Group R - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project - Revision history

Majlen at 17:06, 22 January 2013

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	\| '''Country''' \|\| style="background:Lavender"\|''India''		\| '''Country''' \|\| style="background:Lavender"\|''India''
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Topic'''\|\| style="background:Lavender"\|''~~Flooding in urban areas~~ - case study from Mumbai , India'' \|\|		\| '''Topic'''\|\| style="background:Lavender"\|''Climate and flooding adaptation - case study from Mumbai , India'' \|\|
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	\| '''Author(s)''' \|\| style="background:Lavender"\|''Nisit Chobdamrongtham, Ivankovic Dijana, Milena Ignjatijevic''		\| '''Author(s)''' \|\| style="background:Lavender"\|''Nisit Chobdamrongtham, Ivankovic Dijana, Milena Ignjatijevic''

Majlen at 11:02, 22 January 2013

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Majlen at 11:00, 22 January 2013

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	=== References ===		=== References ===
	<references/>		<references/>
	~~4. Jindal, A 2011, 'Natural catastrophes in India', Irda Journal, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 12-13.~~
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	[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]		[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
	About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories		About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Majlen at 10:59, 22 January 2013

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	<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="1">		<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="1">
	Image:Events in the past.jpg\| Economic damage due to floods (Jindal 2011)		Image:Events in the past.jpg\| Economic damage due to floods <ref name="past events"> Jindal, A 2011, 'Natural catastrophes in India', Irda Journal, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 12-13 </ref>
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Majlen at 10:43, 22 January 2013

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	During the time of British rule in India, they built seawalls and embankments, deeper channels, overflow ditches and concrete levees. This measures were supposed to limit the flood to the bay area and to drain floodwater as quickly as possible. Since then, current government initiatives kept this 'train the river' approach' which is designed to keep the river between two lines on a map.		During the time of British rule in India, they built seawalls and embankments, deeper channels, overflow ditches and concrete levees. This measures were supposed to limit the flood to the bay area and to drain floodwater as quickly as possible. Since then, current government initiatives kept this 'train the river' approach' which is designed to keep the river between two lines on a map.
	Soak project considers that looking city within an estuary, it has no choice but to obey the rhythms of the sea. Mithi river "exhales” the water in a way when tides move upstream twice daily and then flow back (exhale) to the sea carrying all sorts of garbage from the city. When the flooding comes, this process of flushing is intensified and the city practically lives in its own waste. The only sustainable course is for Mumbai to be returned to its natural tendency to soak, rather than to flood.		Soak project considers that looking city within an estuary, it has no choice but to obey the rhythms of the sea. Mithi river "exhales” the water in a way when tides move upstream twice daily and then flow back (exhale) to the sea carrying all sorts of garbage from the city. When the flooding comes, this process of flushing is intensified and the city practically lives in its own waste. The only sustainable course is for Mumbai to be returned to its natural tendency to soak, rather than to flood.
	They propose few interventions at various places along the river to form natural sills and corrugated surfaces by building vegetated berms and swales that are used to gradual spillage, holding, percolation and slow absorption of water as well as effluent. Each of this proposed interventions tries to transform the Mithi basin at specific points and as a whole by taking away old lines, territories and land uses. This is a complex system which adapts to its dynamic change and seeks complete resilience. [http://www.soak.in/exhibition_intro.html],[ http://places.designobserver.com/feature/water-front/10227/]		They propose few interventions at various places along the river to form natural sills and corrugated surfaces by building vegetated berms and swales that are used to gradual spillage, holding, percolation and slow absorption of water as well as effluent. Each of this proposed interventions tries to transform the Mithi basin at specific points and as a whole by taking away old lines, territories and land uses. This is a complex system which adapts to its dynamic change and seeks complete resilience. [http://www.soak.in/exhibition_intro.html][http://places.designobserver.com/feature/water-front/10227/]

	<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">		<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">

Majlen at 10:41, 22 January 2013

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	* Please describe 2-~~3 measures~~		'''SOAK project'''

			Our measure for adaptation is based on SOAK project which was created to resolve problems with flooding in a natural way as much as possible. This project aims to revitalize the river land and to transform it from a sewer into estuary. In the end the goal is to adapt to monsoons, not to fear them since they are connected to Mumbai forever.
			During the time of British rule in India, they built seawalls and embankments, deeper channels, overflow ditches and concrete levees. This measures were supposed to limit the flood to the bay area and to drain floodwater as quickly as possible. Since then, current government initiatives kept this 'train the river' approach' which is designed to keep the river between two lines on a map.
			Soak project considers that looking city within an estuary, it has no choice but to obey the rhythms of the sea. Mithi river "exhales” the water in a way when tides move upstream twice daily and then flow back (exhale) to the sea carrying all sorts of garbage from the city. When the flooding comes, this process of flushing is intensified and the city practically lives in its own waste. The only sustainable course is for Mumbai to be returned to its natural tendency to soak, rather than to flood.
			They propose few interventions at various places along the river to form natural sills and corrugated surfaces by building vegetated berms and swales that are used to gradual spillage, holding, percolation and slow absorption of water as well as effluent. Each of this proposed interventions tries to transform the Mithi basin at specific points and as a whole by taking away old lines, territories and land uses. This is a complex system which adapts to its dynamic change and seeks complete resilience. [http://www.soak.in/exhibition_intro.html],[ http://places.designobserver.com/feature/water-front/10227/]

	<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">		<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
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	~~Illustrations:~~
	<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="7">		<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="7">
	Image:PTDC0005.JPG\|Graphic of urban pattern by 2060, sketch by Nisit C.		Image:PTDC0005.JPG\|Graphic of urban pattern by 2060, sketch by Nisit C.
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	</gallery>		</gallery>

	* Please describe 2-3 measures		Some of measures is proposed zoning of flood prone areas as a flood mitigation strategy. After defining these areas such as flood basins or wetlands, planning authorities need to reserve it for water to accumulate there in case of flood, and forbid urbanization of these areas. The map below (Proposed zoning areas) shows different zones. Green zones represent coastal zones which are vulnerable to high tides and heavy rains, so the strategy for them is to make them open recreational spaces that can accumulate water. The development in brown zones should be guided by building codes that reduce the vulnerability of the building occupants to the adverse effects of flooding. This includes flood control devices and elevation of habitable floors of a building above expected level of flood which is shown in graphic display below.
	~~One~~ of measures is proposed zoning of flood prone areas as a flood mitigation strategy. After defining these areas such as flood basins or wetlands, planning authorities need to reserve it for water to accumulate there in case of flood, and forbid urbanization of these areas. The map below (Proposed zoning areas) shows different zones. Green zones represent coastal zones which are vulnerable to high tides and heavy rains, so the strategy for them is to make them open recreational spaces that can accumulate water. The development in brown zones should be guided by building codes that reduce the vulnerability of the building occupants to the adverse effects of flooding. This includes flood control devices and elevation of habitable floors of a building above expected level of flood which is shown in graphic display below.

	<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="7">		<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="7">
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	One of future developments could be a deal between government and people to relocate to outskirts of the city in exchange for the land and financial assistance until they reorganize, resulting in reduction of population density in central city area and risk sites, which would ultimately lead to decrease in climate change as the large amount of people are the main cause for all negative changes in the city.		One of future developments could be a deal between government and people to relocate to outskirts of the city in exchange for the land and financial assistance until they reorganize, resulting in reduction of population density in central city area and risk sites, which would ultimately lead to decrease in climate change as the large amount of people are the main cause for all negative changes in the city.

	~~Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes~~

	<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">		<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Majlen at 03:00, 22 January 2013

2013-01-22T03:00:55Z

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	Image:m2.jpg\|Garbage [http://www.flickr.com/photos/meanestindian/5528596658/]		Image:m2.jpg\|Garbage [http://www.flickr.com/photos/meanestindian/5528596658/]
	Image:m1.jpg\|place where clothes are washed[http://www.flickr.com/photos/jonhurd/2339112650/]		Image:m1.jpg\|place where clothes are washed[http://www.flickr.com/photos/jonhurd/2339112650/]
	~~Image:Mumbai_at_dawn_-_Choking.jpg\|Smoke from a factory [http://www.flickr.com/photos/tawheedmanzoor/2456217852/]~~
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	Image:spices.jpg\|Market[http://www.flickr.com/photos/bmwguggenheimlab/8346898656/]		Image:spices.jpg\|Market[http://www.flickr.com/photos/bmwguggenheimlab/8346898656/]
	Image:clay.jpg\|Making pots [http://www.flickr.com/photos/gargi/6818959182/]		Image:clay.jpg\|Making pots [http://www.flickr.com/photos/gargi/6818959182/]
			Image:Mumbai_at_dawn_-_Choking.jpg\|Smoke from a factory [http://www.flickr.com/photos/tawheedmanzoor/2456217852/]
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Majlen at 02:59, 22 January 2013

2013-01-22T02:59:53Z

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	=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===		=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
	*Are there any important theoretical insights?
	*Which research ~~questions does it generate?~~		Mumbai is a good example how you cannot fight against nature. There are many problems of all kinds, and they are not easy to solve. Since in a war of men and nature we know who the winner is, we don't have a choice but to adapt and live with nature and its phenomena. This raises questions for research which measures should be taken to try and live with natural disasters with minimal impact on human kind. Also, how can we recover from the impact we have already made against nature?
	*Short statement plus background notes
			In our research we found out what are consequences when things get out of control. Even though, Mumbai is a developed city, its weaknesses overcome. The main reason are people who cannot or don't want to take care of their surroundings. So, whatever needs to be done, first we need to educate people, young people, from early age, then we will be able to really change something.

			“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.”
			― Nelson Mandela

Majlen at 02:09, 22 January 2013

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	=== Your scenario ===		=== Your scenario ===
	*How will this area look like in 2060?
	By 2060, change in all urban pattern development and increase in green&blue area : red area = 60 : 40 ratio is expected. Bigger green zones in the city and their network positively influenced the greenhouse emissions and given that, temperature rise and urban heat island effect is reduced. The river bed is wider, and now functioning as an estuary which works with the ocean and the water in much better drained from the city. Slum areas are more organised, and waste management is improved.

	*Please forecast one potential future development ~~taking climate change~~ into ~~account~~		By 2060, change in all urban pattern development and increase in green&blue area : red area = 60 : 40 ratio is expected. Bigger green zones in the city and their network positively influenced the greenhouse emissions and given that, temperature rise and urban heat island effect is reduced. The river bed is wider, and now functioning as an estuary which works with the ocean and the water in much better drained from the city. Slum areas are more organized, and waste management is improved.

			The city is divided into 'islands', where every 'island' functions as a whole with its own management, landfills, evacuation programs, garbage disposals, planning department, retention and drainage system etc. Even though, 'islands' function as one, they cooperate with others. Expansion of urban greenery in a form of a green network throughout the city helps connecting these areas so they make a complete system. This program is designed to maintain better control over unwanted garbage discharge and urbanization, flood adaptation, mitigation and city as a whole.


	One of future developments could be a deal between government and people to relocate to outskirts of the city in exchange for the land and financial assistance until they reorganize, resulting in reduction of population density in central city area and risk sites, which would ultimately lead to decrease in climate change as the large amount of people are the main cause for all negative changes in the city.		One of future developments could be a deal between government and people to relocate to outskirts of the city in exchange for the land and financial assistance until they reorganize, resulting in reduction of population density in central city area and risk sites, which would ultimately lead to decrease in climate change as the large amount of people are the main cause for all negative changes in the city.

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	Image:PTDC0007.jpg\|Mumbai's Future development with retention pond and storm drain network along highway by 2060, Sketch by Nisit C.		Image:PTDC0007.jpg\|Mumbai's Future development with retention pond and storm drain network along highway by 2060, Sketch by Nisit C.
	Image:future look of the city.jpg\|Mumbai in future, Sketch by Nisit C.		Image:future look of the city.jpg\|Mumbai in future, Sketch by Nisit C.
			Image:carte_mumbai1.jpg\|Future development, map by Dijana I.
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Majlen at 01:33, 22 January 2013

2013-01-22T01:33:55Z

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	<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">		<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
	Image:slum.jpg\|Look from a 5 star hotel to a slum area [http://www.flickr.com/photos/s_w_ellis/3942274790/]		Image:slum.jpg\|Look from a 5 star hotel to a slum area [http://www.flickr.com/photos/s_w_ellis/3942274790/]
	Image:~~flood~~.jpg\|Cars covered in water [http://www.flickr.com/photos/apoorvak/2289624709/]		Image:flood2q.jpg\|Cars covered in water [http://www.flickr.com/photos/apoorvak/2289624709/]
	Image:deliver.jpg\|Man despite water runs to deliver something [http://www.flickr.com/photos/hussain_quantum/3698717526/]		Image:deliver.jpg\|Man despite water runs to deliver something [http://www.flickr.com/photos/hussain_quantum/3698717526/]
	Image:common thing.jpg\|People ignoring water[http://www.flickr.com/photos/chijs/951652286/]		Image:common thing.jpg\|People ignoring water[http://www.flickr.com/photos/chijs/951652286/]

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	<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">		<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
	Image:slum.jpg\|Look from a 5 star hotel to a slum area [http://www.flickr.com/photos/s_w_ellis/3942274790/]		Image:slum.jpg\|Look from a 5 star hotel to a slum area [http://www.flickr.com/photos/s_w_ellis/3942274790/]
	Image:~~flood~~.jpg\|Cars covered in water [http://www.flickr.com/photos/apoorvak/2289624709/]		Image:flood2q.jpg\|Cars covered in water [http://www.flickr.com/photos/apoorvak/2289624709/]
	Image:deliver.jpg\|Man despite water runs to deliver something [http://www.flickr.com/photos/hussain_quantum/3698717526/]		Image:deliver.jpg\|Man despite water runs to deliver something [http://www.flickr.com/photos/hussain_quantum/3698717526/]
	Image:common thing.jpg\|People ignoring water[http://www.flickr.com/photos/chijs/951652286/]		Image:common thing.jpg\|People ignoring water[http://www.flickr.com/photos/chijs/951652286/]

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	Mumbai has traditional prosperity about textile mills and harbor until the 1980s. Then these are now increasingly being replaced by industries employing more skilled labor such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Presently, Mumbai is India's city which has the most population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country also serves as an economic hub. Nevertheless, Mumbai still has many unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed citizenry, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers and mechanics.		Mumbai has traditional prosperity about textile mills and harbor until the 1980s. Then these are now increasingly being replaced by industries employing more skilled labor such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Presently, Mumbai is India's city which has the most population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country also serves as an economic hub. Nevertheless, Mumbai still has many unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed citizenry, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers and mechanics.

	Mumbai suffers from the major ~~urbanisation~~ problems that are seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries. The outcome are widespread in poverty, unemployment, poor public health, poor civic, low educational standards. With restrictive land, Mumbai residents often settle in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit or traffic jam roadways. By forecasting, demographers said Mumbai's people shifts are in keeping with global trends where population expectedly peaks at the initial stages of development and subsequently falls.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/mumbai/32631701_1_population-growth-world-population-day-decline]		Mumbai suffers from the major urbanization problems that are seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries. The outcome are widespread in poverty, unemployment, poor public health, poor civic, low educational standards. With restrictive land, Mumbai residents often settle in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit or traffic jam roadways. By forecasting, demographers said Mumbai's people shifts are in keeping with global trends where population expectedly peaks at the initial stages of development and subsequently falls.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/mumbai/32631701_1_population-growth-world-population-day-decline]

	Rapid changes in land use and occupational patterns of urban spaces in developing cities bring upfront the conflict between housing requirements and the preservation of green spaces. Mumbai, where 50% of the population lives on 8% of the land while the city has very limited green spaces except for a large urban forest. In the 1990s, settlements grew within the forest and led one environmental association to file a public interest litigation in order to protect this natural habitat. The analysis is carried out along two main lines. First, it focuses on the impact of urban governance dis functioning on the peripheries of Indian cities. It demonstrates that peri-urban areas are used as a land reserve fund for relocation programs in order to relegate the poor outside the city central areas. Second, it explores the manner in which the relationships between the poor and the environment are framed on the conservative premises that poor encroachers were mostly responsible for the degradation of the park. Overall, the conflict underscores the constant vulnerability of the urban poor as well as their ability to challenge collectively unfavourable urban policies. New and apparently legitimate forms of urban governance, in our case the judiciary, maintain social prejudices and contribute to displace the poor to the periphery.		Rapid changes in land use and occupational patterns of urban spaces in developing cities bring upfront the conflict between housing requirements and the preservation of green spaces. Mumbai, where 50% of the population lives on 8% of the land while the city has very limited green spaces except for a large urban forest. In the 1990s, settlements grew within the forest and led one environmental association to file a public interest litigation in order to protect this natural habitat. The analysis is carried out along two main lines. First, it focuses on the impact of urban governance dis functioning on the peripheries of Indian cities. It demonstrates that peri-urban areas are used as a land reserve fund for relocation programs in order to relegate the poor outside the city central areas. Second, it explores the manner in which the relationships between the poor and the environment are framed on the conservative premises that poor encroachers were mostly responsible for the degradation of the park. Overall, the conflict underscores the constant vulnerability of the urban poor as well as their ability to challenge collectively unfavourable urban policies. New and apparently legitimate forms of urban governance, in our case the judiciary, maintain social prejudices and contribute to displace the poor to the periphery.
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	<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">		<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
	Image:Mumbai temperature and precipitation.png\|Temperature and precipitation changes ~~troughout~~ the year[http://jon0021.edublogs.org/climate/]		Image:Mumbai temperature and precipitation.png\|Temperature and precipitation changes throughout the year[http://jon0021.edublogs.org/climate/]
	Image:DNI_Annual.jpg\| India Solar Resource [http://headwaysolar.com/blog/2011/04/]		Image:DNI_Annual.jpg\| India Solar Resource [http://headwaysolar.com/blog/2011/04/]
	Image:Winds India.jpg\| Wind power density map [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032107001219]		Image:Winds India.jpg\| Wind power density map [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032107001219]
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	Image:CO2_emissions_mumbai.png\|Annual CO2 ~~emmisions~~ [http://thecityfix.com/blog/want-a-sustainable-future-act-now-to-curb-automobile-ubiquity-in-mumbai/]		Image:CO2_emissions_mumbai.png\|Annual CO2 emissions [http://thecityfix.com/blog/want-a-sustainable-future-act-now-to-curb-automobile-ubiquity-in-mumbai/]
	Image:per_capita_C02_emissions_indian_cities.png\|Per capita CO2 emissions [http://thecityfix.com/blog/want-a-sustainable-future-act-now-to-curb-automobile-ubiquity-in-mumbai/]		Image:per_capita_C02_emissions_indian_cities.png\|Per capita CO2 emissions [http://thecityfix.com/blog/want-a-sustainable-future-act-now-to-curb-automobile-ubiquity-in-mumbai/]
	Image:PTDC0004.JPG\|Mumbai city becomes Urban Heat Island., sketch by Nisit C.		Image:PTDC0004.JPG\|Mumbai city becomes Urban Heat Island., sketch by Nisit C.