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Landscape Concept 1
Part1 by: Zhang,Kun Part2 by: Wei Wang
Part1
Original
中国传统园林的含义
在一定的地域运用工程技术和艺术手段，通过改造地形（或进一步筑山、叠石、理水）、种植树木花草、营造建筑和布置园路等途径创作而成的美的自然环境和游憩境域，就称为园林。
引自：中国大百科全书（建筑 园林 城市规划 卷）
景观的含义
景观有四个层面的含义：
（1）景观作为视觉审美的对象：外在人眼中的景象；
（2）景观作为生活其中的栖息地：内在人的生活体验；
（3）景观作为系统：科学、客观地解读；
第一是景观与外部系统的关系。
第二是景观内部各元素之间的生态关系，即水平生态过程。
第三种生态关系，是景观元素内部的结构与功能的关系。
第四种生态关系则存在于生命与环境之间。
第五种生态关系则存在于人类与其环境之间的物质、营养及能量的关系。
（4）景观作为符号。景观作为符号的含义：人类理想与历史的书。
景观是审美的、景观是体验的、景观是科学的、景观是有含义的。
景观是自然及人类社会过程在土地上的烙印，是人与自然、人与人的关系以及人类理想与追求在大地上的投影。
参考文献
俞孔坚.景观的含义[J].时代建筑,2002,（1）:14-16.
English translation
The concept of the traditional Chinese Garden
Garden
The natural environment or the recreational place created through the transforming of the terrain (or further mountains, Stones and Water planning and designing), planting trees and flowers, constructing architecture, laying Park Road and other applications of engineering techniques and artistic means, it is called Garden.
Reference Encyclopedia of China (Architecture, landscape architecture, Urban Planning Volume)
The concept of the landscape
There are four levels of the landscape concept.
(1) landscape as a visual perceptual object: the external scene in our eyes.
(2) Landscapes as living places: the inner experience of human life.
(3) Landscapes as systems: scientifically and objectively interpreting.
The first is the relationship between landscape and external systems.
The second is the internal ecological relationships between the various elements, namely the level of ecological processes.
The third ecological relationship is the structure and function within the landscape elements.
The fourth ecological relationship exists between the life and the environment.
The fifth ecological relationship exists between human beings and their physical environment, nutrition and energy.
(4) Landscape as a symbol: the ideal and the history books of human beings.
Landscape is aesthetic, landscape is perceptual, landscape is scientific, landscape is meaningful.
Landscape is the imprint of human natural and social processes on the land; landscape is the projection of man and nature, human relations and the pursuit of human ideals in the earth.
Reference
[1]Yu Kongjian ,Meanings of landscape[J], Modern A rchitecture.2002,(1):14-16.
The traditional gardens in china
Part2
In ancient China when characters were first invented they were formed from one or more pictographs which either indicated meaning or pronunciation. So we have some characters which have one or more pictographs which alone or in combination indicate a meaning. Sometimes characters will have one part that indicates meaning and another that indicates pronunciation.
We translate the word ‘landscape’ from English into Chinese as ‘景觀’. 景 has two parts: 日 and 京. 京 is phonetic, and the original meaning of 日 is the sun. The shape of 景 shows that the sun is shining above somewhere. It means open space, natur and etc. 觀 has 3 parts: 雚, 目 and 儿. 雚 is phonetic, 目means eye and 儿 means person. The word shows that someone is watching. When we put the two words 景觀 together, 景 is at the front and has a higher status. When we see the two words, we can roughly get an idea that it means some beautiful place that has the value of sightseeing.
Landscape Concept 2
by: Hu Xiaolu, Yang Daisi
Original
景观这个词过于强调视觉，容易忽视功能、社会以及人的其他感觉，由此已经带来了不少偏差。
风景园林是综合利用科学和艺术手段营造人类美好的室外生活境域的一个行业和一门学科。
-王绍增,园林景观与中国风景园林的未来
English translation
Landscape: Certain scenes which can cause some kind of visual experience or scenes which have specific characters in a certain region. Landscape includes all natural and artificial objective articles above the earth or in the universe. Landscape has the science art and culture properties.
-LIU Binyi; A study on the Developmental Strategy of Landscape Studies; Landscape Architecture; 2005-02
-Liu Binyi; Towards Contemporary Landscape Architecture; Time+Architecture; 1997-03
Landscape is focus too much on visible, and is easy to ignore the function, society and people’s feeling.
Landscape architecture is a discipline that integrates use the technic and artistic approach to create a wonderful outside living environment for human-being.
-Wang Shaozeng; Garden, Landscape and the Future of Chinese Landscape Architecture; Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2005-21(3)
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