan and Ahvaz were also left in ruins, though nowhere nearly as bad as Khorramshahr. The city of Khorramshahr was one of the primary and most important frontlines of the war and has thus achieved mythic status amongst the Iranian population. Because of the war, the population of Khorramshahr dropped from 146,706 in the 1976 census to 0 in the 1986 census. The population reached 34,750 in the 1991 census and by the 2006 census it reached 123,866, and according to World Gazetteer its population as of 2012 is 138,398, making the population close to what it was before the war.
Economy
The economy of Khorramshahr is still largely affected by the destruction and depopulation of the city's residents in the 1980s during the first years of the Iran–Iraq War. The main activities are, however, essentially the same as before the war, petroleum production and exports and imports through the city port, though on a much smaller scale as restoration is not yet totally complete, even though three decades have passed since the end of the war. Residents originally from Khorramshahr have also slowly been returning to the city, rebuilding their houses and businesses.
Biogeography
- Climate
Khoramshahr city has located in south-west of Khuzestan province, alongside of Karoon River and has 5 meters height of free seas. Although annual raining rate is very low, this city is one of the most verdant cities in Khuzestan province. In general, hot weather, relatively high moisture, drastic sunlight and dusty winds are important meteorology factors, and palm trees, low lattitude, low height and nearness to river are significant climatic factors.
Khorramshahr has long, hot summers and mild, short winters. The mean temperature in summer is 35 degrees celsius, maximum temperature in summer could soar up to 48 degrees Celsius while in winters the minimum temperature could fall around 1 degrees Celsius. The annual rainfall is about 140 mm. Khorramshahr experiences many sandstorms.
According to Olgyay divisions, Khuzestan has been placed on climatic group titled “very hot summer and moist summer and without winter “. By transferring summer and winter circumstances of Khoramshahr city on bioclimatic table, it has been resulted that in 6 months of the year (May to September) final limits of weather thermal circumstances is out of comfort area and has a long distance with upper limit (bright shadow area), and sometimes it could not make cold the weather of city by natural methods in limits of human comfort and we have to use mechanic cryogenic instruments, but in winter situations it may make weather hot by sun thermal energy.
- Ecosystem Diversity
Culture Features
- Overview
- Festivals and Events
- Architecture
Overall Character
- Role in Local Area
- Main Landmarks
- Districts
- City Breathing Spaces
A breathing space in the context of a city can be described as an undeveloped piece of land which provides a perceptual and psychological distance and space between developed areas, and between city users and residents. In a regional sense, the middle area between Karun River and Bahmanshir Canal provides a major breathing space not far from adjacent urban settlement areas.
Breathing spaces need area and space in order to function: they are not merely edges, but require visual depth and extent. They are visual districts rather than visual edges (Lynch, 1960).
The role of breathing spaces in the city is to diffuse the intensity of urban living and to provide opportunities for relief from noise, urban settlement and other people. Therefor the area of interest between the river and the canal can also respond to need for breathing spaces.
Dynamics
- Rivers (Arvand, Karun and Bahmanshir)
Arvand River is a river in southwest Iran of some 200 km (120 mi) in length, formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The southern end of the river constitutes the border between Iran and Iraq down to the mouth of the river in Iran as it discharges into the Persian Gulf. It varies in width from about 232 metres (761 ft) to 800 metres (2,600 ft) at its mouth. It is thought that the waterway formed relatively recently in geologic time, with the Tigris and Euphrates originally emptying into the Persian Gulf via a channel further to the west.
The area is judged to hold the largest date palm forest in the world. In the mid-1970s, the region included 17 to 18 million date palms, an estimated one-fifth of the world's 90 million palm trees. But by 2002, war, salt, and pests had wiped out more than 14 million of the palms, including around 5 million in Iran and 9 million in Iraq. Many of the remaining 3 to 4 million trees are in poor condition.
| Ranking | Name | River | Canal | Multi Nationality | Silt Depositing | Navigability | Number of Bridges | Swimming Facilities | Swimming Potentiality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Arvand | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | 0 | No | No |
| 2 | Karun | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | 3 | No | Yes |
| 3 | Bahmanshir | No | Yes | No | No | No | 1 | No | Yes |
- Pollution:
The pollution of Arvand River and along with, Karun River and Bahmanshir River is straightly related to Persian Gulf. The Persian Gulf is a 600 – mile body of water. Persian Gulf is the most strategic waterways in the world due to its importance in the global oil transportation. Due to the war and high rate of water evaporation, extended drilling and oil extraction, pollution of the water has increased alarmingly. The Persian Gulf is now one of the sensitive marine ecosystems.
The Persian Gulf is the presence of coral colonies and plant species and need clear protection because of its crucial role in the earth’s life supporting phenomena. The effects of industrial pollution, oil spills on the marine environment is forcing us to focus on the problem and the need for coastal conservation.
| Number | Source |
|---|---|
| 1 | Pollution from ships |
| 2 | Pollution from Land-based sources |
| 3 | Pollution caused by dumping from ships and aircraft |
| 4 | Pollution resulting from exploration and exploitation of the bed of the territorial sea, the continental shelf and the sub-soil thereof |
| 5 | Pollution from other human activities |
Besides, the Karun river, a tributary which joins the waterway, deposits large amounts of silt into the river; this necessitates continuous dredging to keep it navigable.
- Role of the Rivers in People's Lives:
- Periodic Droughts:
Deserts and arid lands have always presented a harsh environment in which to live, and their sunburned people make a great effort to survive. They have done their best to find ways of better living. Water is a vital commodity in these areas, and the art and technology of saving water for consumption is critical to these people.
Drought is a natural phenomenon that can occur in any region and cause economic, social, and environmental losses. It has greater effects in dry and water-deficient regions and is a global threat, but it has not been studied in detail in many countries. During recent decades, drought has exceeded any other natural disaster in number and frequency.
Drought is the result of an abnormally dry period that lasts long enough to cause an imbalance in hydrologic processes (storage and consumption). Reduced precipitation or increased temperature, either alone or together, can cause drought. Iran has experienced a severe drought during the last three years (1999-2001), the worst drought period in the last 40 years. On the basis of reports by Iran Meteorological Organization, precipitation during 1999, 2000, and 2001 was 24.2, 40, and 28.5 percent less than normal, respectively. Twenty provinces of the country were faced with the crisis, and 62,500 billion Rials (BR) (U.S. $1 = 8,000 Rials) worth of damage occurred. This damage occurred mainly in the agriculture sector and mainly affected poor people. Drought was more severe in the south, center, southeast, and east which also consists Khuzestan province (Khoramshahr is located in this province).
- Predicted Future:
- View Corridor:
- Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses
- Illustrations
Khoramshar in the Rigion
Khoramshahr City
Area of Interest
Analytical drawings
- Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site
- Analytical Drawings
your visual
Space Analysis
Density Analysis
Previous Plam Gardens
Potentials Plan
Green Infrastructure benefits for this site
Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?
Social Benefits:
- Increased recreational places
- More open spaces
- Prepare a better quality of life in the city
- Preserving city from sand storms
- Multifunctional public recreational facilities
- Providing green areas
- Encourage people to cooperate in the procedure
- Provide swimming areas at riverside
Environmental Benefits:
- Increased city breathing spaceas
- Enhancing the quality of the soil
- Soil reinforcement at the riverside by improving the green features
- Prevent silt depositing to the river
- Water purification
- Changing gray to the green
- Re-providing biodiversity life
- Preserving water for agriculture by underground water harvesting
- Bringing the palms back to the landscape
- Make a more friendly communication between people and landscape
- Providing fish lakes
- Make a better connectivity in the site
- Enhancing quality of view corridor of the river
Economic Benefits:
- Starting growing date palms as an old business
- Use underground water harvesting for agricultural purposes
- Solar energy development
- Increased property value as a side-effect
- Bringing the ability of tourism attraction back to the site
- providing fish nourishment lakes
Connectivity:
- Providing more bridge connections at the river
- Improving the quality of the riverside for both social and economic use
- Defining well designed pedestrian and bike path
- Design more open spaces at the river margin to makes people more encouraged to be connected with the river
- Make it easy to get to the river from any point of the city
Potential for multifunctionality
Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?
Underground Water Harvesting
- Providing agricultural opportunities
- Preserving water from drought
- Water purification
- Enhancing the quality of soil
- Helping to decrease silt depositing in the river
Date Palm Gardens:
- Purifying the weather
- Economic benefits
- More new job opportunities
- Reinforcing the soil
- Cultural benefits with bringing people's palm back to the site
- Preserving the city from sandstorms
- Providing shadow spaces in the environment
Agricultural Fields:
- Providing the required vegetables for whole citizens
- Improving the quality of soil
- Providing green sceneries
- Economical benefits
- Preparing interesting breathing spaces for the citizens
- Making the city independent from importing lots of vegetables
- Very effective psychological benefits with decreasing the gray
Fish Nourishment Pools and Lakes:
- Economical benefits with providing new job opportunities and possibilities for fish can factories
- Social benefits by providing ability for fishing in a green environment
- Preserving more marine species in clean water
- Providing healthy local food for people
- Providing wetlands and side benefits for other species
New Open and Breathing Spaces:
- Very good and valuable psychological benefits for the people since they do not have admirable open spaces right now
- Making a good connection between different parts of the city
- Giving people visual depth in a green area instead of gary landscape
Riverside Improvement:
- Enhancing scenery of the riverside and make it a pleasant place for communication
- Improving the river corridor quality
- Reinforce the soil by planting palms and trees as a matter of silt depositing prevention into the river
- Making shadow areas at the riverside while weather is usually too warm in this area
- Empower connectivity between people and river
Projective drawings
- How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)
- you may add a short explanation here
- And how could it look like in 10-15 years?
- you may add a short explanation here
- Projective Drawings
Future Plan
Master Plan
Water Harvesting
Section
Master Proposal
Summary and conclusion
- 100 words approx.
Image Gallery
Please add further images/photos here
- Image Gallery
Main City Bridge at Night
Main City Bridge at Evening
River Margin
Karun River.1
Karun River.2
Perspective
Perspective
Night Scenery
Riverside
Riverside
Burnt Date Palms
Canal
River-Night
View Corridor
Previous Farm Lake
Sub-urban Areas
References
- please add your references here
1. 8th International Crustacean Congress (ICC-8),Frankfurt am Main, August 18-23, 2014,Composition, Abundance and Seasonality of Caridean shrimp larvae (Crustacea: Decapoda) in the mouth of Bahmanshir and Arvand Rivers (the northern Persian Gulf) [1]
2. Hoda Afshari, Lecturer, Department of Art, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran, Design Fundamentals in the Hot and Humid Climate of Iran: The Case of Khoramshahr, Asian Culture and History, Vol. 4, No. 1; January 2012 [2]
External Links
- Climate Data
- Biodiversity Keywords Glossary
- Khorramshahr Post-War Photo Slideshow
- Importance of dam(s) - In Original Language (Persian)
- Periodic Droughts
8 Drought
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