The Land of Buzau

Geopark's landscape: The Land of Buzau, Romania by Marius Dobre and Catalina Olariu

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Name	The Land of Buzau
Location	Buzau County
Country	Romania
Topic	Landscape planning and Rural developement
Office	University of Agricultural Science, departament of Landscape Architecture
Case study author(s)	Catalina Olariu and Marius Dobre


<googlemap version="0.9" lat="45.338633" lon="26.732483" type="terrain" zoom="9" width="300" height="200" scale="yes" overview="yes"> 45.3917, 26.533356, The center of the Geopark "The Land of Buzau" </googlemap> http:// 64.947899, -19.196045 </googlemap>

Rationale: Why is this case study interesting?

This case study is interesting because it presents an area that is going to be declared a Geopark. It is a case with many questions and also with lots of constraints because the territory is composed of economically disadvantaged areas but with a rich geological, biological and cultural potential, potential that it is not exploited. The combination of these elements leads to a specific local landscape. The geopark territory presents an almost optimum balance between natural and anthropic, balance that should be maintained.

A geopark is a protected area, but also a tool to ensure sustainable development of the communities. This development includes also tourism, which can lead to destruction of the initial values, because of uneducated tourists and uneducated local communities.

Author's perspective

The project for The Land Of Buzau Geopark (Geoparcul Tinutul Buzaului) was and it is an interdisciplinary project, containing the contribution (intake/work) of geographers, geologists and also sociologists, botanists, anthropologists, etc. but entirely missing the landscapers. Initially, our involvement was voluntary as exhibition designers for the exhibitions to launch the project of the future geopark initiated by Buzau County council in collaboration with Geomedia Center (University of Bucharest), coordinated by Alexandru Andrasanu. In time, both the project coordinator and us, realized how important it was to involve someone that could deal with recovery and preservation of the landscape and also put it in value in the future projects of the Geopark, as a complementary axis to the strategic directions.

Landscape and/or urban context

Biogeography and cultural features

“The Land of Buzau” is located in Buzau county, being situated at the intersection of three biogeographical zones: biogeographical alpine region in north, biogeographical continental region in center and biogeographical steppe region in south. All of these regions have specific elements of flora and fauna, resulting a dynamic character of the territory.

The site of the case study presents interesting diversity of geological, biological and cultural elements.

Geodiversity: the region is known for the Muddy volcanoes, the amber from Colti, the Salt from Meledic, the Live fires, the petroleum springs, salty springs, the spectacular relief with the “Wall of the giants” or the stone fangs, the salt caves, fossils, or other geological structural elements less known.

Biodiversity: the north part of the geopark territory is situated in the mountain forest area (with species like: Fagus and Picea), while in central-southern area there are steppe elements, species like: Stipa (herb), gopher, Carpathian Scorpio, etc. Most of the territory is occupied with a mosaic of patches of forest, bushes, pastures and arable land (result of human activity).

Cultural diversity: the territory of the geopark is situated at the interference of three Romanian provinces loaning something from all, without denying its own identity: dominance of the countryside, village settlement along the river valleys, the existence of isolated hamlet with old traditions, the existence of powerful and ancient religious and monastic center, traditionally clothing, traditional architecture, cultural and arhitectural monuments, boundary stones and religious crosses, and also customs, legends, stories, festivals.

Overall character

Cultural/social/political context

The territory of the geopark is a rural area, with tendency of population aging and migration (especially abroad). The residents of the 18 districts are unevenly distributed, Berca district being by far the most developed one and with the biggest economic weight (over 2900 people working in industry, especially in the extractive industry). The rest of the geopark presents a high rate of unemployment.

The main activities that provide incomes are, in order of their importance: agriculture, animal breeding, wood processing (but with irrational exploatation of forest and geological resources), indusry, trade, tourism, beekeeping. The “place” it’s like an “encyclopedia” in which you can find all the specific elements, that gave the Land of Buzau a special atmosphere with remarkable views. The Land of Buzau presents special geological elements (like the muddy volcanoes, the amber from Colti, the salt from Meledic) as well as some weird things represented by the multitude of trinities (religous crosses) situated at crossroads, in households, on hills as a gratitude to God beacuse they could climb the hill, they arrived at some point where thay could rest at the shade of a tree, etc.; all of these elements have a visual impact in landscape.

The traditions are still respected in some parts of the territory (eg: animal breeding, the use of carts with oxen, fishing), but some have started to be lost (drying fruits, pottery, handicraft workshops, development of tools, traditional wooden models). The historical and cultural heritage is unevenly distributed. Although traces of the old housing are frequently reported, there are no flagged archaeological sites. The most important protected cultural sites are: Ratesti, Gavanu, Poiana Marului monasteries, approximately 30 religious caves/chambers (in the middle of forests).

We noticed a deficiency in the perception of the locals over: built heritage, also cultural and landscape heritage and there are no educational programs for the local comunities.

Thanks to the variety of the relief and to the geologic substrate, the site presents a series of elements with a great potential in valuing the tourism and, of course, the landscape, but just a few of them are known or valued (the salt from Meledic, muddy volcanoes).

For now, the areas that are attended by tourists do not bring any financial/economic benefit for the community, just for the private sectors.

History

In the historical context it is remarkable the fact that almost all the villages from the geopark have developed from the hills or mountains to plains. This was due to the fact that it was much easier to have a home on the hills/mountains for the advantages which nature offered: wood, food, etc..

Since the second half of the XIX century the population descended from hills in order to make agrigulture in the plains. Between 1864 and 1921, after the agrarian reform, people have been granted in the plain. The large distances that they had to travel through (up to 100-150 km) had brought a series of characteristics: - It was a going up-going down process, repeated 3-4 times per year, according to the needs required by the agrigulture (soil and plants works); - It was a social process that involved many families; - At agriculture works participated all the family, and there they had to stay two weeks to one month, depended on agricultural work as required; - They traveled in carts convoys, covered with coviltire of matted, pulled by oxes; in this way the cart is not just a mean of transport, his functions became more complex; the cart become a moving house with all the facilities (sleeping, food preparation and storage, etc...); - In time, the humans in the atempt to make the staying more easyer, they started to build what is called “odaie” (meens: “room”), a house with a single chamber. In the begining this was a temporary housing (used in the period of the agriculturat works), and after that, when the village population incresed, the “odaie” became permanent housing for the young married.

Therefore this process has resulted in time to emergence of new villages.

Spatial analysis of area/project/plan

What are the main structural features?
How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

Analysis of program/function

What are the main functional characteristics?
How have they been expressed or incorporated?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

Analysis of design/planning process

How was the area/project/plan formulated and implemented?
Were there any important consultations/collaborations?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

Analysis of use/users

How is the area/project/plan used and by whom?
Is the use changing? Are there any issues?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

Cross-cutting questions

Why is participation important?

By participation of local communities we can understand influence: over tourists and landscape, or involvement in the tourism infrastructure. When a tourist (outsider) crosses a landscape, all of his/her five senses are involved in the assessment of that specific landscape quality, resulting an own subjective perception of each tourist over that landscape (perceptions that can be positive, negative or neutral. There are certain aspects of the landscape in the Land of Buzau that, as tourist, you can not understand at the first look and so you can not say it is “nice” or “ugly”, they simply just raise questions. e.g.: the multitude of trinity/ crosses on hills and crossroads). After an interaction with the local community (assuming active participation of the local inhabitants) this perceptions can change and evolve (the tourist’s own subjective perception will combine with the subjective perception of the locals over the landscape and its elements). Therefore an active local community represents the connections between tourists and local landscape, contributing to the emotional links.

- local communities can promote local stories and legends about The Land of Buzau among the tourists; - the involvement of local communities in promoting their traditions and customs by creating cultural activities (eg: festivals, craftsmen workshops, etc.). - sustaining local communities to participate in the tourists accommodation programs: programs like: “Living with locals”, etc.

Therefore, the participation of local inhabitants in the process of conserving and adding value to the Land of Buzau landscapes is essential, also because the inhabitant of a place are the first responsible in keeping alive the local identity.

In which ways does tourism effect on the local identity?

Currently, in The Land of Buzau the tourism is not very intense (taking into account the surface of the entire geopark’s). But in some punctual areas, like Berca - Scortoasa (at the muddy volcanoes), the badly managed tourism activities are starting to have a negative impact on the local identity. This negative impact is a result of the changes that occur in the behavior of the local community: the locals begin to sell a false image/do things that in their opinion would be appreciated by tourist, to attract as many tourists as they can, earning money being their only priority. Therefore, we are dealing with uneducated local communities - they chose to build faster and cheaper, but in non-traditional ways, spoiling the whole charm of the place; - they promote “kitsch”, forgetting or not realizing that tourists come in The Land of Buzau for what it really represents: a rural area with incredible landscapes and stories (the “Land Story”, “Life Story” and “Human Story” – all of these intersected giving a unique landscape ); - they sacrifice the local landscape in order to earn money; they change or alter the resource that could give them considerable incomes, only if well managed and promoted! - from earning their existence with agriculture and handicraft they pass to a new industry which they can not master by themselves (the industry of tourism).

Which are the mutual influences for protected areas and cultural landscapes and tourism and how can they coexist?

In the case The Land of Buzau there are both negative and pozitive influences between the protected area (represented by the geopark) and tourism (tourists). The most important negative influences are resulting from the changes that occur in the behavior of the local community in the goal of earning money, and also because of uneducated tourists. Positive influences are that the tourists bring economic benefits for local comunities (for now in small extent) and the site (the geopark) offers tourists space for relexation, meditation and new perspectives over nature and it’s logic (as a responsible tourist -could be a niche tourist, like an ecotourist or a scientific/etc. one- will be pleasantly surprised by the wonders that The Land of Buzau has to reveal.)

So that the geopark (with status of a protected area) and tourism can coexist it is necessary to develop an integrated plan of visitor management containing special designated areas for different categories of visitors, creating facilities and programs in some areas and promoting other area for niche tourism. It is also essential to elaborate a good strategy planning concerning promoting the Land of Buzau as a special area, suporting niche tourism and environmental education (EE).

What are the tasks of the management?

In order to ensure a good and responsible management of geological, natural, historical and cultural sites and also to value natural resources available on the Geopark’s territory, it is essential to assign areas with different type of protection, conservation and value scheme of the resources, as follows:

- strictly protected areas, having the a status of protection and preservation as a scientific reserve;

- buffer areas, having a role to ensure the protection of the above mentioned zone. In these zones certain limited activities of valuing available resources are allowed, in conformity with authorizations given by the Geopark’s administration;

- areas of sustainable use and development, that can develop economic incomes by traditional or modern practices, ecologically admitted and within the capacity of resources regeneration;

For each of these areas it is necessary to conceive different management plans.

Future development directions

How is the area/project/plan evolving?
Are there any future goals?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

Peer reviews or critique

Has the area/ project/plan been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?
What were their main evaluations?

Pleas add references, quotes...

Points of success and limitations

What do you see as the main points of success and limitations of the area/project/plan?

Illustration: Summary table

What can be generalized from this case study?

Are there any important theoretical insights?

Short statement plus background notes

Which research questions does it generate?

Short statement plus background notes

ANALYSIS PHASE - Image Gallery

The location of the site in Europe and European Geoparks Network context
Why here...? because there is geodiversity
Why here...? because there is biodiversity
Why here...? because there is cultural diversity 1
Why here...? because there is cultural diversity 2
The rivers
The forest's vegetation
The hayfields and pasture vegetation
Economical surfaces
Salty soils and Rockery vegetation
Tourist objectives
Landscape anatomy - linear villages
Landscape anatomy - predominates natural
Conclusions
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