Hangzhou

weave a new memory for Westlake (Hangzhou, China)

Name	Comprehensive protection project of Westlake
Place	Hangzhou
Country	China
Topic	Water, human and City
Author(s)	Chinyi Gu
Completion	2006
Client	Government of Hangzhou City
Project costs	(5,000,000,000 RMB)
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="30.264405" lon="120.231628" zoom="11" width="300" height="250"> </googlemap>

Rationale: Why is this case study interesting?

It has never been such a story and would never be such a story which could clarify the relationship between human, city, life and nature more expressively in Chinese history. The story is deposited by struggles, hardship, repetitions, as well as joy, triumph and harmony.

Westlake, located in center of the city Hangzhou, boast one of the most prominent scenic spots in China. The coexistence of the city and the lake has gone through more than thousand years. The lake is surrounded by mountains from three sides and face with the dense urban construction on eastside. In this senses, westlake and the adjacent mountain played a critical role in prevent the sprawl and actually become the last oasis without being perished.

In 2002, the third time of dredging and comprehensive protection project of Westlake. Hangzhou China, was initialized. Superficially, it was only one of thousands dredging projects in the history of Westlake. However, considering the pretermission during the last 300 years, the quality of lake existence, the symbiotic relationship between human and lake had deteriorated into a severe condition, this project carried more commissions both ecologically, culturally and pragmatically. Meanwhile, this project connected the grand cannel, Qiantang river,to the Westlake, which enable an extensive water flowing and subsequently boost the self cleaning capacity of the natural water body in this area.

Author's perspective

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Landscape and/or urban context

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Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

panorama of Westlake

Generally Introduction West lake is located in the very center of Hangzhou city,the capital city of Zhejiang province, which boasts the most prosperous region in southeast of china. North to Westlake situated Qiantang riverwhich is the origin of Westlake. Qiantang river flows into the East China Sea through Hangzhou Bay. it is also the southern terminal of the ancient Grand Canal. The whole area of Westlake covers 6.38km2, Annual run-off is around 14,000,000m3 while freuquncy of water substitution is once per year.

The geographical evolution of Westlake

The evolution of Westlake

Trace back to the origin and history of West lake, the whole span of the lake falls into two phases with the former one attribute to no more than a natural evolution of a lake——from a bay nearby the Yangzi delta, to a lagoon and finally enclosed by alluvial clay from Qiantang river. This is approximately the phenotype of the Westlake we are familiar with. However, if evolution was straightly going through, the lake should have been swallowed by the sands and sendiment from streams which connect Qiantang river and Westlake, then finally be converted into farm land or swamp. However, the settlement of inhabitants in this area absolutely changed the fate of Westlake, as a result unravel the second phase of Westlake——from a natural lake to an artificial lake that is protected by dam and dredged consistently. Due to the need of drinking water for the increasing population, whereas all the water from river, even from the wells deeply digged in this region are all contaminated with the salty water from east China sea, the residents had to rely on the precious eligible water from Westlake. The coexistence relationship was reinforced with the establishment of Hangzhou as a capital city of China in Song dynasty.The political decision obviously place westlake in a more significant status and therefore, the revitalisation of westlake became the rountine exploit of each dynasty and each emperor either in aesthetical way or ecological way.

status before compeletion of protection project

hydrology

Except for rain water, the compensation of Westlake was mainly generated from four natural runoffs:(from north to south) Jinshan river, Longhong river, Chishan river, and Changqiao river

The main runoffs of Westlake

The rapid industrialization and economics development since 1978 in China was in some sense obtained at the cost of the loss of ecological balance. Westlake was unexceptionally suffering from a severe pollution derived from industrial manufacture outlet, trash abandoned by tourists, along the watefron. In order to attain a relative clean waterbody, Qiantang River was connected to Westlake during the second Westlake protection project (1985 AD) by around 2800 transportation tunnel. The water sucked from Qiantang river was split into two parts, one of which injected into inner lake, while the other pour into outer river. In 1987, to match the new inflow from Qiantang river on south side, Shentang sluice was reconstructed to enhance the outlow on north side.

Ecosystem:

• Forest ecosystem
• Freshwater ecosystem
• Wetland ecosystem

Freshwater and Wetland ecosystem were severely perished because of the eutrophication, overgrow of phycophyta and sediment intrusion, which obsessively damaged the health of Westlake since the beginning of its formation.

Cultural/social/political context

Cultural Context The cultural history of Westlake has been described in detail by countless of books, both inside and outside of China. Obviously Westlake is a attractive place full of legends and stories which even appeal to people nowadays and inspire the passion of art work creating from artist, poet. A brief introduction of Westlake history can be seen in the subpage West lake in Wikipedia

Political context of the comprehensive project of Westlake In spite of the governmentally organized measures taken since 1949, which include routine dredging by employing ferry boat, channeling various water source to purify the water quality, issued regulation to impose the legal obligation on individual and firms, which attempt to avoid the pollution caused by unscrupulous dumping of trash, the quality of the water of Westlake did not improve a lot due to the loose administration, natural eutrophication process of Westlake. In 1990s, the plan of Comprehensive protection project of Westlake was conceived mainly because Westlake, one of the famous cultural and social heritage of China, started the procedure to apply for the world natural and cultural heritage site.

History

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Spatial analysis of area/project/plan

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Core Questions Working Group Nature Conservation / Water

What is the role of user groups?

Although Hangzhou is usually seen as the “shanshui" city( the city located in the landscape with moutain and river), which indicate the resourse of nature heritage.Westlake obviously tend to be the key component due to the very location. the users actually include all kinds of people living in the city and also, people pass by to follow the trace of story accumulated in the long histroy of Westlake.

What is the role of the city?

The coexistence of city and lake is pretty striking in this case. Initially, the lake served as a functional element for the city with which development, the lake is no longer used as a source of drinking water.The lake, with the mountain beside the lake, are enclosed by the city and actually doomed to be dependend on the development of the city.

How do urban and natural structures interact?

Westlake is surrounded by mountain from three sides. To this point, only one side was left to attach the border of "urban" structure. The east border of west lake remians a tough problem for all the designers to cope with.The natural shore from the other three sides, which dotted with numerous amazing senic spot and fauna shed with beatufifully shaped peaks, dimmed the concrete forest along the east side. The skyscrapers, build up were just one lane away from east side of Westlake without any shield.This problem remains unsettled during this project,however,we anticipate in the next 10 years,municiple government of Hangzhou can take measure to prevent the city sprawling by either demolish certain existed buildings or draft relative regulation to control the building of highrises.

What is the role of water?

Compared to the city, which is the leading domain in the 'coexistence' relationship. the water is changed by the activities of human being. Nowadays, the role of the lake is purely for recreation, which boasts as the most famous scenery spot in China. It is because of the significance of the culture heritage it carries that make the existence of the lake more prominent than ecological means.

What is the evolution of the urban relation between humans and nature?

The first span of Westlake is non-artifical, which was kept until people started to settle down in the lake region, the humid place with salty land, which supposed to be unsuitable to live on. During the second span of Westlake, the "human" plays a leading role in deciding the fate of Westlake, mainly due to the need of edible water to satisfy the daily use of local inhabitants at first, and then gradually developed fish breeding to feed the exploded population, the dredging act is never ended. The aesthetic function of Westlake was firstly established in Tang dynasty, and outreached the other functions in Song dynasty, while Hangzhou (Lin An) was chosen to be the capital of Nansong. Served as a backup recreational site, The popularity of Westlake as a scenic spot had been won not only among the royal members, but also scholars, bureaucrats, poets, painters and even normal people. The artificial influence released by human being was reached its zenith and never be changed again in the next thousands of years.

The chronicle of revitalization project in the chinese history

Year Dynasty Measure 766-779 Tang Six wells were digged to channel the water from westlake to the inner city in order to offer the edible water to the inhabitants in Hangzhou

around 822 Tang A dam was builded to protect westlake from invading, the water from westlake started to be used in irrigation, which is crucial to the farming in this area

around 907 WuDai (five dynasties period) Strengthen the Dreding up to prevent the stagnation, Yong Jin pond was channeled to connect the Westlake and Grand canal

1007 Song revitalation project

1021 Song Fishing was forbidden to protect the stability of the ecological system

1060 Song South Well was digged to supplement the eligible water source for inhabitants

1089 Song Dredging project, the removed soil was reused to build a causeway all across the river, and was named after the project leader, the famous accomplished politician, artist, poet, Su shi (Su causeway). Three stone pergodas were also established in the center of the lake to mark the boundary of fishing forbidden region. This revitalation project was claimed as the most succeesful project in the history and therefore build a example for the following steps for its triumph on both ecological and aesthetic aspects.

1165-1173 South Song rebuild the "Six wells"

1247 South Song remove the water plants (Lotus),which stagnated the water exchange between lake and other channels

1456 Ming two flood gates were build to control the water level

Ming transportation system was established to ease the process of dredging

1505-1508 Ming demolish around 1000qm farming land to broaden the lake, the soil was reused to reinfoce Su causeway,besides, a new causeway was build and again named after the project leader, Yang Minyin( Yang causeway).

1607 Ming dredge the river and a dam was builded inside the river (the scenic spot lake inside lake was then established)

1809 Qin Dreding, island "ruangongdun" was built

1864-1876 Qin Dreding buro was established,which was in charge of the annual dredging

In the very begining when people and the nature(Westlake and the adjacent mountain area) start to contact, they are limited to their own circle, the city is not close to the lake. After Song dynasty, the interaction became strong due to the demand of edible water for booming city development. Afterwards, with the economic development, the center of the city moved more close to the lake and finally swallowed all the area around the lake and mountain, which is a traditional ideal mode of chinese landscape.

Analysis of program/function

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Analysis of design/planning process

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Analysis of use/users

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Future development directions

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Peer reviews or critique

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Points of success and limitations

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Illustration: Summary table

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Image Gallery

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  The overview of westlake in 1940's

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  on Su causeway

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  runoff

References

[1] Xu Jie, He Wei, New landscape in Hangzhou 2003

http://www.westlakemuseum.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lake

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiantang

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