Caulim Creek Neighborshed: Difference between revisions

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===Landscape and urban context===
===Landscape and urban context===


The city of Sao Paulo is the capital state of São Paulo, along with 38 other cities compose the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region.  
The city of Sao Paulo is the capital city of São Paulo State, along with 38 other municipalities compose the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region.  
Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region has almost 20 million inhabitants in an area of 8,000 km2. It is located on a plateau at 800 meters high and about 70 kilometers from the sea. It has GNP of U.S. $ 171 billion, equivalent to 63% of the GNP of São Paulo State and 20% of Brazilian GNP.
Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region has almost 20 million inhabitants in an area of 8,000 km2. It is located on a plateau at 800 meters of height and about 70 kilometers from the sea. It has GNP of U.S. $ 171 billion, equivalent to 63% of the GNP of São Paulo State and 20% of Brazilian GNP. <ref name="Cidades sul-americanas:assegurando um futuro urbano"> Urban Age(2008). ''Cidades sul-americanas:assegurando um futuro urbano''. São Paulo.</ref> <ref name="São Paulo Metrópole"> Meyer, R., Grostein, M. D., Biderman, C.(2004). ''São Paulo Metrópole.''Edited by Universidade de São Paulo: Imprensa oficial do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo.</ref>
 
The forested areas around Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region are part of the Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest.  


Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region is part of the Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest.
The Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem proposed by UNESCO, which have significant environmental value and are recognized internationally.
The Atlantic Forest is a Hot Spot, which is one of the most biologically rich regions and also one of the most endangered of the world.  
The Atlantic Forest is a Hot Spot, which is one of the most biologically rich regions and also one of the most endangered of the world.  
The Atlantic forest occupied 1,200,000 km2, almost continuously throughout the Brazilian coast.
The Atlantic forest occupied 1,200,000 km2, almost continuously throughout the Brazilian coast.
The State of Sao Paulo had about 81% of its territory covered by Atlantic Forest. After several decades of extensive land farming activities, intense urban growth and devastation of native vegetation, now only about 3% of the State's territory is covered by forest.
The State of Sao Paulo had about 81% of its territory covered by Atlantic Forest. After several decades of extensive land farming activities, intense urban growth and devastation of native vegetation, now only about 3% of the State's territory is covered by forest. [http://www.rbma.org.br/rbma/rbma_7_cadernos.asp]
 


<gallery caption="" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
<gallery caption="" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:ESP_RMSP_MSP.jpg|State, regional and municipal borders of São Paulo
Image:ESP_RMSP_MSP.jpg|''State, regional and municipal borders of São Paulo''. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: São Paulo Metrópole
Image:ESP_reserva da biosfera.jpg|Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest
Image:ESP_reserva da biosfera.jpg|''Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest''. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo. Serie Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica.
Image:cobertura florestal reserva da biosfera_ingles.jpg|change of forest cover in the State of São Paulo from 1854 - 2000
Image:cobertura florestal reserva da biosfera_ingles.jpg|''Change of forest cover in the State of São Paulo from 1854 - 2000.'' Source: A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo. Serie Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica.
 
</gallery>
</gallery>


In the State of Sao Paulo, the Biosphere Reserve has as some of its objectives the conservation of plant and animal biodiversity, the quality of air, soil conservation and production of quality water to supply.
In the State of Sao Paulo, the Biosphere Reserve has as some of its objectives the conservation of plant and animal biodiversity, the quality of air, soil conservation and production of quality water to supply.<ref name="A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo"> Costa Neto, J. B. et al (orgs.)(1997).''A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo.'' Serie Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica. Edited by Cetesb, São Paulo.</ref>
 
In the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region most of the drinking water comes from the reservoirs in the southern limits (Guarapiranga and Billings).
In the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region most of the drinking water comes from the reservoirs in the southern limits (Guarapiranga and Billings).


The proposed area of study comprises the sub-watershed of a tributary of the Caulim creek, in the administrative district of Parelheiros.
The proposed area of study comprises the sub-watershed of a tributary of the Caulim creek, in the administrative district of Parelheiros.
Caulim Creek is one of the rivers which supply the Guarapiranga resevoir and receives an intense load of sewage in the district of Parelheiros.
Caulim Creek is one of the rivers which supply the Guarapiranga resevoir.  In this tropical climate, and with hilly topography, the terrain of these settlements is unstable, prone to erosion and landslides, and the stormwater produces a continuous major impact on the water quality of the reservoir.


The Caulim Creek project area borders the environmental protection area that is still preserved . Caulim sub-watershed area is home of 20.000 people, it is a sector of 200 km2 in the watershed area where is still possible to find streams not yet channelized and remaining forests patches, and where the sewage catchment system is already set. Despite the sewer system, the density and pattern of settlements in the watershed will cause flooding and water quality impacts.
The Caulim Creek project area borders the environmental protection area that is still preserved . Caulim sub-watershed area is home of 20.000 people, it is a sector of 200 km2 in the watershed area [http://www.corregolimpo.com.br/corregolimpo/corregos_projeto/regioes_beneficiadas.asp#zonas] where is still possible to find streams not yet channelized and remaining forests patches, and where the sewage catchment system is already set. Despite the sewer system, the density and pattern of settlements in the watershed will cause flooding and water quality impacts.


<gallery caption="" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
<gallery caption="" widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:RMSP_MSP_guara_caulim.jpg|
Image:RMSP_MSP_guara_caulim.jpg|''Sub-watershed Caulim in São Paulo Metopolitan Region'' Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Mananciais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo
Image:MSP_parrelheiros.jpg|
Image:MSP_parrelheiros.jpg| ''Sub-district Parelheiros in the city of São Paulo''. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Planos Regionais Estratégicos Subprefeitura Paelheiros
Image:parelheiros 1.jpg|
Image:parelheiros 1.jpg|''Sub-district Parelheiros''.  Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Googleearth
Image:parelheiros 2.jpg|
Image:parelheiros 2.jpg| ''Sub-district Parelheiros in the city of São Paulo''. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Googleearth
</gallery>
</gallery>


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The watershed areas (Guarapiranga and Billings) was declared protected by law 30 years ago, not allowing conventional developments. Instead of it, since then many informal low-income settlements were built on the once-forested areas of the watersheds, decreasing the water quality and increasing the cost of water filtration and treatment.
The watershed areas (Guarapiranga and Billings) was declared protected by law 30 years ago, not allowing conventional developments. Instead of it, since then many informal low-income settlements were built on the once-forested areas of the watersheds, decreasing the water quality and increasing the cost of water filtration and treatment.
In this process of settlement, most of the forest that once covered the margins of the reservoirs lakes was changed to high density self-constructed housing among not planned streets where now lives more than 1.6 million people. The public administration has now concentrated efforts to improve housing and urban infrastructure in these neighborhoods. Nevertheless, these projects follow the conventional way of building the city as a paved and build surface where the remaining vegetation is considered primarily for ornamental functions.
In this process of settlement, most of the forest that once covered the margins of the reservoirs lakes was changed to high density self-constructed housing among not planned streets where now lives more than 1.6 million people.[http://www.mananciais.org.br/site/mananciais_rmsp/guarapiranga]
The public administration has now concentrated efforts to improve housing and urban infrastructure in these neighborhoods. Nevertheless, these projects follow the conventional way of building the city as a paved and build surface where the remaining vegetation is considered primarily for ornamental functions.


=== History ===
=== History ===
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After the construction of Guarapiranga Reservoir, between the years 1906 and 1912, and Billings Reservoir, in 1927, the interest in the southern city of Sao Paulo increased. The reservoirs created a potential for leisure in the region, resulting in intense property speculation around lots for construction of recreational facilities. Country houses, clubs and spas camp came to characterize large areas of the outskirts of the reservoirs.  
After the construction of Guarapiranga Reservoir, between the years 1906 and 1912, and Billings Reservoir, in 1927, the interest in the southern city of Sao Paulo increased. The reservoirs created a potential for leisure in the region, resulting in intense property speculation around lots for construction of recreational facilities. Country houses, clubs and spas camp came to characterize large areas of the outskirts of the reservoirs.  


From 1940, Parelheiros becomes an option for affordable housing for employees of industries located in neighboring districts, such as Santo Amaro. There was an intensive growth of the area built the margins of junctions of roads or pre-existing rural towns. In the decades of 1950 and 1960, the State of Sao Paulo was an intense process of industrial expansion, which resulted, among other things, the expansion of the Industrial Park of Santo Amaro, inducing urban growth toward Parelheiros.  
From 1940, Parelheiros becomes an option for affordable housing for employees of industries located in neighboring districts, such as Santo Amaro. There was an intensive growth of the area built the margins of junctions of roads or pre-existing rural towns. In the decades of 1950 and 1960, the State of Sao Paulo was an intense process of industrial expansion, which resulted, among other things, the expansion of the Industrial Park of Santo Amaro, inducing urban growth toward Parelheiros.
In 1975 was promulgated the The Law of Watershed Protection and the Law of industrial zoning. There was, thus, limits the deployment of new industries and control the expansion of existing ones. However, the legislation relating to water sources was insufficient to contain the advance of urbanization and environmental degradation.<ref name="Planos Regionais Estratégicos Subprefeitura Parelheiros São Paulo Metrópole"> Município de São Paulo, Secretaria de Planejamento Urbano(2004). ''Planos Regionais Estratégicos Subprefeitura Parelheiros''.São Paulo.</ref>
 
=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===
 
[[Image:Area_selected_google.jpg|thumbs|none|300px| ''Project area'']] Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Googleearth
 
 
Survey of Land Form


In 1975 was promulgated the The Law of Watershed Protection and the Law of industrial zoning. There was, thus, limits the deployment of new industries and control the expansion of existing ones. However, the legislation relating to water sources was insufficient to contain the advance of urbanization and environmental degradation.
[[Image:land form.jpg|thumbs|none|300px|''Land Form'']] Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.


=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===


<gallery caption="" widths="300px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Survey of water way
Image:Area_selected_google.jpg| Project area
Image:slope 1.jpg|Survey of slope
Image:app_1.jpg|Preservation areas
</gallery>


According to the Environmental Law, is considered permanent preservation area the range of 50 meters around springs and range of 30 meters around water courses of up to 10 meters wide.  
[[Image:water way.jpg|thumbs|none|300px|''Land Form'']] Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.
On that basis, the survey of the areas of permanent preservation was made.


=== Core Questions Working Group Green Structure Planning ===
=== Core Questions Working Group Green Structure Planning ===
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Caulim Creek is present in Stream Clean Program, launched by the Government of the State of Sao Paulo in partnership with the Mayor of the City of Sao Paulo and Environmental Sanitation Company of the State of Sao Paulo. The Program envisages the improvement of the system for collecting and cleaning of drains and urbanization of the banks of streams.
Caulim Creek is present in Stream Clean Program, launched by the Government of the State of Sao Paulo in partnership with the Mayor of the City of Sao Paulo and Environmental Sanitation Company of the State of Sao Paulo. The Program envisages the improvement of the system for collecting and cleaning of drains and urbanization of the banks of streams.
In a first phase, are invested 200 million reais in 42 streams, benefiting 2.4 million people in an area of 204 km2, within two years. However, the schedule provides that 300 streams will be cleaned in a period of ten years.  
In a first phase, are invested 200 million reais in 42 streams, benefiting 2.4 million people in an area of 204 km2, within two years. However, the schedule provides that 300 streams will be cleaned in a period of ten years.  
Caulim Creek is in the first phase of the investment Program and will receive an investment of 1.35 million reais.
Caulim Creek is in the first phase of the investment Program and will receive an investment of 1.35 million reais.[http://www.corregolimpo.com.br/corregolimpo/index.asp]


It is part of the guidelines of the Environmental Policy of the Sao Paulo City’s Master Plan to extend the city's vegetation cover through afforestation Programs and creating new parks, especially the linear parks along the courses of rivers and streams.  
It is part of the guidelines of the Environmental Policy of the Sao Paulo City’s Master Plan to extend the city's vegetation cover through afforestation Programs and creating new parks, especially the linear parks along the courses of rivers and streams. [http://portal.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/secretarias/meio_ambiente]


The presence of the Caulim Stream in the Political Programs  
The presence of the Caulim Stream in the Political Programs  
was crucial to the definition of the study area.  
was crucial to the definition of the study area.  
Besides this study that I am developing for my final paper for the School of Architecture and Urbanism, there is also a group doing a project for this area, and the result of these works will be presented to the São Paulo Environmental Sanitation Company and also to leaders of the District of Parelheiros.
Besides this study that Thelma is developing for her final paper for the School of Architecture and Urbanism, there is also a group doing a project for this area, and the result of these works will be presented to the São Paulo Environmental Sanitation Company and also to leaders of the District of Parelheiros.


==== How are spaces within the site used both currently and projected? ====
==== How are spaces within the site used both currently and projected? ====


The area selected for the development of Green infrastructure project is part of the Caulim Creek Sub-Watershed, which has a population of about 20 thousand people and an area of approximately 9.62 km2.
The area selected for the development of Green infrastructure project is part of the Caulim Creek Sub-Watershed, which has a population of about 20 thousand people and an area of approximately 9.62 km2.[http://www.corregolimpo.com.br/corregolimpo/corregos_projeto/regioes_beneficiadas.asp#zonas]


As previously mentioned, in the watershed areas, the low-income occupation is predominant and  the urban design denounces the lack of planning.  
As previously mentioned, in the watershed areas, the low-income occupation is predominant and  the urban design denounces the lack of planning.  
[[Image:land 1 use.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Survey of land use]]
[[Image:land cover.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Survey of land cover]]Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos.
 
In the area selected for the green infrastructure project, the use of ground is mixed, predominantly low and media densities.  
In the area selected for the green infrastructure project, the use of ground is mixed, predominantly low and media densities.  
It was high density, areas with more than 50% of the soil impervious, media density, areas with 30 to 50% of the soil impervious, and low density, areas with less than 30% of impervious soil.  
It is considered high density, areas with more than 50% of the soil impervious, media density, areas with 30 to 50% of the soil impervious, and low density, areas with less than 30% of impervious soil.  
A municipal school and a Linear Park were recently opened.
A municipal school and a Linear Park were recently opened.


==== How can the historic elements / layers be integrated? ====
==== How can the historic elements / layers be integrated? ====


The Crater of Colony, the indigenous villages and the natural and geographical characteristics of the region indicate the possibility to develop eco-tourism activities in the district of Parelheiros.  
The area has important natural and cultural values, such as the crater that was produced by a meteorite and still shows some indigenous settlements. These aspects plus the remaining Atlantic Forest that covers the hilly landscape thorough the mountain range that falls down to sea level, set the potential for the development of eco-tourism activities in the district of Parelheiros.  


The presence of significant remaining forest and water strategic importance of the region justify the necessary preservation of natural resources and the establishment of sustainable uses and activities.  
The presence of these significant forest cover and the water bodies, reveals the strategical importance of the region, and justify the necessary preservation of natural resources and the establishment of sustainable land uses and urban activities.  


In the study area, the green areas and the others green infrastructure elements can be ecological corridors that connect the adjacent existing forests.
The structure of these vegetated areas also can be integrated with the other green infrastructure element, and represents an opportunity to become ecological corridors that connect the adjacent existing forests, and then helping the control of the urban sprawl and the consolidation of the greenbelt


==== How do the contributing elements of water relate to the project? ====
==== How do the contributing elements of water relate to the project? ====
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Of the households in the region, 54% have sewage collection system, septic tanks with 16% and 30%, or 59 thousand households, dumping their sewage into ditches and water courses. More than 22 thousand households (11% of total) do not have water supply service.
Of the households in the region, 54% have sewage collection system, septic tanks with 16% and 30%, or 59 thousand households, dumping their sewage into ditches and water courses. More than 22 thousand households (11% of total) do not have water supply service.
[http://www.mananciais.org.br/site/mananciais_rmsp/guarapiranga]


The regional use of Guarapiranga watershed’s water resources indicates the importance and the necessity of environmental preservation of natural resources.  
The regional use of Guarapiranga watershed’s water resources indicates the importance and the necessity of environmental preservation of natural resources.  


Accordingly, the green infrastructure can be a strategic alternative to the Environmental Planning of Guarapiranga watershed.  
Accordingly, green infrastructure [http://www.greeninfrastructurewiki.com/?t=anon] can be a strategic alternative to the Environmental Planning of Guarapiranga watershed.  
The green infrastructure is a valuable solution for the management of water resources and provides many other benefits, such as the enhancement of social use of space, the promotion of better quality life and nature conservation. Creating new open spaces and bringing the streams back to the city are parts of the green infrastructure strategies.
The green infrastructure is a valuable solution for the management of water resources and provides many other benefits, such as the enhancement of social use of space, the promotion of better quality life and nature conservation. Creating new open spaces and bringing the streams back to the city are parts of the green infrastructure strategies.


==== How does the built environment relate to the landscape around it? ====
==== How does the built environment relate to the landscape around it? ====
The system of infrastructure deployed in Brazilian cities does not recognize the existing natural processes, which ultimately generate numerous environmental problems like air pollution, the landslides, scarcity of water and flooding, affecting the health, quality of life and welfare.  
The traditional infrastructure of Brazilian cities does not take advantage the existing natural processes, which ultimately generate numerous environmental problems like heavy traffic and air pollution, urban drainage system that spoils water and causes flooding, affecting the public health and the quality of life.  
The conventional urbanization has as one of its features, the deployment of an urban drainage system responsible for the deterioration of water quality and the increased production of sediment and the frequency of flooding.  
This conventional urbanization has as one of its outputs the deterioration of water quality by the increased production of sediment carried on by the excess of run-off that it causes and resulting in more flooding.  
The floods become more frequent due to excessive sealing of areas, the increase in maximum flow rates (resulting from increased velocity of flow) and the reduction of the capacity of disposal.  
The floods become more frequent also, due to the excessive sealing of the soils in built areas, what increases the maximum flow rates (resulting from increased velocity of flow) and the reduction of the capacity of retention.  
The production of sediments increases due to construction, cleaning of land for new lots, construction of roads, the generation of solid wastes, and so on. In addition to the sand drainage and reduce the ability to flow into conduits and bodies of water, sediment can carry pollutants, contributing to the pollution of water resources and deterioration of water quality.
Sediments and other diffuse pollutants are increased due to clearing the areas for construction, and the opening of new streets and roads. In addition, the sedimentation of these carried material, reduce the flow capacity of the drainage system and bodies of water to contain major water volumes. [http://www.rhama.net/download/artigos/artigo5.pdf]


Beyond these aspects of urban drainage, others evidences show that the built environment does not have a harmonious relationship with the landscape and its natural elements associated.  
Beyond these aspects of urban drainage, others evidences show that the built environment does not have a harmonious relationship with the landscape and its natural elements associated.  


The advance of urban sprawl on the remaining forest demonstrate the depreciation of the intrinsic values of nature, which is not valued neither as social space.  
The advance of urban sprawl on the remaining forest demonstrated that the valuation of the intrinsic values of nature, and the ecological services it provides, are not appropriated in its economical or social space.  


Considering the lack of social use of space and the lack of social spaces, this nature elements could be better used and placed in the urban site.
Considering the existence of natural space and at the same time the lack of appropriated designed public open spaces of social spaces, the natural elements could be better used and placed in the urban site.


====What functions should open space perform to help achieve the established goals? ====
====What functions should open space perform to help achieve the established goals? ====
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====How cultural factors (environmental perceptions, social conditions, ecological literacy, etc…) can affect the design process and its post implementation performance? ====
====How cultural factors (environmental perceptions, social conditions, ecological literacy, etc…) can affect the design process and its post implementation performance? ====


The Green infrastructure is inovated especially because show the nature process in the open spaces.A garden, for instance, besides the aesthetic and landscape features, acquire ecological functions of rain water natural drainage.
Green infrastructure is inovated especially because show the nature process in the open spaces.A garden, for instance, besides the aesthetic and landscape features, acquire ecological functions of rain water natural drainage.


The function of the space is established according to its use; and this use depends on the value people give to it.
The function of the space is established according to its use; and this use depends on the value people give to it.
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The green infrastructure for Caulim sub-watershed has as axes the management of water resources and the preservation of biodiversity.  
The green infrastructure for Caulim sub-watershed has as axes the management of water resources and the preservation of biodiversity.  
The proposed system are described below:
The proposed system <ref name="Infra-estrutura verde: uma estratégia paisagística para a água urbana"> Cormier, N. S., Pellegrino, P. R. M.(2008). Infra-estrutura verde: uma estratégia paisagística para a água urbana. Paisagem e ambiente: ensaios25 (2008)127-144. Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, São Paulo.</ref> are described below:
 
'''Agriculture (AG) :''' organic production of food in the urban site


'''Biodiversity Protection Areas (BPA):''' forests, parks, flooded áreas and other spaces to be preserved in its natural state. Its main functions and benefits: the preservation of biodiversity, soil protection, damping peak of flooding, recharge of aquifers, improved climate through the mitigation of heat islands and increase the relative humidity.
'''Biodiversity Protection Areas (BPA):''' forests, parks, flooded áreas and other spaces to be preserved in its natural state. Its main functions and benefits: the preservation of biodiversity, soil protection, damping peak of flooding, recharge of aquifers, improved climate through the mitigation of heat islands and increase the relative humidity.
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'''Rain Garden (RG):''' depressions in the ground, existing or consructed which have the function of storing and infiltrate the rainwater from roofs and other waterproof areas. The plants and microorganisms in the rain gardens help to remove the diffuse pollutants.
'''Rain Garden (RG):''' depressions in the ground, existing or consructed which have the function of storing and infiltrate the rainwater from roofs and other waterproof areas. The plants and microorganisms in the rain gardens help to remove the diffuse pollutants.


'''Flowerbed Rain (FR):''' small rain gardens, compressed into small urban spaces.
'''Bioswales (BV):''' Gutter of vegetation which have the function of flow, retain and infiltrate rainwater. They have similar role as the Rain Garden, but are generally linear depressions, which increase the time of Rainwater draining, leading them to the rain gardens or to the conventional systems of water retention.
 
'''Biovalets (BV):''' Gutter of vegetation which have the function of flow, retain and infiltrate rainwater. They have similar role as the Rain Garden, but are generally linear depressions, which increase the time of Rainwater draining, leading them to the rain gardens or to the conventional systems of water retention.


'''Green Roof (GR):''' buildings roofs with vegetation. Absorb rain water, create habitat for wildlife, increase the life of the roof and improve better local climate, increasing air humidity.
'''Green Roof (GR):''' buildings roofs with vegetation. Absorb rain water, create habitat for wildlife, increase the life of the roof and improve better local climate, increasing air humidity.
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=== Analysis of design/planning process ===
=== Analysis of design/planning process ===


From the limiting factors slope and flooding were defined areas of priority and high priority.  
Crossing land form with land cover informations, the landscape units map was made. It was found 14 units which is showed on the map below.
The priority areas have one limiting factor, the high priority area have both of factors.
 
These are priorities areas for the implementation of green infrastructure.
[[Image:landscape units.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
 
From the analysis made, the priority areas for urban renewal or for nature preservation was set.
 
[[Image:priorities.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
 
From the priority areas the green infrastructure master plan was made.
 
[[Image:master plan.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
 
The master plan intends to connect the existing areas of vegetation and the green infrastructure elements, to link the forest remnants, enhancing biodiversity.
 
[[Image:connections.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
 
A small area was selected to show the others green infrastructure elements
 
[[Image:small area.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
[[Image:green infrastructure.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
[[Image:park.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
[[Image:wetland_agriculture.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
[[Image:community garden.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
[[Image:wetland_corte.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
[[Image:agriculture_corte.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
[[Image:community garden_corte.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
 
[[Image:woonerf_corte.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]


<gallery caption="" widths="300px" heights="150px" perrow="2">
[[Image:biovaleta_corte.jpg|thumb|none|300px|''Landscape Units'']]
Image:prioridades 1.jpg|priorities
Image:prioridades 2c.jpg|priorities
</gallery>


=== Analysis of use/users ===
=== Analysis of use/users ===


<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:1 stop.jpg|removal area by Corrego Limpo Program
Image:1 stop.jpg|''Removal area by Corrego Limpo Program''. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.
Image:apr 1-b.jpg|informal settlements
Image:apr 1-b.jpg|''Informal settlements''. Picture:Pellegrino.
Image:apr 1-e.jpg|precarious acess
Image:apr 1-e.jpg|''Precarious acess''. Picture:Pellegrino.
Image:apr 1.jpg|
Image:apr 1.jpg|Picture:Hisayasu.
Image:apr 1-c.jpg|spring underneath constructions
Image:apr 1-c.jpg|''Spring underneath constructions''. Picture:Pellegrino.
</gallery>
</gallery>


<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:2 stop.jpg|wetland remnant
Image:2 stop.jpg|''Wetland remnant''. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.
Image:apr_2.jpg|wetland
Image:apr_2.jpg|''Wetland''. Picture:Pellegrino
Image:apr 2-e.jpg|strategical link
Image:apr 2-e.jpg|''Strategical link''. Picture:Pellegrino
Image:apr 2-b.jpg|native vegetation/country appearence
Image:apr 2-b.jpg|''Native vegetation/Country appearence''. Picture:Hisayasu
</gallery>
</gallery>


<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:3 stop.jpg|Linear Park
Image:3 stop.jpg|''Linear Park''.Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.
Image:Apr3-a.jpg|
Image:Apr3-a.jpg|Picture:Pellegrino
Image:Apr3-b.jpg|street in front of the park
Image:Apr3-b.jpg|''Street in front of the park''. Picture:Hisayasu
</gallery>
</gallery>


<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:4 stop.jpg|urban improvements
Image:4 stop.jpg|''Urban improvements''. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.
Image:Apr4-e.jpg|pedestrians
Image:Apr4-e.jpg|''Pedestrians''. Picture:Pellegrino
Image:Apr4-b.jpg|pipped stream
Image:Apr4-b.jpg|''Pipped stream''. Picture:Pellegrino
Image:Apr4-c.jpg|water daylighting again
Image:Apr4-c.jpg|''Water daylighting again''. Picture:Hisayasu
</gallery>
</gallery>


<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:5 stop.jpg|parking lot
Image:5 stop.jpg|''Parking lot''.Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.
Image:Apr5-d.jpg|stream
Image:Apr5-d.jpg|''Stream''. Picture:Hisayasu
Image:Apr6-e.jpg|cars on banks
Image:Apr6-e.jpg|''Cars on banks''. Picture:Hisayasu
</gallery>
</gallery>


<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="43">
<gallery caption="" widths="170px" heights="150px" perrow="43">
Image:6 stop.jpg|Central area of Parelheiros Sub-Municipality
Image:6 stop.jpg|''Central area of Parelheiros Sub-Municipality''. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.
Image:Apr6.jpg|people and bikes on same sidewalk
Image:Apr6.jpg|''People and bikes on same sidewalk''. Picture:Pellegrino
Image:Apr6-b.jpg|cars and narrow sidewalk
Image:Apr6-b.jpg|''Cars and narrow sidewalk''. Picture:Pellegrino
Image:Apr6-j.jpg|
Image:Apr6-j.jpg|Picture:Pellegrino
Image:Apr6-g.jpg|
Image:Apr6-g.jpg|Picture:Pellegrino
Image:Apr6-h.jpg|
Image:Apr6-h.jpg|Picture:Pellegrino
Image:Apr6-i.jpg|
Image:Apr6-i.jpg|Picture:Pellegrino
Image:Apr6-n.jpg|
Image:Apr6-n.jpg|Picture:Hisayasu
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 269: Line 310:


5. Implement and give new functions to open spaces as linear parks, streets and sidewalks, and trails to give alternative circulation and promote new ways to experience the local landscape and reunite the population with its unique surroundings.
5. Implement and give new functions to open spaces as linear parks, streets and sidewalks, and trails to give alternative circulation and promote new ways to experience the local landscape and reunite the population with its unique surroundings.
'''From these guidelines: (''P.S. it's a first draft_to be better developed'')'''
a) In areas of high priority and where there is direct connection with remaining forest, there will be expropriation and introduction of public green areas;
b) small urban nucleus that are surrounded by forest are also expropriated to contain urban sprawl;
c) Because of the roads are the principal inducing of urban sprawl, the creation of woonerf can be a strategy to contain the advance of the occupation in blocks where the streets are deadlocked or that end in an area where urbanization is not yet consolidated.
d) steep roads will have biovaletas
e) The areas that have low or medium density, with residential use or not, will have green yards.
f) In areas of high density, the use of cisterns, green roofs and rain flowerbeds.
g) People who were expropriated will be relocated in the Social Interest Special Zone, defined by the Master Plan of the Sao Paulo City.
<gallery caption="" widths="500px" heights="250px" perrow="2">
Image:diretrizes 1.jpg|guide lines
Image:diretrizes 1 com foto.jpg|guide lines
</gallery>


=== Peer reviews or critique ===
=== Peer reviews or critique ===
Line 313: Line 331:


=== Image Gallery ===
=== Image Gallery ===
<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:ESP_RMSP_MSP.jpg|Sao Paulo
Image:cobertura_florestal_reserva_da biosfera_ingles.jpg|forest cover
Image:ESP_reserva da biosfera.jpg|Biosphere Reserve
Image:RMSP_MSP_guara_caulim.jpg|´Guarapiranga watershed
Image:MSP_parrelheiros.jpg|Parelheiros
Image:Parelheiros_1.jpg|Parelheiros
Image:Parelheiros 2.jpg|Parelheiros
</gallery>


=== References ===
=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks


1. CORMIER, N. S., PELLEGRINO, P. R. M.; Infra-estrutura
verde: uma estratégia paisagística para a água
urbana. In: Paisagem e ambiente: ensaios/ Universidade
de São Paulo, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, n.
25, p. 127-144, 2008.
2. COSTA NETO, J. B. et al (orgs.) A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo. Serie Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica. São Paulo: Cetesb, 1997. Site: http://www.rbma.org.br/rbma/rbma_7_cadernos.asp
3. DRAMSTAD, W. E. et al; Landscape ecology principles
in landscape architecture and land-use planning.
Harvard University Graduate School of Design. Island
Press, Washington, 1996.
4. HOUGH, M.; City Form and Natural Process. New
York: Routledge, 1989.
5. LYLE, J. T.; Design for Human Ecosystems. New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1985.
6. MARTINS, M. L. R.; Moradia e mananciais: tensão e
diálogo na metrópole. São Paulo: FAUUSP, FAPESP,
2006.
7. MCHARG, I. L.; Design with Nature. New York: Natural
History Press, 1969.
8. MEYER, R., GROSTEIN, M. D., BIDERMAN, C.; São
Paulo Metrópole. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de
São Paulo: Imprensa oficial do estado de São Paulo,
2004.
9. MUNICIPIO DE SÃO PAULO, SECRETARIA DE PLANEJAMENTO URBANO. Planos Regionais Estratégicos Subprefeitura Parelheiros
10. ODUM, E. P.; Ecologia; tradução de Tribe. C. J.; Ed.
Guanabara: RJ, 1988.
11. SANTOS, C. et al; Meio ambiente urbano; In: CAMARGO,
A. et al (orgs.). Meio ambiente Brasil: avanços e
obstáculos pós-Rio-92; Estação Liberdade; RJ; 2004.
12. SOLIA, M. et al; Mananciais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. São Paulo: Graphic Designers, 2007.
13. SPIRN, A. W.; O Jardim de Granito: A Natureza no
Desenho da Cidade; tradução de Pellegrino, P.; SP:
Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1995.
14. TUCCI, C. E. M., COLLISCHONN, W; Drenagem urbana e controle de erosão.Site: http://www.rhama.net/download/artigos/artigo5.pdf


<references/>




Latest revision as of 18:14, 26 June 2009

Green Infrastructure for the Informal Settlement in the Watershed Area of São Paulo Metropolitan Region (Brazil)

Name Caulim Creek Neighborshed
Place São Paulo Metropolitan Region
Country Brazil
Topic please enter the topic here
Author(s) Thelma Hisayasu and Paulo Pellegrino
Completion Please enter the date of completion
Client Please enter the client
Project costs Please enter the costs (if known)
Area selected google.jpg
<googlemap version="0.9" lat="-23.742612" lon="-46.483154" type="satellite" zoom="9" width="300" height="250">

</googlemap>

Rationale: Why is this case study interesting?

As a case study for a pilot-project, it was chosen the Caulim Creek Neighborshed, one of the streams that is included in the State’s Water and Sanitation Company Program of Clean Streams. This case study is interesting because it can depict a proposal of landscape plan and design as green infrastructure for an area where the conflict between the urban growth and the nature preservation seems contradictory, and could explicit how environmental problems are inseparable from the economic and social realms in an emergent mega-city.

Author's perspective

Green infrastructure for informal settlement in São Paulo Watershed Area.

Green infrastructure is the network of connected open spaces where a myriad of landscape elements integrate natural processes in the urban fabric. It represents a way of taking advantage of ecological services for promoting sustainability and conservation of natural resources in the urban areas and its surrounding reg

Recordings of Online Presentation

Case study presentation on Wednesday, 14th of January 2009:

Landscape and urban context

The city of Sao Paulo is the capital city of São Paulo State, along with 38 other municipalities compose the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region. Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region has almost 20 million inhabitants in an area of 8,000 km2. It is located on a plateau at 800 meters of height and about 70 kilometers from the sea. It has GNP of U.S. $ 171 billion, equivalent to 63% of the GNP of São Paulo State and 20% of Brazilian GNP. [1] [2]

The forested areas around Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region are part of the Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest.

The Atlantic Forest is a Hot Spot, which is one of the most biologically rich regions and also one of the most endangered of the world. The Atlantic forest occupied 1,200,000 km2, almost continuously throughout the Brazilian coast. The State of Sao Paulo had about 81% of its territory covered by Atlantic Forest. After several decades of extensive land farming activities, intense urban growth and devastation of native vegetation, now only about 3% of the State's territory is covered by forest. [1]


  • State, regional and municipal borders of São Paulo. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: São Paulo Metrópole

    State, regional and municipal borders of São Paulo. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: São Paulo Metrópole

  • Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo. Serie Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica.

    Biosphere Reserve of the Atlantic Forest. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo. Serie Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica.

  • Change of forest cover in the State of São Paulo from 1854 - 2000. Source: A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo. Serie Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica.

    Change of forest cover in the State of São Paulo from 1854 - 2000. Source: A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo. Serie Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica.

In the State of Sao Paulo, the Biosphere Reserve has as some of its objectives the conservation of plant and animal biodiversity, the quality of air, soil conservation and production of quality water to supply.[3]

In the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region most of the drinking water comes from the reservoirs in the southern limits (Guarapiranga and Billings).

The proposed area of study comprises the sub-watershed of a tributary of the Caulim creek, in the administrative district of Parelheiros. Caulim Creek is one of the rivers which supply the Guarapiranga resevoir. In this tropical climate, and with hilly topography, the terrain of these settlements is unstable, prone to erosion and landslides, and the stormwater produces a continuous major impact on the water quality of the reservoir.

The Caulim Creek project area borders the environmental protection area that is still preserved . Caulim sub-watershed area is home of 20.000 people, it is a sector of 200 km2 in the watershed area [2] where is still possible to find streams not yet channelized and remaining forests patches, and where the sewage catchment system is already set. Despite the sewer system, the density and pattern of settlements in the watershed will cause flooding and water quality impacts.

  • Sub-watershed Caulim in São Paulo Metopolitan Region Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Mananciais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo

    Sub-watershed Caulim in São Paulo Metopolitan Region Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Mananciais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo

  • Sub-district Parelheiros in the city of São Paulo. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Planos Regionais Estratégicos Subprefeitura Paelheiros

    Sub-district Parelheiros in the city of São Paulo. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Planos Regionais Estratégicos Subprefeitura Paelheiros

  • Sub-district Parelheiros. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Googleearth

    Sub-district Parelheiros. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Googleearth

  • Sub-district Parelheiros in the city of São Paulo. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Googleearth

    Sub-district Parelheiros in the city of São Paulo. Graphic: Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Googleearth

Cultural/social/political context

The watershed areas (Guarapiranga and Billings) was declared protected by law 30 years ago, not allowing conventional developments. Instead of it, since then many informal low-income settlements were built on the once-forested areas of the watersheds, decreasing the water quality and increasing the cost of water filtration and treatment. In this process of settlement, most of the forest that once covered the margins of the reservoirs lakes was changed to high density self-constructed housing among not planned streets where now lives more than 1.6 million people.[3] The public administration has now concentrated efforts to improve housing and urban infrastructure in these neighborhoods. Nevertheless, these projects follow the conventional way of building the city as a paved and build surface where the remaining vegetation is considered primarily for ornamental functions.

History

There are details of that southern city of Sao Paulo was formerly inhabited by Tupi Indians. In the twentieth century, the Guarani, a subgroup Tupi reached Parelheiros and it has set. Remnants of that core are two villages that still exist in the region, with 600 indigenous.

These two villages are located within the Area of Environmental Protection Capivari-Monos, which occupies 70% of the territory of Parelheiros. Within the Environmental Protection Area, there is also a Crater of Colony, a formation with 3.5 kilometers, caused by the impact of a celestial body on Earth, millions of years ago. After the construction of Guarapiranga Reservoir, between the years 1906 and 1912, and Billings Reservoir, in 1927, the interest in the southern city of Sao Paulo increased. The reservoirs created a potential for leisure in the region, resulting in intense property speculation around lots for construction of recreational facilities. Country houses, clubs and spas camp came to characterize large areas of the outskirts of the reservoirs.

From 1940, Parelheiros becomes an option for affordable housing for employees of industries located in neighboring districts, such as Santo Amaro. There was an intensive growth of the area built the margins of junctions of roads or pre-existing rural towns. In the decades of 1950 and 1960, the State of Sao Paulo was an intense process of industrial expansion, which resulted, among other things, the expansion of the Industrial Park of Santo Amaro, inducing urban growth toward Parelheiros. In 1975 was promulgated the The Law of Watershed Protection and the Law of industrial zoning. There was, thus, limits the deployment of new industries and control the expansion of existing ones. However, the legislation relating to water sources was insufficient to contain the advance of urbanization and environmental degradation.[4]

Spatial analysis of area/project/plan

Project area

Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Googleearth


Survey of Land Form

Land Form

Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.


Survey of water way

Land Form

Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

Core Questions Working Group Green Structure Planning

How does funding influence the planning and use of public space?

Caulim Creek is present in Stream Clean Program, launched by the Government of the State of Sao Paulo in partnership with the Mayor of the City of Sao Paulo and Environmental Sanitation Company of the State of Sao Paulo. The Program envisages the improvement of the system for collecting and cleaning of drains and urbanization of the banks of streams. In a first phase, are invested 200 million reais in 42 streams, benefiting 2.4 million people in an area of 204 km2, within two years. However, the schedule provides that 300 streams will be cleaned in a period of ten years. Caulim Creek is in the first phase of the investment Program and will receive an investment of 1.35 million reais.[4]

It is part of the guidelines of the Environmental Policy of the Sao Paulo City’s Master Plan to extend the city's vegetation cover through afforestation Programs and creating new parks, especially the linear parks along the courses of rivers and streams. [5]

The presence of the Caulim Stream in the Political Programs was crucial to the definition of the study area. Besides this study that Thelma is developing for her final paper for the School of Architecture and Urbanism, there is also a group doing a project for this area, and the result of these works will be presented to the São Paulo Environmental Sanitation Company and also to leaders of the District of Parelheiros.

How are spaces within the site used both currently and projected?

The area selected for the development of Green infrastructure project is part of the Caulim Creek Sub-Watershed, which has a population of about 20 thousand people and an area of approximately 9.62 km2.[6]

As previously mentioned, in the watershed areas, the low-income occupation is predominant and the urban design denounces the lack of planning.

Survey of land cover

Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos.

In the area selected for the green infrastructure project, the use of ground is mixed, predominantly low and media densities. It is considered high density, areas with more than 50% of the soil impervious, media density, areas with 30 to 50% of the soil impervious, and low density, areas with less than 30% of impervious soil. A municipal school and a Linear Park were recently opened.

How can the historic elements / layers be integrated?

The area has important natural and cultural values, such as the crater that was produced by a meteorite and still shows some indigenous settlements. These aspects plus the remaining Atlantic Forest that covers the hilly landscape thorough the mountain range that falls down to sea level, set the potential for the development of eco-tourism activities in the district of Parelheiros.

The presence of these significant forest cover and the water bodies, reveals the strategical importance of the region, and justify the necessary preservation of natural resources and the establishment of sustainable land uses and urban activities. 

The structure of these vegetated areas also can be integrated with the other green infrastructure element, and represents an opportunity to become ecological corridors that connect the adjacent existing forests, and then helping the control of the urban sprawl and the consolidation of the greenbelt

How do the contributing elements of water relate to the project?

The waters of the Guarapiranga Reservoir has a drainage area of 63,911 hectares (or 639 km2) and are used to supply approximately four million inhabitants of the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region.

Of the households in the region, 54% have sewage collection system, septic tanks with 16% and 30%, or 59 thousand households, dumping their sewage into ditches and water courses. More than 22 thousand households (11% of total) do not have water supply service. [7]

The regional use of Guarapiranga watershed’s water resources indicates the importance and the necessity of environmental preservation of natural resources.

Accordingly, green infrastructure [8] can be a strategic alternative to the Environmental Planning of Guarapiranga watershed. The green infrastructure is a valuable solution for the management of water resources and provides many other benefits, such as the enhancement of social use of space, the promotion of better quality life and nature conservation. Creating new open spaces and bringing the streams back to the city are parts of the green infrastructure strategies.

How does the built environment relate to the landscape around it?

The traditional infrastructure of Brazilian cities does not take advantage the existing natural processes, which ultimately generate numerous environmental problems like heavy traffic and air pollution, urban drainage system that spoils water and causes flooding, affecting the public health and the quality of life. This conventional urbanization has as one of its outputs the deterioration of water quality by the increased production of sediment carried on by the excess of run-off that it causes and resulting in more flooding. The floods become more frequent also, due to the excessive sealing of the soils in built areas, what increases the maximum flow rates (resulting from increased velocity of flow) and the reduction of the capacity of retention. Sediments and other diffuse pollutants are increased due to clearing the areas for construction, and the opening of new streets and roads. In addition, the sedimentation of these carried material, reduce the flow capacity of the drainage system and bodies of water to contain major water volumes. [9]

Beyond these aspects of urban drainage, others evidences show that the built environment does not have a harmonious relationship with the landscape and its natural elements associated.

The advance of urban sprawl on the remaining forest demonstrated that the valuation of the intrinsic values of nature, and the ecological services it provides, are not appropriated in its economical or social space.

Considering the existence of natural space and at the same time the lack of appropriated designed public open spaces of social spaces, the natural elements could be better used and placed in the urban site.

What functions should open space perform to help achieve the established goals?

The open spaces should be places that provide the nature preservation and a better life quality. The existent vegetation embellishes the landscape and provides many other benefits to the city, such as those relating to thermal comfort and drainage of rain water. The open spaces may estimulate recreational activities and can rescue the social use of space. And also can be used to improve the space connectivities and urban mobilities by, for example, the implementation of bike lanes.


How cultural factors (environmental perceptions, social conditions, ecological literacy, etc…) can affect the design process and its post implementation performance?

Green infrastructure is inovated especially because show the nature process in the open spaces.A garden, for instance, besides the aesthetic and landscape features, acquire ecological functions of rain water natural drainage.

The function of the space is established according to its use; and this use depends on the value people give to it. Therefore, the utilization of the Green infrastructure benefits depends on the recognition and the value people give to it. Moreover, these spaces, highlighting certain natural processes, can also be spaces of environmental education and contribute to increasing the awareness of people about environmental issues.

Analysis of program/function

The green infrastructure for Caulim sub-watershed has as axes the management of water resources and the preservation of biodiversity. The proposed system [5] are described below:

Agriculture (AG) : organic production of food in the urban site

Biodiversity Protection Areas (BPA): forests, parks, flooded áreas and other spaces to be preserved in its natural state. Its main functions and benefits: the preservation of biodiversity, soil protection, damping peak of flooding, recharge of aquifers, improved climate through the mitigation of heat islands and increase the relative humidity.

Flooded (F): flat areas of wetlands that are flooding, around springs and streams. Can be natural wetlands or constructed. Its main benefits: improvement of water quality (through the filtering performed by plants that inhabit this type of ecosystem), damping of peak flood (the storage capacity of water in wetlands), and corridor for wildlife habitat for many species.

Green Yard (GY): yards, gardens and green spaces in homes, schools, public or private equipments. These areas may include resources such as water, food and places for animals sheltering and procreating.

Urban Forest (UF): includes all the green managed in the urban areas, such as the Greenways (GW). The urban vegetation is important to the life quality in cities and provides numerous benefits, such as the improvement of local climate, the reduction of heat island effect, the increasing of relative humidity, the control of soil erosion, the decline of air pollution, etc.

Rain Garden (RG): depressions in the ground, existing or consructed which have the function of storing and infiltrate the rainwater from roofs and other waterproof areas. The plants and microorganisms in the rain gardens help to remove the diffuse pollutants.

Bioswales (BV): Gutter of vegetation which have the function of flow, retain and infiltrate rainwater. They have similar role as the Rain Garden, but are generally linear depressions, which increase the time of Rainwater draining, leading them to the rain gardens or to the conventional systems of water retention.

Green Roof (GR): buildings roofs with vegetation. Absorb rain water, create habitat for wildlife, increase the life of the roof and improve better local climate, increasing air humidity.

Cistern(CS): are structures for rainwater storage. Contribute to alleviating the floods, retaining part of the volume of rain that falls. The water can then be used for activities such as watering, cleaning floors or be set out to the drainage system after the reduction of water volume in the system.

Woonerf (WF): the vehicles are secundary on the use of the streets. It becomes a space for mixed uses for pedestrians, children playing, cycling, etc.. The street have other features that can coexist with the presence of vehicles.

Bicycle ways (BW): specific routes for bicycles. Benefit the environment because stimulate changes in the pattern of mobility in the local traffic, reducing the number of cars and other vehicles.

Analysis of design/planning process

Crossing land form with land cover informations, the landscape units map was made. It was found 14 units which is showed on the map below.

Landscape Units


From the analysis made, the priority areas for urban renewal or for nature preservation was set.

Landscape Units


From the priority areas the green infrastructure master plan was made.

Landscape Units


The master plan intends to connect the existing areas of vegetation and the green infrastructure elements, to link the forest remnants, enhancing biodiversity.

Landscape Units


A small area was selected to show the others green infrastructure elements

Landscape Units
Landscape Units
Landscape Units
Landscape Units
Landscape Units
Landscape Units
Landscape Units
Landscape Units
Landscape Units
Landscape Units

Analysis of use/users

  • Removal area by Corrego Limpo Program. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

    Removal area by Corrego Limpo Program. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

  • Informal settlements. Picture:Pellegrino.

    Informal settlements. Picture:Pellegrino.

  • Precarious acess. Picture:Pellegrino.

    Precarious acess. Picture:Pellegrino.

  • Picture:Hisayasu.

    Picture:Hisayasu.

  • Spring underneath constructions. Picture:Pellegrino.

    Spring underneath constructions. Picture:Pellegrino.

  • Wetland remnant. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

    Wetland remnant. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

  • Wetland. Picture:Pellegrino

    Wetland. Picture:Pellegrino

  • Strategical link. Picture:Pellegrino

    Strategical link. Picture:Pellegrino

  • Native vegetation/Country appearence. Picture:Hisayasu

    Native vegetation/Country appearence. Picture:Hisayasu

  • Linear Park.Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

    Linear Park.Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

  • Picture:Pellegrino

    Picture:Pellegrino

  • Street in front of the park. Picture:Hisayasu

    Street in front of the park. Picture:Hisayasu

  • Urban improvements. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

    Urban improvements. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

  • Pedestrians. Picture:Pellegrino

    Pedestrians. Picture:Pellegrino

  • Pipped stream. Picture:Pellegrino

    Pipped stream. Picture:Pellegrino

  • Water daylighting again. Picture:Hisayasu

    Water daylighting again. Picture:Hisayasu

  • Parking lot.Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

    Parking lot.Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

  • Stream. Picture:Hisayasu

    Stream. Picture:Hisayasu

  • Cars on banks. Picture:Hisayasu

    Cars on banks. Picture:Hisayasu

  • Central area of Parelheiros Sub-Municipality. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

    Central area of Parelheiros Sub-Municipality. Graphic:Pellegrino, Hisayasu. Basis: Ikonos, Cesad, FAUUSP.

  • People and bikes on same sidewalk. Picture:Pellegrino

    People and bikes on same sidewalk. Picture:Pellegrino

  • Cars and narrow sidewalk. Picture:Pellegrino

    Cars and narrow sidewalk. Picture:Pellegrino

  • Picture:Pellegrino

    Picture:Pellegrino

  • Picture:Pellegrino

    Picture:Pellegrino

  • Picture:Pellegrino

    Picture:Pellegrino

  • Picture:Pellegrino

    Picture:Pellegrino

  • Picture:Hisayasu

    Picture:Hisayasu

Future development directions

Using Green Infrastructure to:

1. Restrain urban sprawl: defining a border, give a local identity;

2. Conserve remaining forests and its vital links for sustaining habitats and biodiversity;

3. Increase public use of open spaces for recreation, safety and public health. Maintain and restore private and public open spaces as green areas;

4. Develop an alternative urbanization model that may balance urban uses and a sustainable management of watershed areas;

5. Implement and give new functions to open spaces as linear parks, streets and sidewalks, and trails to give alternative circulation and promote new ways to experience the local landscape and reunite the population with its unique surroundings.

Peer reviews or critique

  • Has the area/ project/plan been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?
  • What were their main evaluations?

Pleas add references, quotes...

Points of success and limitations

  • What do you see as the main points of success and limitations of the area/project/plan?

Illustration: Summary table

What can be generalized from this case study?

  • Are there any important theoretical insights?

Short statement plus background notes

Which research questions does it generate?

1. How make Green Infrastructure a real alternative to convencional urban infrastructure? Be acceptable and desired by people?

2. Could landscape architecture play a key role in this action to promote environmental control and a better awareness of the environmental issues? How to translate ecological and social issues to the design process? And implement the project!

Image Gallery

References

Please add literature, documentations and weblinks


  1. ↑ Urban Age(2008). Cidades sul-americanas:assegurando um futuro urbano. São Paulo.
  2. ↑ Meyer, R., Grostein, M. D., Biderman, C.(2004). São Paulo Metrópole.Edited by Universidade de São Paulo: Imprensa oficial do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo.
  3. ↑ Costa Neto, J. B. et al (orgs.)(1997).A Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo. Serie Cadernos da Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica. Edited by Cetesb, São Paulo.
  4. ↑ Município de São Paulo, Secretaria de Planejamento Urbano(2004). Planos Regionais Estratégicos Subprefeitura Parelheiros.São Paulo.
  5. ↑ Cormier, N. S., Pellegrino, P. R. M.(2008). Infra-estrutura verde: uma estratégia paisagística para a água urbana. Paisagem e ambiente: ensaios25 (2008)127-144. Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, São Paulo.



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