Wikienfk5 - User contributions [en]

Literature and Resources Participation

2009-11-02T20:13:11Z

Vsolis: /* Methods and Tools */

''THIS SITE IS STILL UNDER CONSTRUCTION!!!''

== Lecture Documents ==
* 20th October 2009: [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=466 Rational Planning and the Communicative Turn]
''An introduction to the evolution of participatory planning by Prof. Diedrich Bruns''

* 27th October 2009: [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=521 Planning according to the European Landscape Convention]
''An Overview by Prof. Diedrich Bruns''

These documents are only available for '''seminar participants'''.

== Topic Map Public Participation ==
[[Image:Topicmap participation.jpeg|thumb|900px|topic map on public participation|none]]

== Planning Theory and Methodology ==

=== First Generation ===

*'''Ian McHarg:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/27/_Planning_Theory_and_Methodology/07_06_McHarg_-_Design_with_Nature.pdf Design with Nature]

=== Second Generation ===

*'''Sherry R. Arnstein:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/27/Decision_Making/Arnstein_A_Ladder_of_Citizen_Participation.pdf A Ladder of Citizen Participation]

*'''Patsy Healey:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=506 Planning through debate: The Communicative Turn in Planning Theory]

*'''Patsy Healey:''' [http://www.geography.dur.ac.uk/information/staff/personal/graham/pdf_files/40.pdf Relational concepts of space and place - Issues for planning theory and practice] (umut)

*'''Patsy Healey:''' [http://www.ru.nl/aspx/download.aspx?File=/contents/pages/356205/sem-healeynewinstiutionalism.doc The New Institutionalism and the Transformative Goals of Planning]

*'''Patsy Healey et al.:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=507 Making Strategic Spatial Plans - Innovation in Europe]

*'''Horst W. J. Rittel & Melvin M. Webber:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=513 Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning]

=== Third Generation ===

*'''William J. Fear:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=503 Programme Evaluation Theory: The Next Step Toward a Synthesis of Logic Models and Organisational Theory]

*'''Glenn D. Israel:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=510 Using Logic Models for Program Development]

*'''Walter Schönwandt:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=514 Grundriss einer Planungstheorie der "dritten Generation" (GERMAN)]

*'''Walter Schönwandt:''' [http://books.google.de/books?id=FaM-fEqnaaEC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=third+generation+spatial+planning&source=bl&ots=WrNvu_VwBA&sig=HmsZwe80CoLQExu0SInH5GaNdlM&hl=de&ei=hffnSq3kE5eomgPY2cWoCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=third%20generation%20spatial%20planning&f=false Planning in Crisis?] (team hanover - Peter Müller, Ralf Steffen)

=== not yet defined ===

*'''Alan Altshuler:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=497 The Goals of Comprehensive Planning]

*'''David Braybrooke & Charles E. Lindblom:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=499 Zur Strategie der unkoordinierten kleinen Schritte (Original: Disjointed Incrementalism) (GERMAN)]

*'''Susan Fainstein:''' [http://www.columbia.edu/~jwp70/etexts/Can%20We%20Make%20CitiesWeWant.pdf Can We Make Cities We Want] (Umut)

*'''Susan Fainstein:''' [http://www.oamk.fi/luova/hankkeita/entracop/copack/docs/introduction/theories/literature/Feinstein.pdf New Directions in Planning Theory]

*'''Susan Fainstein:''' [http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/people/faculty/fainstein/text/Planning%20Theory%20and%20the%20City%20final.pdf Planning Theory and the City]

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=502 A decision-centered view of Environmental Planning]

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=498 Planungstheorie oder Theorie des Planens? (GERMAN)]

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=501 What is Planning Theory?]

*'''Andreas Faludi et al.:''' [http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:22383/eth-22383-41.pdf#page=4 Introducing Evidence-based planning]

*'''Bent Flyvbjerg:''' [http://flyvbjerg.plan.aau.dk/PhronPlan7.1PUBL.pdf Phronetic Planning Research - Theoretical and Methodological Reflections]

*'''Bent Flyvbjerg:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=504 Rationality and Power]

*'''Bent Flyvbjerg:''' [http://flyvbjerg.plan.aau.dk/DarksideofplanningPUBL.pdf The Dark Side of Planning (Commentary)] (Kirsten)

*'''John Friedmann:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=505 Two Centuries of Planning Theory: An Overview]

*'''John Friedmann:''' [http://www.planung-neu-denken.de/dokumente/friedmann%20i%7C2007.pdf Planning in the Public Domain: Twenty Years On]

*'''John Friedmann:''' [http://atusocialplanning.ir/PDF/Friedman.pdf Globalization and the emerging culture of planning]

*'''Charles E. Lindblom:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=511 The Science of "Muddling-through"]

*'''Sandra Rosenbloom:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=512 Research Questions on Normative Theories of Planning]

*'''Klaus Selle:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=515 Kooperativ handeln. Versuch, die laufenden Veränderungen auf den Begriff zu bringen (GERMAN)]

*'''Klaus Selle:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=516 Was ist bloß mit der Planung los? (GERMAN)]

*'''Klaus Selle:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=517 Phasen oder Stufen? Fortgesetzte Anmerkungen zum Wandel des Planungsverständnisses (GERMAN)]

*'''Klaus Selle:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=518 Blick zurück nach vorn. Versuch über Wandel, Konstanz und Neubeginn (GERMAN)]

*'''Klaus Selle:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=519 Planung lehren? Überlegungen (GERMAN)]

*'''Carl Steinitz:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=520 A Framework for Theory Applicable to the Education of Landscape Architects (and other Environmental Design Professionals)]

== Motivation of Planners ==

=== European Landscape Convention ===

*'''The Council of Europe:''' [http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/176.htm The European Landscape Convention]

*'''The Committee of Ministers:''' [http://www.landscapecharacter.org.uk/files/pdfs/ELC-Guidelines-For-Implementation.pdf Recommendations for the implementation of the European Landscape Convention, February 2008]

*'''Maguelonne Déjeant-Pons:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/27/_Motivation_of_Planners/THE_EUROPEAN_LANDSCAPE_CONVENTION_DEJEANTPONSMaguelonne.pdf The European Landscape Convention]

*'''Maguelonne Déjeant-Pons:''' [http://www.swkk.de/hermes/research/Buchbeitraege/HERMES-Band_3/HERMES_vol3_22Dejeant-Pons.pdf The implementation of the European Landscape Convention]

*'''Michael Jones:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=558 The European Landscape Convention and the Question of Public Participation]

*'''Paul Selman:''' [http://ejournal.nbii.org/archives/vol4iss2/communityessay.selman.pdf What do we mean by sustainable landscape?]

=== European Water Framework Directive ===

*'''The Council of Europe:''' [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/info/intro_en.htm Introduction to the new EU Water Framework Directive]

*'''The European Commission:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=524 Common Implementation Strategy for the WFD (2000/60/EC) - Public Participation in relation to the Water Framework Directive]

*'''EC:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/27/_Motivation_of_Planners/WFD_GUIDANCE_ON_PUBLIC_PARTICIPATION_Active_involvement_Consultation_and_Public_access_to_information.pdf Guidance on Public Participation in relation to the WFD - Active involvement, Consultation, and Public access to information]

*'''EC:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/27/_Motivation_of_Planners/WFD_Annex_I_Public_Participation_Techniques.pdf Public Participation Techniques (Annex I)]

=== Territorial Agenda of the European Union ===

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [http://www.nordregio.se/EJSD/refereed21.pdf The European Spatial Development Perspective - Shaping the Agenda]

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [http://www.nordregio.se/EJSD/faludioncohesion.pdf The Third Cohesion Report and the European Spatial Development Perspective]

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [https://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/dl/1179_631_Web%20Chapter%20Territorial%20Cohesion.pdf The European Model of Society]

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [https://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/dl/1397_730_Web%20Chapter.pdf European Spatial Research and Planning]

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [http://www.aesop2007napoli.it/full_paper/track2/track2_155.pdf Making Sense of the "Territorial Agenda of the European Union"]

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [http://aesop2005.scix.net/data/papers/att/228.fullTextPrint.pdf Territorial Cohesion Policy and the European Model of Society]

== Decision Making ==

*'''Amitai Etzioni:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=500 Mixed-scanning: A "Third" Approach to Decision-making]

*'''Susan Fainstein:''' [http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/people/faculty/fainstein/text/Competitiveness,%20Cohesion%20Governance%20IJURR%20final.pdf Competitiveness, Cohesion, and Governance - Their Implications for Social Justice]

*'''Andreas Faludi:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=502 A decision-centered view of Environmental Planning]

*'''Bent Flyvbjerg:''' [http://vbn.aau.dk/ws/fbspretrieve/2003479/wps3781.pdf Policy and Planning for Large Infrastructure Projects - Problems, Causes, Cures]

*'''Kathleen E. Halvorsen:''' [http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her132/halvorsen.pdf Critical Next Steps in Research on Public Meetings and Environmental Decision Making]

*'''Patsy Healey:''' [http://www.nsl.ethz.ch/index.php/en/content/download/975/5957/file Creativity and Urban Governance]

*'''Bert Enserink et al.:''' [http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art24/ Cultural Factors as Co-Determinants of Participation in River Basin Management]

*'''Dr. Sharon Hophmayer-Tokich: '''[http://www.utwente.nl/cstm/reports/Downloads/PP_and_the_WFD.pdf Public Participation under the EU Water Framework Directive – processes and possible outcomes]

*'''Jerzy Jendrosky''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=535 UN ECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters - Towards more effective Public Involvement in Monitoring Compliance and Enforcement in Europe]

*'''Jens Newig & Oliver Fritsch:''' [http://www.governat.eu/files/files/dp15_gn8newig_fritsch_epg.pdf Environmental Governance: Participatory, Multi-level – and Effective?] (Barbara)

*''' UN Economic and Social Council:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=533 Progress in the Implementation of the ECE Guidelines on Public Participation in Environmental Decision-Making]

*'''Thomas Webler & Seth Tuler:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=549 Four Perspectives on Public Participation Process in Environmental Assessment and Decision Making - Combined Results from 10 Case Studies]

*'''Thomas Webler et al.:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=534 Public participation in decision making - A three-step procedure]

== Methods and Tools ==

*'''Noel Boaden et all.:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=538 Planning and Participation in Practice: A Study of Public Participation in Structure Planning]

*'''Luuk Boelens:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=539 Beyond the Plan - Towards a New Kind of Planning] (Virpi)

*'''Caron Chess & Branden B. Johnson:''' [http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her132/chessjohnson.pdf Organizational Learning about Public Participation - “Tiggers” and “Eeyores”]

*'''Paul Cloke & Patrick Hanrahan:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=540 Policy and Implementation in Rural Planning]

*'''John M. Cohen & Norman T. Uphoff:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=541 Participation’s Place in Rural Development - Seeking Clarity through Specificity]

*'''Katharine Coit:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=542 Participation, social movements and social change]

*'''Susan Fainstein:''' [http://www.columbia.edu/~jwp70/etexts/FAINSTEIN_Planning%20and%20the%20Just%20City-for%20Columbia%20conf_2006.pdf Planning and the Just City] (Victoria)

*'''Marisa B. Guaraldo M. Rezende:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=543 Decentralised Popular Planning - A Strategy for Change]

*'''HarmoniCOP - Harmonising COllaborative Planning:''' [http://www.harmonicop.uni-osnabrueck.de/_files/_down/HarmoniCOPinception.pdf Public Participation and the European Water Framework Directive - Inception report]

*'''HarmoniCOP - Harmonising COllaborative Planning:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/27/_Motivation_of_Planners/HarmoniCOP_Social_Learning_in_River_Basin_Management.pdf Social Learning in River Basin Management]

*'''Corina Höppner et all.:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=544 Assessing psycho-social effects of participatory landscape planning] (Markus)

*'''Corina Höppner et all.:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=545 Assessing psycho-social effects of participatory landscape planning (Abstract)]

*'''Mária Kozová & Pavlína Misíková:''' [http://www.iale.sk/download/study.mat/land.planning.pdf Landscape Planning as a strong forward looking tool for integrated spatial management]

*'''Jens Newig et al.:''' [http://www.usf.uos.de/~jnewig/Newig_Pahl-Wostl_Sigel_2005%20preprint.pdf The Role of Public Participation in Managing Uncertainty in the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive]

*'''Michael Pacione:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=546 Public participation in neighbourhood change]

*'''Judith Petts:''' [http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her132/petts.pdf Managing Public Engagement to Optimize Learning: Reflections from Urban River Restoration]

*'''Jeremy Rowan-Robinson and Roger Durman:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=547 Planning policy and planning agreements]

*'''Robert Mark Silverman:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=548 Sandwiched between Patronage and Bureaucracy: The Plight of Citizen Participation in Community-based Housing Organisations in the US]

*'''Thomas Webler & Seth Tuler:''' [http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her82/82weblertuler.pdf Public Participation in Watershed Management Planning: Views on Process from People in the Field]

*'''Thomas Webler et al.:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=550 What Is a Good Public Participation Process? Five Perspectives from the Public]

*'''Thomas Webler et al.:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=551 Public Participation in Impact Assessment - A Social Learning Perspective] (Archana Bais)

*'''WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme:''' [http://www.icpdr.org/icpdr/static/dw2003_2/dw0203p09.htm Water Framework Directive and public participation]

*'''WWF Danube-Carpathian Programme:''' [http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/27/_Motivation_of_Planners/WWF_Danube_Carpathian_Programm_PUBLIC_PARTICIPATION_NGOs_AND_THE_WFD_IN_CENTRAL_AND_EASTERN_EUROPE.pdf PUBLIC PARTICIPATION, NGOs AND THE WFD IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE]

The Eastern mountains of Bogotá

2009-06-21T01:49:50Z

Vsolis:

'''Landscape Planning in protected areas: The Eastern Hills of Bogota, Columbia,''' by ''Victoria Solis Pauwels''

--> Back to [[Rural Landscapes Seminar Case Study List]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Eastern Hills of Bogota''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bogotá''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Colombia''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Office''' || style="background:Lavender"|''office or planner/designer''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| '''Case study author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:projectimage.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| <googlemap version="0.9" lat="64.960766" lon="-18.918457" zoom="6" width="300" height="200">
http://
64.947899, -19.196045
</googlemap>
|}

=== Rationale: Why is this case study interesting? ===
*The Eastern Hills are composed of approximately 14,170 hectares, an area rich in diverse ecological and landscape that has a wide diversity of flora and fauna, allowing you to have different ecosystems. Before the conquest of the Spaniards, the hills have a special value for Muiscas [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca], which looked like the holy places, mainly in the gaps that were sites of worship and ceremonies. In 1976 the then INDERENA declares: '''Protected Forest Reserve''' and since then the governments have issued several rules for the purpose of reforestation and care of his great natural value.

* Think about it from the view of another educator/student in a different country. Why should I use this case study in my teaching/education?

=== Author's perspective ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please answer from your '''personal''' perspective.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== History ===
*How did the area/project/plan at the focus of the case study evolve?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===
*What are the main structural features?
*How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of program/function ===
* What are the main functional characteristics?
* How have they been expressed or incorporated?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ===
* How was the area/project/plan formulated and implemented?
*Were there any important consultations/collaborations?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* How is the area/project/plan used and by whom?
* Is the use changing? Are there any issues?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Cross-cutting questions ===

==== How may landscape architecture contribute to the integration of different age groups, ethnics etc. in the urban fringe? ====

*Integration in an urban area
*Quality of life in rur-urban areas
*Flexibility of life styles

==== How can the transformation process be connected with the landscape sub-typologies? ====

*where does rural start?
*Rur-urban
*Dynamics flows between urban and peri-urban areas
*Monitoring land-use change

==== How may landscape planning contribute to quality improvement? ====

*Aesthetic quality
*Environmental quality
*Social quality

==== Can the maintenance and development of agricultural land-use in urban fringes be a strategy of a greenbelt? ====

*Agriculture in the urban fringe
*Agriculture as a green infrastructure element
*Green infrastructure
*Creating green links for wholeness
*Greenbelt, agriculture as a part of it

=== Future development directions ===
* How is the area/project/plan evolving?
* Are there any future goals?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* Has the area/ project/plan been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?
* What were their main evaluations?
Pleas add references, quotes...

=== Points of success and limitations ===
*What do you see as the main points of success and limitations of the area/project/plan?
Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Short statement plus background notes

=== Which research questions does it generate? ===
Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Case study]]
[[Category:Rural landscapes]]
[[Category:Peri-urban landscapes]]
[[Category:The Eastern mountains of Bogotá]]
[[Category:Columbia]]
[[Category:Bogota]]
[[Category:WG Landscape Development in Peri-urban Landscapes]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Rural Landscapes Seminar Case Study List

2009-05-27T14:51:50Z

Vsolis: /* Peri-urban Landscapes */

*''Dear participants, please add the title of your case study to the respective chapter below (edit). If your case relates to more than one theme, please copy the title to any appropriate chapter.''

*''Titles should be formulated like the example in the first chapter.''

*''As soon as the title has been added, a new wiki page will be created with the case study template as a starting point (see example). If you think that some themes are missing, feel free to add them to the list.''

[[Image:Topicmap rurallandscapes.jpeg|400px|thumb|Rural Landscapes Topic Map|right]]
[[Image:Topicmap selection 090506.jpg|400px|thumb|Participants localise their themes|right]]

== Landscape Types ==
=== Designated and Protected Landscapes ===

*'''[[Golija-Studenica]] - The development of Ecotourism in a Biosphere Reserve''', Serbia by ''Slavica Cepic, Radmila Mircetic and Dragana Romic''

*'''[[Wind Farm Developments]] in Northern Ireland''' by ''Radek Chanas''

*'''Geopark's landscape: [[The Land of Buzau]]''', Romania by ''Marius Dobre and Catalina Olariu''

*'''Landscapes and society in [[Iza Valley]], Maramures County''', Romania by ''Marcel Dologa''

=== Peri-urban Landscapes ===

*'''Revitalization development of [[Greenbelt "Fecility"]] in Yanjiao''', China by ''Ran Tao and Chinyi Gu''

*'''[[Sardinia's Landscape]]''' by ''Mauro Manca, Debora Tintis and Marco Basciu''

*[[Agriculture in São Paulo urban fringe|'''Agriculture as a green infrastructure element in São Paulo urban fringe''']], Brazil by ''Thelma Hisayasu and Paulo Pellegrino''

*'''[[Green links for Wilhelmsburg]]''' Hamburg, Germany, by ''Isin Barut''
*'''Landscape Change in [[Peri-Urban Areas of Istanbul]] - Former Municipal Landfills and their Surrounding''' by ''Aycim Turer Baskaya''
*'''Landscape Planning as a Rural Development Instrument for [[The City of Van]]''',Turkey, by ''Emel Baylan''
*'''Landscape Planning in protected areas [[Eastern mountains]]''',Bogotá, by ''Victoria Solis Pauwels''

=== Agricultural Landscapes ===
''This chapter would refer to landscapes that are definitely not peri-urban as a distinction to agricultural landscapes in the urban fringe''.

* '''Between the Ferry and the Freeway: [[The Culture of Travel]] - Landscape protection and planning''', Romania by ''Sofian Moumene and Mihaela Silvas''

*'''[[Sardinia's Landscape]]''' by ''Mauro Manca, Debora Tintis and Marco Basciu''

*'''Landscapes and society in [[Iza Valley]], Maramures County''', Romania by ''Marcel Dologa''

* '''Rural landscape view from a train: [[Cinematic Landscape]]''', Romania by ''Oana Dobre''

== Types of Planning ==
=== Landscape Planning ===
''Landscape planning may operate on country, regional and local level.''

* '''Between the Ferry and the Freeway: [[The Culture of Travel]] - Landscape protection and planning''', Romania by ''Sofian Moumene and Mihaela Silvas''

*'''Landscapes and society in [[Iza Valley]], Maramures County''', Romania by ''Marcel Dologa''

*'''Geopark's landscape: [[The Land of Buzau]]''', Romania by ''Marius Dobre and Catalina Olariu''

* '''Rural landscape view from a train: [[Cinematic Landscape]]''', Romania by ''Oana Dobre''

*'''Landscape Planning as a Rural Development Instrument for [[The City of Van]]''', Turkey, by ''Emel Baylan''

=== Rural Development ===

*[[Landscape Change in Artas|'''Perception of Landscape Change in the rural areas of Artas]]''', Palestine by ''Samar Nazer''

*'''Geopark's landscape: [[The Land of Buzau]]''', Romania by ''Marius Dobre and Catalina Olariu''

* '''Rural landscape view from a train: [[Cinematic Landscape]]''', Romania by ''Oana Dobre''

*'''[[Rosia Montana]]''', Romania by ''Oana Baloi''

*'''Landscape Planning as a Rural Development Instrument for [[The City of Van]]''', Turkey, by ''Emel Baylan''

=== Urban Design ===
=== Site Design ===
*'''[[Sardinia's Landscape]]''' by ''Mauro Manca, Debora Tintis and Marco Basciu''

== Planning Sectors and Objects ==
=== Recreation and Tourism ===

*'''[[Golija-Studenica]] - The development of Ecotourism in a Biosphere Reserve''', Serbia by ''Slavica Cepic, Radmila Mircetic and Dragana Romic''

*'''Revitalization development of [[Greenbelt "Fecility"]] in Yanjiao''', China by ''Ran Tao and Chinyi Gu''

*[[Landscape development in Kemeri National Park|'''Landscape development in Kemeri National Park''']], Latvia by ''Lilita Lazdāne, Jūlija Artemjeva, Madara Bērziņa and Ieva Lukša''

*'''Geopark's landscape: [[The Land of Buzau]]''', Romania by ''Marius Dobre and Catalina Olariu''

*'''Ecotourism and [[Cultural Landscape Conservation in Hebron]]''', Palestine By ''Nisreen Ajlouni''

*'''[[Rosia Montana]]''', Romania by ''Oana Baloi''

=== Forestry ===
=== Agriculture ===

*[[Agriculture in São Paulo urban fringe|'''Agriculture as a green infrastructure element in São Paulo urban fringe''']], Brazil by ''Thelma Hisayasu and Paulo Pellegrino''

* '''Rural landscape view from a train: [[Cinematic Landscape]]''', Romania by ''Oana Dobre''

=== Infrastructure and Transport ===

* '''Rural landscape view from a train: [[Cinematic Landscape]]''', Romania by ''Oana Dobre''

=== Nature Protection ===

* '''Between the Ferry and the Freeway: [[The Culture of Travel]] - Landscape protection and planning''', Romania by ''Sofian Moumene and Mihaela Silvas''

*'''Geopark's landscape: [[The Land of Buzau]]''', Romania by ''Marius Dobre and Catalina Olariu''

=== Mining and Quarrying ===
=== Energy ===

*'''[[Wind Farm Developments]] in Northern Ireland''' by ''Radek Chanas''

=== Settlements ===

== Planning Methods ==
=== Landscape Characterisation ===

*'''Geopark's landscape: [[The Land of Buzau]]''', Romania by ''Marius Dobre and Catalina Olariu''

* '''Rural landscape view from a train: [[Cinematic Landscape]]''', Romania by ''Oana Dobre''
*'''Landscape Change in [[Peri-Urban Areas of Istanbul]] - Former Municipal Landfills and their Surrounding''' by ''Aycim Turer Baskaya''

=== Landscape Assessment ===

*'''[[Wind Farm Developments]] in Northern Ireland''' by ''Radek Chanas''

* '''[[LANDMAP assessment in Wales|LANDMAP assessment in Neath-Port Talbot''']], Wales by ''Andrew Butler''

=== Development Scenarios ===

*'''Revitalization development of [[Greenbelt "Fecility"]] in Yanjiao''', China by ''Ran Tao and Chinyi Gu''
*'''[[Rosia Montana]]''', Romania by ''Oana Baloi''

=== Integrated Assessment ===
== Planning Instruments ==
''The distinction between methods and instruments is that the latter is based on a legal framework, so you would basically refer to legal instruments here.''
=== Environmental Impact Assessment ===

*'''[[Wind Farm Developments]] in Northern Ireland''' by ''Radek Chanas''

=== Strategic Impact Assessment ===
=== Public Participation ===
=== Regional Planning ===

*'''Geopark's landscape: [[The Land of Buzau]]''', Romania by ''Marius Dobre and Catalina Olariu''

* '''Rural landscape view from a train: [[Cinematic Landscape]]''', Romania by ''Oana Dobre''

=== Landscape Planning ===

* '''Rural landscape view from a train: [[Cinematic Landscape]]''', Romania by ''Oana Dobre''
* '''Landscape Planning as a Rural Development Instrument for [[The City of Van]]''', Turkey, by ''Emel Baylan''

Bogota

2009-01-28T18:29:50Z

Vsolis:

'''Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City''' by Martha Fajardo
{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|Bogota
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|Colombia
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|Urban Redevelopment
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''1991-Today''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"
|
|- "Image:Bogota location.jpg" ‎

| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| <googlemap version="0.9" lat="4.642301" lon="-74.077377" type="satellite" zoom="14" width="300" height="250">
</googlemap>
|}

Implementation of a series of master plans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks. Bogotá is the capital city of Colombia.

Transforming the urban fabric of any city is an overwhelming task. The alignment of public support, political will, financial resources, and human capacity is a rare event. To achieve a transformation on the scale of a mega-city in the developing world is virtually unknown.

Cities in the Third World have experienced great change in a short time; by cataclysm, by politics and by leadership. Therefore, we professionals must come to terms with time and change. Bogotá has benefited from a series of political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This degree of political will contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including reclamation of public space and improvement of mobility.

The intention of this presentation is to present innovative solutions, document the key events, projects, and people who have helped shape the City of Bogotá, with special emphasis on the Public Space Transformation.

=== Author's perspective ===
'''The accomplishment:''' Rethinking the city from its public spaces imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization were the most important goal of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

'''The goal:''' Bogotá is visually a different city today than it was in 1997; the changes in public space and in mobility infrastructure have translated into quantifiable improvements on incomes and social advancement. Specifically, changes in property values, employment generation, air quality, and benefits to particular income groups.

'''The means:''' What is perhaps most striking about the Bogotá project is the energetic and ingenious way in which the professional and technical team has moved beyond the theory and rhetoric, to its actual realization on the street and in the daily lives of those who live in Bogotá.

Thus, what is the main accomplishment is, the exercise in what we have to call: the Politics of Sustainability.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
'''The Bogotá Challenge'''
The city of Bogotá, grew in the last 30 years, it passed of being a city of less than a million inhabitants to almost eigth millions, until very recently it was one of the most chaotic, insecure and ruthless cities of Latin America, with a chaotic system of transportation, parks covered with garbage, wild grass, a nobody’s land. A city affected by the urbanisation phenomenon and the migration because of the internal armed conflict.

In addition to a quantitative deficit, the city’s environment, landscape and existing urban spaces had a very low quality. Such situation was partly due to the fact that a very generic name was assigned to all of the following: the notions of “left land” and “green zone” imposed a homogeneous and anonymous reason to spaces that could become very important for the collective. Therefore, a methodology was imposed with the aim of promoting not only square meters of space, but also the user definition and the allocation of forgotten social qualities.

The diagnostic of the environmental profile performed between 1993-1996 evidenced an environmental crisis for the city and the fact that its environmental problems should be solved in an integral and combined manner by all entities of the District Administration with a straightforward collaboration of the private sector and the community.
Bogotá’s chaotic growth, together with a weak attention and priority given to non-planned processes of urbanization and appropriation of urban space resulted in a significant part of the city’s population being excluded from proper social and public services.

=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===
'''A City with a Plan'''
The success of Bogotá, is remarkable given the history of disorganized growth and the surrounding adverse conditions of violence and economic recession in the country. In just a few years, innovative planning transformed Bogotá, into one of the world's leading model for sustainable urban design.

Bogotá’s cultural transformation has important lessons. The experience is politically relevant because it is taking place in a context of high levels of nation-wide violence.

These changes were the result of a cultural transformation. This transformation started with the election of Mayor Mockus (1995-1997) when he made of ‘citizenship culture’ an objective of his term in office. Cultural intervention and the built of the infraestructure continued during the administration of Mayor Peñalosa (1998-2000); and citizenship culture is taken up again in Mockus’ second term in office (2001-2003).

These changes were also the sinergy of drastical legal framework modifications in the country . The transformation of Bogotá’s politics can be understood as a shift from a national-dependent local government to a very autonomous urban governance arrangement.

The 1991 Constitution contributed to the formation of the public space by making mandatory for candidates for majors to register its political program and once elected to use that program as a foundation for the development plan. The Constitution empowered citizens by allowing them to revoke the mandate of the authority if failed to governing according to the stated program of government.

As a result of this measure, voters have been able to choose their mayors from a broader political spectrum and according to their programs of government. This is reflected in the tendency to elect ‘civic mayors’. In Bogotá’s election independent candidates won the past 3 elections.

A legislated land use program, the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), which took effect in 1997, compelled all Colombian city councils to draft a public space renovation plan and put it into action within three years.
The POT seeks to foster social and environmental sustainability through urban design, it focuses on community participation, restoring and preserving the natural environment, and improving the quality of built public space.

Bogotá also has benefited from a two political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This high degree of continuity has contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including the Reclamation of public space; the Improvement of public transport; and the progress and expansion of the municipal education system.

[[Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg|thumb|300px|left|©DAPD- POT 2000 Bogota Territorial Plan ]]
[[Image:Simon bolivar.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Simon Bolivar Structural Operation]]

'''Phase 1: 1995 to 1998'''
To form City_Culture of Citizenship
Transformation of a culture of citizenship is a purposeful design on the part of the government of the city.
The Development Plan for the period 1995-97, done by Antanas Mockus echoes the linkages between culture and peaceful coexistence by stating the main objectives as :
- To achieve a better accomplishment of the norms for co-existence.
- Provide citizens of a better capacity to induce others to obey norms pacifically.
- Increase the capacity to reach agreements and solve pacifically agreements between citizens.
- Increase the capacity of communication between citizens (to express and to interpret their ideas) through art, culture, recreation and sports.

This Plan emphasized on: Culture of citizenship, Public space, Environment, Social progress, Urban productivity, Institutional legitimacy.

Mockus, a philosopher and university professor was well recognized by his pedagogical abilities - he was convinced of the importance of the exchange of knowledge and the role of the educator- his disregard for politics and his honesty as a citizen.

The concept of citizenship culture refers to “the ensemble of habits, activities and shared minimum rules intended to create a feeling of belonging, facilitate coexistence in the urban space and leading to respect collective goods and to recognize citizens’ rights and duties .”

The ‘citizenship program’ included the strategy of recovering the public space as a key condition for building a friendly city. This strategy encompassed educational campaigns for increase the knowledge and respect of traffic signals, improvement in the system of transportation, the construction of parks and the recovery of public space for pedestrians.

'''Phase 2: 1998 to 2000'''
For the Bogotá we want _a City on a human scale
When elected mayor of Bogota, Enrique Peñalosa (1998-2000) continued with several of the priorities of Mockus’ administration. He made of the program of recovery of public space the center of his administration.

An economist with a doctorate in management and public administration, develop a plan ‘Por la Bogotá que Queremos’ (‘For the Bogotá we want’) aimed at the construction of a shared image of the city. Unlike Mockus’s pedagogical emphasis, Peñalosa was a great believer in the power that built public space has in shaping people’s behavior and enhancing democracy.

This Plan emphasized on City on a human scale, Mobility, Urbanism and services, Security and harmony among citizens, Institutional efficiency, De-marginalization and Social integration.

The Administration creates in 1999 the The Defense of Public Space office, which mission was to contribute to the improvement of the quality and defense of the public space, an adequate administration of the real state of the city and the construction of a new culture of the public space, that warranty’s its collective use and stimulates the participation of the community.

The creation of the entity was part of the strategy of adaptation and institutional modernization that allowed the city to recover, manage and create a public space culture and give a response to the following problems:
o A need of preventing and correcting permanent and tolerated (in many cases) invasions, appropriations and exploitation of public space by individuals, which has noticeably deteriorated the city life quality, productivity, security and environment.
o A system of registration, inventory and management of the district property heritage that was not updated and was managed in anti-technical and anti-functional manners.
o A low sense of belonging from Bogotá’s inhabitants with regard to their environment and a low awareness of the value and importance of the public.

In order to arrange actions and projects in accordance with the POT, the model identified six urban parts that involved the construction of infrastructure networks required by the city, taking into account the following:
o A reordering of the road system and a definition of the transport system that includes the new TransMilenio transportation system.
o The organization of a system of equipments as a basic component of the urban structure and as a coordinator of the metropolitan, urban, zonal and local scales.
o The definition of a system of parks and pedestrian public spaces to make the city accessible to pedestrians and recover the notion of the Public.

To do the public space structuring, the plan has gathered, guided and defined policies, criteria and rules for the city to be structured in an arranged and equitable manner.

It defines built public space as the support of the urban structure. In considering public space as a general system that has established its priorities and preponderances over private spaces and its roles as an element to unify, structure and order the city, elements such as sidewalks, bicycle routes, parkways, parks, paths, bridges low zones, civic places and founders places, have become networks, circuits, and urban central points that work as a continuous and compact system.

The Plan has given to the public space the power to keep an environmentally sustainable city. Through the consolidation of a city model based on a main ecological structure and a network of green spaces, the prioritization of non-motorized systems, the separation of vehicles from pedestrians and the control of advertising and other elements that affect the landscape, it has been possible to turn the Public Space into meeting space of the city with nature, where environmental pollutants from vehicles and contaminating activities have to be assumed by the individuals who generate them.

It makes possible the generation of more/better public spaces. It sets the percentages, uses and characteristics of obligatory cession zones of the urbanizing, construction and development processes. It specifies that developers and constructors must respect these public zones, deliver them and provide tools for them. It allows different mechanisms to speed up the acquisition of lands for public works and spaces. It makes possible for figures such as partial plans, and urban legalization and renewal to generate more/best public spaces in these processes. It ensures and predicts the creation and maintenance of public spaces required by new developments, as the city grows and becomes denser.

It specifies and unifies the technical conditions of built public spaces. It takes into account urban design specifications for public and private entities to built and design public spaces in a uniform, functional and secure manner. As a result, sidewalks, closings, bicycle roads, green spaces, benches, streetlamps and signalization are programmed to make up a urban landscape with aesthetic, technical and functional qualities.

It provides solutions for public space management, sustainability and management. It establishes the mechanisms for the city to be sustainable and to manage its public spaces with an active private participation and the participation of people in general. It involves executing entities in making management and administration plans.

Phase 3: 2000 to 2003
Living Together on the Same Side
A culture of citizenship received a new impetus with the re-election of Antanas Mockus (2001-2003). His Development Plan “Bogotá Para Vivir Todos del Mismo Lado’ (Bogotá All living on the same side) pursued a stronger commitment of building a common space among Bogotá’s residents. As part of this strategy, citizen participation was enhanced.
The development plan Living Together on the Same Side, emphasizes the capacity to reach agreements and to follow rules at the center of a democratic culture. The use of democratic procedures in the elaboration of local development plans and in changing legislation is also crucial for democracy.

Events like ‘rock and opera in the park’ and street theater congregate people from all social strata; residents get together in bicycle-paths, parks and public libraries. All this have improved the quality of life of its 7 million residents, and even more important it has contributed to save the life of at least 2,000 people a year. Bogotá has reduced in half the number of deaths due to homicides and traffic accidents.
Research also shows that property values in areas with urban upgrades have appreciated considerably when compared to a control group of similar properties. All this is implemented under a healthy financial situation allowing an increasing provision of social services.

'''2004 - 2007: Plan “ Bogotá Without Indifference”'''
Luis Eduardo Garzón a left-wing Colombian political activist and a former union leader, is currently the Mayor of Bogotá, his strategic is a call to the conscience of all citizens so that we all take responsibility in the struggle to eradicate poverty and misery, which is there and we must all leave behind.

He has not just continued with the physical transformation of the city but has enforced a strong emphasis on the social aspects that sometimes are less visible, but that contribute in giving a better life to its citizens. The “Bogotá Without Hunger” program and the effort to increase the total coverage of children in the educational cycle is noticeable, just as the programs that seek guaranteeing integral health access, combating child abuse, labor exploitation and giving more opportunities for women within a social inclusion culture

=== Analysis of design/planning process ===
'''The Construction and Building of the Public Space'''
Landscape design can be an enabling tool that can facilitate new partnerships to address the pressing need to find answers for sustainable and acceptable productive green space on the edge and within cities of the 21st Century.
The inclusion of landscape architects in the multidisciplinary teams that planned and carried out the projects sounds a hopeful note for the profession in other Latin American cities, which have been slow to recognize landscape architecture’s value.

Public space was significantly improved from 1998 to 2006
The Defense of Public Space office helps to recover space that had been illegally occupied, and space for pedestrians was substantially renovated through improvements in sidewalks, traffic signals, lighting, and tree planting.
This included the recovery of 7.000.297 (seven million) square meters of side walks and plazas, the construction of 147,000 square meters of space under bridges, the administration restored, improved, and maintained 1,234 parks, or 54% of the green space in the city; 150.000 trees planting, installed 183,651 planters, and added greenery to 202 kilometers of roadsides and 480 hectares of parks.

The Master Plan of Bicycle Paths was originally going to be 450 kilometers long. Approximately 370 kilometers were completed by october 2006. This is the largest network in Latin America and the developing world.

The Transmilenio (Integrated System of Mass Transport), covers the entire city, linking with bicycle paths the parks system. Construction of the Transmilenio has six phases, and in 2006 work on phase 3a. was underway.

'''The Awards'''
The city has won several international prices and awards during the last ten years.
- Within the Latin American region, Bogotá was the first city in signing a credit with the World Bank. According to the JP Morgan and ING Baring, Bogotá received the rank of the most innovative credit in 1996 in the category of new type of client.
- In October 2002 the World Health Organization recognized Bogotá’s efforts in the reduction of violence.
- In 2003 The United Nations also selected Bogotá by its efforts in sustainable development.
- According to the Stockholm Partnerships, the city is a model in alternative systems of transportation; the institutionalization of a ‘car-free day’ was the object of an international award, the Stockholm Challenge Award.
- In 2006 at the Venezia Biennale The Golden Lion was awarded in recognition of the efforts made to improve the quality of life of the people who live in Colombia’s capital.

Rethinking the city from its public spaces, imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization are the most important challenges of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

The power point presentation will higligth concepts and principles in connection with experiences from the different interventions we have participated in as leaders and/or members of interdisciplinary teams, in accordance with the premise of the five integral programs of built public space.
'''1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people
2. Bicycle routes: The new way to arrive.
3. Parks for learning to live
4. Green Master Plan (Bogotá gets wearing green)
5. Transmilenio the new urban mobility
1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people'''

Structure
Pedestrian spaces are made up of public goods that were built to move from one place to another, for pedestrians’ use and enjoyment, and they are also made up of architectural and natural elements from visually integrated private properties that shape urban space. They are supported by a network of sidewalks, whose main function is to make pedestrian connection between symbolical and representative elements of the urban structure.

Pedestrians have historically not been respected in Bogotá. Many wide avenues, for example, did not have sidewalks. Instead of looking for ways to reduce traffic, the city team made an effort to expand pedestrian spaces. Millions of people now stroll along the 120 km of streets that have been closed to traffic, because they’re the safest place in the city.

Components
Structuring spaces:
Places and small squares
Sidewalks Network
Pedestrian roads
Environmental control zones, separators, cession spaces and other types of land stripes among buildings and roads.
Walks and parkways
Bridges and pedestrian tunnels

Complementary Elements:
Benches, streetlamps, etc.
The urban vegetal layer, woods, gardens, plants, trees.
Commemoratory Monuments and artistic objects.
Other elements belonging to private property goods such as closed zones, front yards, porches, facades and layers.

2. Bicycle Routes System: The new way to arrive

Components
The Master Plan for Bicycle Paths was originally laid out for 450 kilometers of cycleways of which approximately 370 kilometers were completed by January 2007, constituting the largest network in Latin America and in the developing world.

The Bicycle Route System is made up of four functionally integrated networks that cover most of the urban and expansion lands: The main network is developed over the most important road axes that join the densely populated areas in the metropolitan center; the secondary network feeds the main network; the complementary network distributes flows to specific sectors; the environmental and recreational network consists of parks, pedestrian public spaces and metropolitan sports and recreation facilities.

The system was designed to take into consideration the morphology and topography of the city. That is, from north to south the city is flat but undulates from east to west.
A mesh concept was applied in the plan of the network as it presented greater versatility and adaptability given that the road network was designed as a grid, with streets going from south to north and from east to west.

3. Parks System: Learning To Live

Parks system
A thorough, consensus-based survey to prove the deficiency of parks was necessary before the goal of providing additional parks and open space for the city could be pursued. The City Recreation and Parks Department , with the mandate from the POT, completed a Park System Master Plan in 2002 which identifies six scales of park facilities: regional parks, metropolitan/urban parks, zonal parks, neighborhood parks, pocket parks and greenway parks.
With the help of a computer mapping package an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities was produced, public needs and park resources assessed, and a plan to eliminate existing deficiencies drawn up.
The System was classified as follows:
Regional-scale parks
Metropolitan /urban-scale Parks
Zonal-scale parks
Neighborhood-scale parks
Pockect Parks
Greenway parks

Combining the power of ArcInfo and ArcView, a desktop mapping package was implemented with an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities, an assement of Public needs and parks resources, and a plan that attempts to eliminate existing deficiencies.
The master plan was the basis for developing an action plan that lays out a strategy for implementation

Today Bogotá has 3,574 public parks, comprising 24 metropolitan, 63 zonal, 3,149 neighbourhood, 323 pocket parks and 13 sports facilities as well as natural areas such as hills, lineal and river ways.

District Parks are green spaces for collective use that act as regulators of the environmental balance; they are elements that represent the natural heritage and ensure a free space aimed at the recreation, contemplation and leisure of all inhabitants in the city. They are arranged in order of importance as a network to ensure the city coverage; they functionally involve the main elements of the main ecological structure.

4. Green Master Plan: (Bogotá gets dressed green)

The Bogotá Greenering Master Plan headed by the Bogotá Protection environmental agency and the Botanical Gardens has involved a wide diversity of professionals from many fields and is well advanced in it´s realization.
In spite of the fact that the Bogotá plateau is one of the great natural green houses in the world, the city does not have the threes that it should have and could have.

The Master Plan set out to remedy this. The only other time that Bogotá had planted trees on a massive scale, was under the guidance of a Japanese architect in the nine teen thirties when Bogotá celebrated its 400 hundred anniversary when the recommended that “Fraxinus chinensis” be planted and nothing else.

The methodology to create the plan included a long process that involved professionals from ten different fields. These experts under a landscape architect direction divided the plan into three major components:

Outlined the purpose and functions of arborization with the city. Fourteen points were established. The most important being in general terms: ecological, economical, esthetic and social.
Studied in depth candidates for massive planting both native and non native species.
dedicated to mapping the city in GIS according to its distinct and diverse ecological an urban condition in relation to arborization, at same time, it was carried out a thorough inventory of the quality and quantity of the existing trees in the city.
We were thus able to calculate such things as number of trees per inhabitant, by neirborhoods.

5. The TransMilenio System

Cities all over the developing world are struggling to come to terms with the rapid growth in motorization, which has resulted in air pollution, congestion and increased traffic accidents, the provision of public transport had traditionally been left to a unrelated group of private sector operators. With uncoordinated and relatively uncontrolled services, the operators fought amongst themselves to grab passengers. Thus, prior to the year 2000, public transport in Bogotá often meant an uncomfortable, unsafe, and generally unpleasant experience.

The TransMilenio System is a proposal for change in terms of urban mobility by means of a bus-based passenger transportation system. It is founded on two general objectives: improving citizen´s quality of life, and bettering the city´s productivity on the grounds of six main principles: quality, consistency, affordably, and respect for life, user´s time and human diversity.
The network has a immense impact on the urban recuperation of a degraded areas and a great transformation on the urban tissue.
It is organized as a set of exclusive corridors for public transportation using modern vehicles controlled via satellite that circulate by central lanes of main arteries.

Today, citizens in Bogota are showing a positive change of attitude, reflecting in spontaneous compliance with civic rules, thus generating respectful behavior and friendly coexistence, cooperation, mutual support and civil commitment.
In addition, a personal sense of belonging with regard to the System is particularly strong among children as privileged contemporaneous witnesses of its birth, and its ongoing growth process in the turn of the Millenium.

The results were impressive enough that Colombia finally got international press about something other than drug trafficking, guerrilla kidnappings, and bloody civil war.

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Simon bolivar.jpg|Simon Bolivar Structure Plan
Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg|Bogota Territorial Plan
Image:Bogota location.jpg|Location
Image:New bogota1.jpg|City with a Plan - New Public Space
Image:New bogota2.jpg|Sidewalks for people
Image:New bogota3.jpg|Bicycle Routes System
Image:New bogota4.jpg|Parks System: Learning To Live
Image:New bogota5.jpg|Green Master Plan: Bogotá gets dressed green
Image:New bogota6.jpg|Bogotá gets dressed green
Image:New bogota7.jpg|Transmilenio System
</gallery>

*'''Note: Images taken from IDU - IDRD - STT - GVL'''

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Template]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories
[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Urban redevelopment and revitalisation / Brownfields]]
[[Category:Colombia]]
[[Category:Bogota]]
[[Category:Working Group Urban Redevelopment]]

Bogota

2009-01-28T18:28:57Z

Vsolis: /* Author's perspective */

'''Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City''' by Martha Fajardo - Victoria Solis
{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|Bogota
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|Colombia
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|Urban Redevelopment
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''1991-Today''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"
|
|- "Image:Bogota location.jpg" ‎

| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| <googlemap version="0.9" lat="4.642301" lon="-74.077377" type="satellite" zoom="14" width="300" height="250">
</googlemap>
|}

Implementation of a series of master plans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks. Bogotá is the capital city of Colombia.

Transforming the urban fabric of any city is an overwhelming task. The alignment of public support, political will, financial resources, and human capacity is a rare event. To achieve a transformation on the scale of a mega-city in the developing world is virtually unknown.

Cities in the Third World have experienced great change in a short time; by cataclysm, by politics and by leadership. Therefore, we professionals must come to terms with time and change. Bogotá has benefited from a series of political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This degree of political will contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including reclamation of public space and improvement of mobility.

The intention of this presentation is to present innovative solutions, document the key events, projects, and people who have helped shape the City of Bogotá, with special emphasis on the Public Space Transformation.

=== Author's perspective ===
'''The accomplishment:''' Rethinking the city from its public spaces imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization were the most important goal of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

'''The goal:''' Bogotá is visually a different city today than it was in 1997; the changes in public space and in mobility infrastructure have translated into quantifiable improvements on incomes and social advancement. Specifically, changes in property values, employment generation, air quality, and benefits to particular income groups.

'''The means:''' What is perhaps most striking about the Bogotá project is the energetic and ingenious way in which the professional and technical team has moved beyond the theory and rhetoric, to its actual realization on the street and in the daily lives of those who live in Bogotá.

Thus, what is the main accomplishment is, the exercise in what we have to call: the Politics of Sustainability.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
'''The Bogotá Challenge'''
The city of Bogotá, grew in the last 30 years, it passed of being a city of less than a million inhabitants to almost eigth millions, until very recently it was one of the most chaotic, insecure and ruthless cities of Latin America, with a chaotic system of transportation, parks covered with garbage, wild grass, a nobody’s land. A city affected by the urbanisation phenomenon and the migration because of the internal armed conflict.

In addition to a quantitative deficit, the city’s environment, landscape and existing urban spaces had a very low quality. Such situation was partly due to the fact that a very generic name was assigned to all of the following: the notions of “left land” and “green zone” imposed a homogeneous and anonymous reason to spaces that could become very important for the collective. Therefore, a methodology was imposed with the aim of promoting not only square meters of space, but also the user definition and the allocation of forgotten social qualities.

The diagnostic of the environmental profile performed between 1993-1996 evidenced an environmental crisis for the city and the fact that its environmental problems should be solved in an integral and combined manner by all entities of the District Administration with a straightforward collaboration of the private sector and the community.
Bogotá’s chaotic growth, together with a weak attention and priority given to non-planned processes of urbanization and appropriation of urban space resulted in a significant part of the city’s population being excluded from proper social and public services.

=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===
'''A City with a Plan'''
The success of Bogotá, is remarkable given the history of disorganized growth and the surrounding adverse conditions of violence and economic recession in the country. In just a few years, innovative planning transformed Bogotá, into one of the world's leading model for sustainable urban design.

Bogotá’s cultural transformation has important lessons. The experience is politically relevant because it is taking place in a context of high levels of nation-wide violence.

These changes were the result of a cultural transformation. This transformation started with the election of Mayor Mockus (1995-1997) when he made of ‘citizenship culture’ an objective of his term in office. Cultural intervention and the built of the infraestructure continued during the administration of Mayor Peñalosa (1998-2000); and citizenship culture is taken up again in Mockus’ second term in office (2001-2003).

These changes were also the sinergy of drastical legal framework modifications in the country . The transformation of Bogotá’s politics can be understood as a shift from a national-dependent local government to a very autonomous urban governance arrangement.

The 1991 Constitution contributed to the formation of the public space by making mandatory for candidates for majors to register its political program and once elected to use that program as a foundation for the development plan. The Constitution empowered citizens by allowing them to revoke the mandate of the authority if failed to governing according to the stated program of government.

As a result of this measure, voters have been able to choose their mayors from a broader political spectrum and according to their programs of government. This is reflected in the tendency to elect ‘civic mayors’. In Bogotá’s election independent candidates won the past 3 elections.

A legislated land use program, the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), which took effect in 1997, compelled all Colombian city councils to draft a public space renovation plan and put it into action within three years.
The POT seeks to foster social and environmental sustainability through urban design, it focuses on community participation, restoring and preserving the natural environment, and improving the quality of built public space.

Bogotá also has benefited from a two political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This high degree of continuity has contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including the Reclamation of public space; the Improvement of public transport; and the progress and expansion of the municipal education system.

[[Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg|thumb|300px|left|©DAPD- POT 2000 Bogota Territorial Plan ]]
[[Image:Simon bolivar.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Simon Bolivar Structural Operation]]

'''Phase 1: 1995 to 1998'''
To form City_Culture of Citizenship
Transformation of a culture of citizenship is a purposeful design on the part of the government of the city.
The Development Plan for the period 1995-97, done by Antanas Mockus echoes the linkages between culture and peaceful coexistence by stating the main objectives as :
- To achieve a better accomplishment of the norms for co-existence.
- Provide citizens of a better capacity to induce others to obey norms pacifically.
- Increase the capacity to reach agreements and solve pacifically agreements between citizens.
- Increase the capacity of communication between citizens (to express and to interpret their ideas) through art, culture, recreation and sports.

This Plan emphasized on: Culture of citizenship, Public space, Environment, Social progress, Urban productivity, Institutional legitimacy.

Mockus, a philosopher and university professor was well recognized by his pedagogical abilities - he was convinced of the importance of the exchange of knowledge and the role of the educator- his disregard for politics and his honesty as a citizen.

The concept of citizenship culture refers to “the ensemble of habits, activities and shared minimum rules intended to create a feeling of belonging, facilitate coexistence in the urban space and leading to respect collective goods and to recognize citizens’ rights and duties .”

The ‘citizenship program’ included the strategy of recovering the public space as a key condition for building a friendly city. This strategy encompassed educational campaigns for increase the knowledge and respect of traffic signals, improvement in the system of transportation, the construction of parks and the recovery of public space for pedestrians.

'''Phase 2: 1998 to 2000'''
For the Bogotá we want _a City on a human scale
When elected mayor of Bogota, Enrique Peñalosa (1998-2000) continued with several of the priorities of Mockus’ administration. He made of the program of recovery of public space the center of his administration.

An economist with a doctorate in management and public administration, develop a plan ‘Por la Bogotá que Queremos’ (‘For the Bogotá we want’) aimed at the construction of a shared image of the city. Unlike Mockus’s pedagogical emphasis, Peñalosa was a great believer in the power that built public space has in shaping people’s behavior and enhancing democracy.

This Plan emphasized on City on a human scale, Mobility, Urbanism and services, Security and harmony among citizens, Institutional efficiency, De-marginalization and Social integration.

The Administration creates in 1999 the The Defense of Public Space office, which mission was to contribute to the improvement of the quality and defense of the public space, an adequate administration of the real state of the city and the construction of a new culture of the public space, that warranty’s its collective use and stimulates the participation of the community.

The creation of the entity was part of the strategy of adaptation and institutional modernization that allowed the city to recover, manage and create a public space culture and give a response to the following problems:
o A need of preventing and correcting permanent and tolerated (in many cases) invasions, appropriations and exploitation of public space by individuals, which has noticeably deteriorated the city life quality, productivity, security and environment.
o A system of registration, inventory and management of the district property heritage that was not updated and was managed in anti-technical and anti-functional manners.
o A low sense of belonging from Bogotá’s inhabitants with regard to their environment and a low awareness of the value and importance of the public.

In order to arrange actions and projects in accordance with the POT, the model identified six urban parts that involved the construction of infrastructure networks required by the city, taking into account the following:
o A reordering of the road system and a definition of the transport system that includes the new TransMilenio transportation system.
o The organization of a system of equipments as a basic component of the urban structure and as a coordinator of the metropolitan, urban, zonal and local scales.
o The definition of a system of parks and pedestrian public spaces to make the city accessible to pedestrians and recover the notion of the Public.

To do the public space structuring, the plan has gathered, guided and defined policies, criteria and rules for the city to be structured in an arranged and equitable manner.

It defines built public space as the support of the urban structure. In considering public space as a general system that has established its priorities and preponderances over private spaces and its roles as an element to unify, structure and order the city, elements such as sidewalks, bicycle routes, parkways, parks, paths, bridges low zones, civic places and founders places, have become networks, circuits, and urban central points that work as a continuous and compact system.

The Plan has given to the public space the power to keep an environmentally sustainable city. Through the consolidation of a city model based on a main ecological structure and a network of green spaces, the prioritization of non-motorized systems, the separation of vehicles from pedestrians and the control of advertising and other elements that affect the landscape, it has been possible to turn the Public Space into meeting space of the city with nature, where environmental pollutants from vehicles and contaminating activities have to be assumed by the individuals who generate them.

It makes possible the generation of more/better public spaces. It sets the percentages, uses and characteristics of obligatory cession zones of the urbanizing, construction and development processes. It specifies that developers and constructors must respect these public zones, deliver them and provide tools for them. It allows different mechanisms to speed up the acquisition of lands for public works and spaces. It makes possible for figures such as partial plans, and urban legalization and renewal to generate more/best public spaces in these processes. It ensures and predicts the creation and maintenance of public spaces required by new developments, as the city grows and becomes denser.

It specifies and unifies the technical conditions of built public spaces. It takes into account urban design specifications for public and private entities to built and design public spaces in a uniform, functional and secure manner. As a result, sidewalks, closings, bicycle roads, green spaces, benches, streetlamps and signalization are programmed to make up a urban landscape with aesthetic, technical and functional qualities.

It provides solutions for public space management, sustainability and management. It establishes the mechanisms for the city to be sustainable and to manage its public spaces with an active private participation and the participation of people in general. It involves executing entities in making management and administration plans.

Phase 3: 2000 to 2003
Living Together on the Same Side
A culture of citizenship received a new impetus with the re-election of Antanas Mockus (2001-2003). His Development Plan “Bogotá Para Vivir Todos del Mismo Lado’ (Bogotá All living on the same side) pursued a stronger commitment of building a common space among Bogotá’s residents. As part of this strategy, citizen participation was enhanced.
The development plan Living Together on the Same Side, emphasizes the capacity to reach agreements and to follow rules at the center of a democratic culture. The use of democratic procedures in the elaboration of local development plans and in changing legislation is also crucial for democracy.

Events like ‘rock and opera in the park’ and street theater congregate people from all social strata; residents get together in bicycle-paths, parks and public libraries. All this have improved the quality of life of its 7 million residents, and even more important it has contributed to save the life of at least 2,000 people a year. Bogotá has reduced in half the number of deaths due to homicides and traffic accidents.
Research also shows that property values in areas with urban upgrades have appreciated considerably when compared to a control group of similar properties. All this is implemented under a healthy financial situation allowing an increasing provision of social services.

'''2004 - 2007: Plan “ Bogotá Without Indifference”'''
Luis Eduardo Garzón a left-wing Colombian political activist and a former union leader, is currently the Mayor of Bogotá, his strategic is a call to the conscience of all citizens so that we all take responsibility in the struggle to eradicate poverty and misery, which is there and we must all leave behind.

He has not just continued with the physical transformation of the city but has enforced a strong emphasis on the social aspects that sometimes are less visible, but that contribute in giving a better life to its citizens. The “Bogotá Without Hunger” program and the effort to increase the total coverage of children in the educational cycle is noticeable, just as the programs that seek guaranteeing integral health access, combating child abuse, labor exploitation and giving more opportunities for women within a social inclusion culture

=== Analysis of design/planning process ===
'''The Construction and Building of the Public Space'''
Landscape design can be an enabling tool that can facilitate new partnerships to address the pressing need to find answers for sustainable and acceptable productive green space on the edge and within cities of the 21st Century.
The inclusion of landscape architects in the multidisciplinary teams that planned and carried out the projects sounds a hopeful note for the profession in other Latin American cities, which have been slow to recognize landscape architecture’s value.

Public space was significantly improved from 1998 to 2006
The Defense of Public Space office helps to recover space that had been illegally occupied, and space for pedestrians was substantially renovated through improvements in sidewalks, traffic signals, lighting, and tree planting.
This included the recovery of 7.000.297 (seven million) square meters of side walks and plazas, the construction of 147,000 square meters of space under bridges, the administration restored, improved, and maintained 1,234 parks, or 54% of the green space in the city; 150.000 trees planting, installed 183,651 planters, and added greenery to 202 kilometers of roadsides and 480 hectares of parks.

The Master Plan of Bicycle Paths was originally going to be 450 kilometers long. Approximately 370 kilometers were completed by october 2006. This is the largest network in Latin America and the developing world.

The Transmilenio (Integrated System of Mass Transport), covers the entire city, linking with bicycle paths the parks system. Construction of the Transmilenio has six phases, and in 2006 work on phase 3a. was underway.

'''The Awards'''
The city has won several international prices and awards during the last ten years.
- Within the Latin American region, Bogotá was the first city in signing a credit with the World Bank. According to the JP Morgan and ING Baring, Bogotá received the rank of the most innovative credit in 1996 in the category of new type of client.
- In October 2002 the World Health Organization recognized Bogotá’s efforts in the reduction of violence.
- In 2003 The United Nations also selected Bogotá by its efforts in sustainable development.
- According to the Stockholm Partnerships, the city is a model in alternative systems of transportation; the institutionalization of a ‘car-free day’ was the object of an international award, the Stockholm Challenge Award.
- In 2006 at the Venezia Biennale The Golden Lion was awarded in recognition of the efforts made to improve the quality of life of the people who live in Colombia’s capital.

Rethinking the city from its public spaces, imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization are the most important challenges of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

The power point presentation will higligth concepts and principles in connection with experiences from the different interventions we have participated in as leaders and/or members of interdisciplinary teams, in accordance with the premise of the five integral programs of built public space.
'''1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people
2. Bicycle routes: The new way to arrive.
3. Parks for learning to live
4. Green Master Plan (Bogotá gets wearing green)
5. Transmilenio the new urban mobility
1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people'''

Structure
Pedestrian spaces are made up of public goods that were built to move from one place to another, for pedestrians’ use and enjoyment, and they are also made up of architectural and natural elements from visually integrated private properties that shape urban space. They are supported by a network of sidewalks, whose main function is to make pedestrian connection between symbolical and representative elements of the urban structure.

Pedestrians have historically not been respected in Bogotá. Many wide avenues, for example, did not have sidewalks. Instead of looking for ways to reduce traffic, the city team made an effort to expand pedestrian spaces. Millions of people now stroll along the 120 km of streets that have been closed to traffic, because they’re the safest place in the city.

Components
Structuring spaces:
Places and small squares
Sidewalks Network
Pedestrian roads
Environmental control zones, separators, cession spaces and other types of land stripes among buildings and roads.
Walks and parkways
Bridges and pedestrian tunnels

Complementary Elements:
Benches, streetlamps, etc.
The urban vegetal layer, woods, gardens, plants, trees.
Commemoratory Monuments and artistic objects.
Other elements belonging to private property goods such as closed zones, front yards, porches, facades and layers.

2. Bicycle Routes System: The new way to arrive

Components
The Master Plan for Bicycle Paths was originally laid out for 450 kilometers of cycleways of which approximately 370 kilometers were completed by January 2007, constituting the largest network in Latin America and in the developing world.

The Bicycle Route System is made up of four functionally integrated networks that cover most of the urban and expansion lands: The main network is developed over the most important road axes that join the densely populated areas in the metropolitan center; the secondary network feeds the main network; the complementary network distributes flows to specific sectors; the environmental and recreational network consists of parks, pedestrian public spaces and metropolitan sports and recreation facilities.

The system was designed to take into consideration the morphology and topography of the city. That is, from north to south the city is flat but undulates from east to west.
A mesh concept was applied in the plan of the network as it presented greater versatility and adaptability given that the road network was designed as a grid, with streets going from south to north and from east to west.

3. Parks System: Learning To Live

Parks system
A thorough, consensus-based survey to prove the deficiency of parks was necessary before the goal of providing additional parks and open space for the city could be pursued. The City Recreation and Parks Department , with the mandate from the POT, completed a Park System Master Plan in 2002 which identifies six scales of park facilities: regional parks, metropolitan/urban parks, zonal parks, neighborhood parks, pocket parks and greenway parks.
With the help of a computer mapping package an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities was produced, public needs and park resources assessed, and a plan to eliminate existing deficiencies drawn up.
The System was classified as follows:
Regional-scale parks
Metropolitan /urban-scale Parks
Zonal-scale parks
Neighborhood-scale parks
Pockect Parks
Greenway parks

Combining the power of ArcInfo and ArcView, a desktop mapping package was implemented with an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities, an assement of Public needs and parks resources, and a plan that attempts to eliminate existing deficiencies.
The master plan was the basis for developing an action plan that lays out a strategy for implementation

Today Bogotá has 3,574 public parks, comprising 24 metropolitan, 63 zonal, 3,149 neighbourhood, 323 pocket parks and 13 sports facilities as well as natural areas such as hills, lineal and river ways.

District Parks are green spaces for collective use that act as regulators of the environmental balance; they are elements that represent the natural heritage and ensure a free space aimed at the recreation, contemplation and leisure of all inhabitants in the city. They are arranged in order of importance as a network to ensure the city coverage; they functionally involve the main elements of the main ecological structure.

4. Green Master Plan: (Bogotá gets dressed green)

The Bogotá Greenering Master Plan headed by the Bogotá Protection environmental agency and the Botanical Gardens has involved a wide diversity of professionals from many fields and is well advanced in it´s realization.
In spite of the fact that the Bogotá plateau is one of the great natural green houses in the world, the city does not have the threes that it should have and could have.

The Master Plan set out to remedy this. The only other time that Bogotá had planted trees on a massive scale, was under the guidance of a Japanese architect in the nine teen thirties when Bogotá celebrated its 400 hundred anniversary when the recommended that “Fraxinus chinensis” be planted and nothing else.

The methodology to create the plan included a long process that involved professionals from ten different fields. These experts under a landscape architect direction divided the plan into three major components:

Outlined the purpose and functions of arborization with the city. Fourteen points were established. The most important being in general terms: ecological, economical, esthetic and social.
Studied in depth candidates for massive planting both native and non native species.
dedicated to mapping the city in GIS according to its distinct and diverse ecological an urban condition in relation to arborization, at same time, it was carried out a thorough inventory of the quality and quantity of the existing trees in the city.
We were thus able to calculate such things as number of trees per inhabitant, by neirborhoods.

5. The TransMilenio System

Cities all over the developing world are struggling to come to terms with the rapid growth in motorization, which has resulted in air pollution, congestion and increased traffic accidents, the provision of public transport had traditionally been left to a unrelated group of private sector operators. With uncoordinated and relatively uncontrolled services, the operators fought amongst themselves to grab passengers. Thus, prior to the year 2000, public transport in Bogotá often meant an uncomfortable, unsafe, and generally unpleasant experience.

The TransMilenio System is a proposal for change in terms of urban mobility by means of a bus-based passenger transportation system. It is founded on two general objectives: improving citizen´s quality of life, and bettering the city´s productivity on the grounds of six main principles: quality, consistency, affordably, and respect for life, user´s time and human diversity.
The network has a immense impact on the urban recuperation of a degraded areas and a great transformation on the urban tissue.
It is organized as a set of exclusive corridors for public transportation using modern vehicles controlled via satellite that circulate by central lanes of main arteries.

Today, citizens in Bogota are showing a positive change of attitude, reflecting in spontaneous compliance with civic rules, thus generating respectful behavior and friendly coexistence, cooperation, mutual support and civil commitment.
In addition, a personal sense of belonging with regard to the System is particularly strong among children as privileged contemporaneous witnesses of its birth, and its ongoing growth process in the turn of the Millenium.

The results were impressive enough that Colombia finally got international press about something other than drug trafficking, guerrilla kidnappings, and bloody civil war.

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Simon bolivar.jpg|Simon Bolivar Structure Plan
Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg|Bogota Territorial Plan
Image:Bogota location.jpg|Location
Image:New bogota1.jpg|City with a Plan - New Public Space
Image:New bogota2.jpg|Sidewalks for people
Image:New bogota3.jpg|Bicycle Routes System
Image:New bogota4.jpg|Parks System: Learning To Live
Image:New bogota5.jpg|Green Master Plan: Bogotá gets dressed green
Image:New bogota6.jpg|Bogotá gets dressed green
Image:New bogota7.jpg|Transmilenio System
</gallery>

*'''Note: Images taken from IDU - IDRD - STT - GVL'''

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Template]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories
[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Urban redevelopment and revitalisation / Brownfields]]
[[Category:Colombia]]
[[Category:Bogota]]
[[Category:Working Group Urban Redevelopment]]

Bogota

2009-01-28T11:53:20Z

Vsolis:

'''Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City''' by Martha Fajardo - Victoria Solis
{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|Bogota
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|Colombia
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|Urban Redevelopment
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''1991-Today''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"
|
|- "Image:Bogota location.jpg" ‎

| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| <googlemap version="0.9" lat="4.642301" lon="-74.077377" type="satellite" zoom="14" width="300" height="250">
</googlemap>
|}

Implementation of a series of master plans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks. Bogotá is the capital city of Colombia.

Transforming the urban fabric of any city is an overwhelming task. The alignment of public support, political will, financial resources, and human capacity is a rare event. To achieve a transformation on the scale of a mega-city in the developing world is virtually unknown.

Cities in the Third World have experienced great change in a short time; by cataclysm, by politics and by leadership. Therefore, we professionals must come to terms with time and change. Bogotá has benefited from a series of political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This degree of political will contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including reclamation of public space and improvement of mobility.

The intention of this presentation is to present innovative solutions, document the key events, projects, and people who have helped shape the City of Bogotá, with special emphasis on the Public Space Transformation.

=== Author's perspective ===
The accomplishment: Rethinking the city from its public spaces imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization were the most important goal of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

The goal: Bogotá is visually a different city today than it was in 1997; the changes in public space and in mobility infrastructure have translated into quantifiable improvements on incomes and social advancement. Specifically, changes in property values, employment generation, air quality, and benefits to particular income groups.

The means: What is perhaps most striking about the Bogotá project is the energetic and ingenious way in which the professional and technical team has moved beyond the theory and rhetoric, to its actual realization on the street and in the daily lives of those who live in Bogotá.
Thus, what is the main accomplishment is, the exercise in what we have to call: the Politics of Sustainability.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
'''The Bogotá Challenge'''
The city of Bogotá, grew in the last 30 years, it passed of being a city of less than a million inhabitants to almost eigth millions, until very recently it was one of the most chaotic, insecure and ruthless cities of Latin America, with a chaotic system of transportation, parks covered with garbage, wild grass, a nobody’s land. A city affected by the urbanisation phenomenon and the migration because of the internal armed conflict.

In addition to a quantitative deficit, the city’s environment, landscape and existing urban spaces had a very low quality. Such situation was partly due to the fact that a very generic name was assigned to all of the following: the notions of “left land” and “green zone” imposed a homogeneous and anonymous reason to spaces that could become very important for the collective. Therefore, a methodology was imposed with the aim of promoting not only square meters of space, but also the user definition and the allocation of forgotten social qualities.

The diagnostic of the environmental profile performed between 1993-1996 evidenced an environmental crisis for the city and the fact that its environmental problems should be solved in an integral and combined manner by all entities of the District Administration with a straightforward collaboration of the private sector and the community.
Bogotá’s chaotic growth, together with a weak attention and priority given to non-planned processes of urbanization and appropriation of urban space resulted in a significant part of the city’s population being excluded from proper social and public services.

[[Image:|left]]
Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===
'''A City with a Plan'''
The success of Bogotá, is remarkable given the history of disorganized growth and the surrounding adverse conditions of violence and economic recession in the country. In just a few years, innovative planning transformed Bogotá, into one of the world's leading model for sustainable urban design.

Bogotá’s cultural transformation has important lessons. The experience is politically relevant because it is taking place in a context of high levels of nation-wide violence.

These changes were the result of a cultural transformation. This transformation started with the election of Mayor Mockus (1995-1997) when he made of ‘citizenship culture’ an objective of his term in office. Cultural intervention and the built of the infraestructure continued during the administration of Mayor Peñalosa (1998-2000); and citizenship culture is taken up again in Mockus’ second term in office (2001-2003).

These changes were also the sinergy of drastical legal framework modifications in the country . The transformation of Bogotá’s politics can be understood as a shift from a national-dependent local government to a very autonomous urban governance arrangement.

The 1991 Constitution contributed to the formation of the public space by making mandatory for candidates for majors to register its political program and once elected to use that program as a foundation for the development plan. The Constitution empowered citizens by allowing them to revoke the mandate of the authority if failed to governing according to the stated program of government.

As a result of this measure, voters have been able to choose their mayors from a broader political spectrum and according to their programs of government. This is reflected in the tendency to elect ‘civic mayors’. In Bogotá’s election independent candidates won the past 3 elections.

A legislated land use program, the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), which took effect in 1997, compelled all Colombian city councils to draft a public space renovation plan and put it into action within three years.
The POT seeks to foster social and environmental sustainability through urban design, it focuses on community participation, restoring and preserving the natural environment, and improving the quality of built public space.

Bogotá also has benefited from a two political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This high degree of continuity has contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including the Reclamation of public space; the Improvement of public transport; and the progress and expansion of the municipal education system.

"Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg" ‎
©DAPD- POT 2000 Bogota Territorial Plan
Simon Bolivar Structural Operation
"Image:Simon bolivar.jpg" ‎

'''Phase 1: 1995 to 1998'''
To form City_Culture of Citizenship
Transformation of a culture of citizenship is a purposeful design on the part of the government of the city.
The Development Plan for the period 1995-97, done by Antanas Mockus echoes the linkages between culture and peaceful coexistence by stating the main objectives as :
- To achieve a better accomplishment of the norms for co-existence.
- Provide citizens of a better capacity to induce others to obey norms pacifically.
- Increase the capacity to reach agreements and solve pacifically agreements between citizens.
- Increase the capacity of communication between citizens (to express and to interpret their ideas) through art, culture, recreation and sports.

This Plan emphasized on: Culture of citizenship, Public space, Environment, Social progress, Urban productivity, Institutional legitimacy.

Mockus, a philosopher and university professor was well recognized by his pedagogical abilities - he was convinced of the importance of the exchange of knowledge and the role of the educator- his disregard for politics and his honesty as a citizen.

The concept of citizenship culture refers to “the ensemble of habits, activities and shared minimum rules intended to create a feeling of belonging, facilitate coexistence in the urban space and leading to respect collective goods and to recognize citizens’ rights and duties .”

The ‘citizenship program’ included the strategy of recovering the public space as a key condition for building a friendly city. This strategy encompassed educational campaigns for increase the knowledge and respect of traffic signals, improvement in the system of transportation, the construction of parks and the recovery of public space for pedestrians.

'''Phase 2: 1998 to 2000'''
For the Bogotá we want _a City on a human scale
When elected mayor of Bogota, Enrique Peñalosa (1998-2000) continued with several of the priorities of Mockus’ administration. He made of the program of recovery of public space the center of his administration.

An economist with a doctorate in management and public administration, develop a plan ‘Por la Bogotá que Queremos’ (‘For the Bogotá we want’) aimed at the construction of a shared image of the city. Unlike Mockus’s pedagogical emphasis, Peñalosa was a great believer in the power that built public space has in shaping people’s behavior and enhancing democracy.

This Plan emphasized on City on a human scale, Mobility, Urbanism and services, Security and harmony among citizens, Institutional efficiency, De-marginalization and Social integration.

The Administration creates in 1999 the The Defense of Public Space office, which mission was to contribute to the improvement of the quality and defense of the public space, an adequate administration of the real state of the city and the construction of a new culture of the public space, that warranty’s its collective use and stimulates the participation of the community.

The creation of the entity was part of the strategy of adaptation and institutional modernization that allowed the city to recover, manage and create a public space culture and give a response to the following problems:
o A need of preventing and correcting permanent and tolerated (in many cases) invasions, appropriations and exploitation of public space by individuals, which has noticeably deteriorated the city life quality, productivity, security and environment.
o A system of registration, inventory and management of the district property heritage that was not updated and was managed in anti-technical and anti-functional manners.
o A low sense of belonging from Bogotá’s inhabitants with regard to their environment and a low awareness of the value and importance of the public.

In order to arrange actions and projects in accordance with the POT, the model identified six urban parts that involved the construction of infrastructure networks required by the city, taking into account the following:
o A reordering of the road system and a definition of the transport system that includes the new TransMilenio transportation system.
o The organization of a system of equipments as a basic component of the urban structure and as a coordinator of the metropolitan, urban, zonal and local scales.
o The definition of a system of parks and pedestrian public spaces to make the city accessible to pedestrians and recover the notion of the Public.

To do the public space structuring, the plan has gathered, guided and defined policies, criteria and rules for the city to be structured in an arranged and equitable manner.

It defines built public space as the support of the urban structure. In considering public space as a general system that has established its priorities and preponderances over private spaces and its roles as an element to unify, structure and order the city, elements such as sidewalks, bicycle routes, parkways, parks, paths, bridges low zones, civic places and founders places, have become networks, circuits, and urban central points that work as a continuous and compact system.

The Plan has given to the public space the power to keep an environmentally sustainable city. Through the consolidation of a city model based on a main ecological structure and a network of green spaces, the prioritization of non-motorized systems, the separation of vehicles from pedestrians and the control of advertising and other elements that affect the landscape, it has been possible to turn the Public Space into meeting space of the city with nature, where environmental pollutants from vehicles and contaminating activities have to be assumed by the individuals who generate them.

It makes possible the generation of more/better public spaces. It sets the percentages, uses and characteristics of obligatory cession zones of the urbanizing, construction and development processes. It specifies that developers and constructors must respect these public zones, deliver them and provide tools for them. It allows different mechanisms to speed up the acquisition of lands for public works and spaces. It makes possible for figures such as partial plans, and urban legalization and renewal to generate more/best public spaces in these processes. It ensures and predicts the creation and maintenance of public spaces required by new developments, as the city grows and becomes denser.

It specifies and unifies the technical conditions of built public spaces. It takes into account urban design specifications for public and private entities to built and design public spaces in a uniform, functional and secure manner. As a result, sidewalks, closings, bicycle roads, green spaces, benches, streetlamps and signalization are programmed to make up a urban landscape with aesthetic, technical and functional qualities.

It provides solutions for public space management, sustainability and management. It establishes the mechanisms for the city to be sustainable and to manage its public spaces with an active private participation and the participation of people in general. It involves executing entities in making management and administration plans.

Phase 3: 2000 to 2003
Living Together on the Same Side
A culture of citizenship received a new impetus with the re-election of Antanas Mockus (2001-2003). His Development Plan “Bogotá Para Vivir Todos del Mismo Lado’ (Bogotá All living on the same side) pursued a stronger commitment of building a common space among Bogotá’s residents. As part of this strategy, citizen participation was enhanced.
The development plan Living Together on the Same Side, emphasizes the capacity to reach agreements and to follow rules at the center of a democratic culture. The use of democratic procedures in the elaboration of local development plans and in changing legislation is also crucial for democracy.

Events like ‘rock and opera in the park’ and street theater congregate people from all social strata; residents get together in bicycle-paths, parks and public libraries. All this have improved the quality of life of its 7 million residents, and even more important it has contributed to save the life of at least 2,000 people a year. Bogotá has reduced in half the number of deaths due to homicides and traffic accidents.
Research also shows that property values in areas with urban upgrades have appreciated considerably when compared to a control group of similar properties. All this is implemented under a healthy financial situation allowing an increasing provision of social services.

'''2004 - 2007: Plan “ Bogotá Without Indifference”'''
Luis Eduardo Garzón a left-wing Colombian political activist and a former union leader, is currently the Mayor of Bogotá, his strategic is a call to the conscience of all citizens so that we all take responsibility in the struggle to eradicate poverty and misery, which is there and we must all leave behind.

He has not just continued with the physical transformation of the city but has enforced a strong emphasis on the social aspects that sometimes are less visible, but that contribute in giving a better life to its citizens. The “Bogotá Without Hunger” program and the effort to increase the total coverage of children in the educational cycle is noticeable, just as the programs that seek guaranteeing integral health access, combating child abuse, labor exploitation and giving more opportunities for women within a social inclusion culture

=== Analysis of design/planning process ===
'''The Construction and Building of the Public Space'''
Landscape design can be an enabling tool that can facilitate new partnerships to address the pressing need to find answers for sustainable and acceptable productive green space on the edge and within cities of the 21st Century.
The inclusion of landscape architects in the multidisciplinary teams that planned and carried out the projects sounds a hopeful note for the profession in other Latin American cities, which have been slow to recognize landscape architecture’s value.

Public space was significantly improved from 1998 to 2006
The Defense of Public Space office helps to recover space that had been illegally occupied, and space for pedestrians was substantially renovated through improvements in sidewalks, traffic signals, lighting, and tree planting.
This included the recovery of 7.000.297 (seven million) square meters of side walks and plazas, the construction of 147,000 square meters of space under bridges, the administration restored, improved, and maintained 1,234 parks, or 54% of the green space in the city; 150.000 trees planting, installed 183,651 planters, and added greenery to 202 kilometers of roadsides and 480 hectares of parks.

The Master Plan of Bicycle Paths was originally going to be 450 kilometers long. Approximately 370 kilometers were completed by october 2006. This is the largest network in Latin America and the developing world.

The Transmilenio (Integrated System of Mass Transport), covers the entire city, linking with bicycle paths the parks system. Construction of the Transmilenio has six phases, and in 2006 work on phase 3a. was underway.

'''The Awards'''
The city has won several international prices and awards during the last ten years.
- Within the Latin American region, Bogotá was the first city in signing a credit with the World Bank. According to the JP Morgan and ING Baring, Bogotá received the rank of the most innovative credit in 1996 in the category of new type of client.
- In October 2002 the World Health Organization recognized Bogotá’s efforts in the reduction of violence.
- In 2003 The United Nations also selected Bogotá by its efforts in sustainable development.
- According to the Stockholm Partnerships, the city is a model in alternative systems of transportation; the institutionalization of a ‘car-free day’ was the object of an international award, the Stockholm Challenge Award.
- In 2006 at the Venezia Biennale The Golden Lion was awarded in recognition of the efforts made to improve the quality of life of the people who live in Colombia’s capital.

Rethinking the city from its public spaces, imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization are the most important challenges of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

The power point presentation will higligth concepts and principles in connection with experiences from the different interventions we have participated in as leaders and/or members of interdisciplinary teams, in accordance with the premise of the five integral programs of built public space.
'''1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people
2. Bicycle routes: The new way to arrive.
3. Parks for learning to live
4. Green Master Plan (Bogotá gets wearing green)
5. Transmilenio the new urban mobility
1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people'''

Structure
Pedestrian spaces are made up of public goods that were built to move from one place to another, for pedestrians’ use and enjoyment, and they are also made up of architectural and natural elements from visually integrated private properties that shape urban space. They are supported by a network of sidewalks, whose main function is to make pedestrian connection between symbolical and representative elements of the urban structure.

Pedestrians have historically not been respected in Bogotá. Many wide avenues, for example, did not have sidewalks. Instead of looking for ways to reduce traffic, the city team made an effort to expand pedestrian spaces. Millions of people now stroll along the 120 km of streets that have been closed to traffic, because they’re the safest place in the city.

Components
Structuring spaces:
Places and small squares
Sidewalks Network
Pedestrian roads
Environmental control zones, separators, cession spaces and other types of land stripes among buildings and roads.
Walks and parkways
Bridges and pedestrian tunnels

Complementary Elements:
Benches, streetlamps, etc.
The urban vegetal layer, woods, gardens, plants, trees.
Commemoratory Monuments and artistic objects.
Other elements belonging to private property goods such as closed zones, front yards, porches, facades and layers.

2. Bicycle Routes System: The new way to arrive

Components
The Master Plan for Bicycle Paths was originally laid out for 450 kilometers of cycleways of which approximately 370 kilometers were completed by January 2007, constituting the largest network in Latin America and in the developing world.

The Bicycle Route System is made up of four functionally integrated networks that cover most of the urban and expansion lands: The main network is developed over the most important road axes that join the densely populated areas in the metropolitan center; the secondary network feeds the main network; the complementary network distributes flows to specific sectors; the environmental and recreational network consists of parks, pedestrian public spaces and metropolitan sports and recreation facilities.

The system was designed to take into consideration the morphology and topography of the city. That is, from north to south the city is flat but undulates from east to west.
A mesh concept was applied in the plan of the network as it presented greater versatility and adaptability given that the road network was designed as a grid, with streets going from south to north and from east to west.

3. Parks System: Learning To Live

Parks system
A thorough, consensus-based survey to prove the deficiency of parks was necessary before the goal of providing additional parks and open space for the city could be pursued. The City Recreation and Parks Department , with the mandate from the POT, completed a Park System Master Plan in 2002 which identifies six scales of park facilities: regional parks, metropolitan/urban parks, zonal parks, neighborhood parks, pocket parks and greenway parks.
With the help of a computer mapping package an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities was produced, public needs and park resources assessed, and a plan to eliminate existing deficiencies drawn up.
The System was classified as follows:
Regional-scale parks
Metropolitan /urban-scale Parks
Zonal-scale parks
Neighborhood-scale parks
Pockect Parks
Greenway parks

Combining the power of ArcInfo and ArcView, a desktop mapping package was implemented with an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities, an assement of Public needs and parks resources, and a plan that attempts to eliminate existing deficiencies.
The master plan was the basis for developing an action plan that lays out a strategy for implementation

Today Bogotá has 3,574 public parks, comprising 24 metropolitan, 63 zonal, 3,149 neighbourhood, 323 pocket parks and 13 sports facilities as well as natural areas such as hills, lineal and river ways.

District Parks are green spaces for collective use that act as regulators of the environmental balance; they are elements that represent the natural heritage and ensure a free space aimed at the recreation, contemplation and leisure of all inhabitants in the city. They are arranged in order of importance as a network to ensure the city coverage; they functionally involve the main elements of the main ecological structure.

4. Green Master Plan: (Bogotá gets dressed green)

The Bogotá Greenering Master Plan headed by the Bogotá Protection environmental agency and the Botanical Gardens has involved a wide diversity of professionals from many fields and is well advanced in it´s realization.
In spite of the fact that the Bogotá plateau is one of the great natural green houses in the world, the city does not have the threes that it should have and could have.

The Master Plan set out to remedy this. The only other time that Bogotá had planted trees on a massive scale, was under the guidance of a Japanese architect in the nine teen thirties when Bogotá celebrated its 400 hundred anniversary when the recommended that “Fraxinus chinensis” be planted and nothing else.

The methodology to create the plan included a long process that involved professionals from ten different fields. These experts under a landscape architect direction divided the plan into three major components:
outlined the purpose and functions of arborization with the city. Fourteen points were established. The most important being in general terms: ecological, economical, esthetic and social.
studied in depth candidates for massive planting both native and non native species.
dedicated to mapping the city in GIS according to its distinct and diverse ecological an urban condition in relation to arborization, at same time, it was carried out a thorough inventory of the quality and quantity of the existing trees in the city.
We were thus able to calculate such things as number of trees per inhabitant, by neirborhoods.

5. The TransMilenio System

Cities all over the developing world are struggling to come to terms with the rapid growth in motorization, which has resulted in air pollution, congestion and increased traffic accidents, the provision of public transport had traditionally been left to a unrelated group of private sector operators. With uncoordinated and relatively uncontrolled services, the operators fought amongst themselves to grab passengers. Thus, prior to the year 2000, public transport in Bogotá often meant an uncomfortable, unsafe, and generally unpleasant experience.

The TransMilenio System is a proposal for change in terms of urban mobility by means of a bus-based passenger transportation system. It is founded on two general objectives: improving citizen´s quality of life, and bettering the city´s productivity on the grounds of six main principles: quality, consistency, affordably, and respect for life, user´s time and human diversity.
The network has a immense impact on the urban recuperation of a degraded areas and a great transformation on the urban tissue.
It is organized as a set of exclusive corridors for public transportation using modern vehicles controlled via satellite that circulate by central lanes of main arteries.

Today, citizens in Bogota are showing a positive change of attitude, reflecting in spontaneous compliance with civic rules, thus generating respectful behavior and friendly coexistence, cooperation, mutual support and civil commitment.
In addition, a personal sense of belonging with regard to the System is particularly strong among children as privileged contemporaneous witnesses of its birth, and its ongoing growth process in the turn of the Millenium.

The results were impressive enough that Colombia finally got international press about something other than drug trafficking, guerrilla kidnappings, and bloody civil war.

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Simon bolivar.jpg|Simon Bolivar Structure Plan
Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg|Bogota Territorial Plan
Image:Bogota location.jpg
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Template]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories
[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Urban redevelopment and revitalisation / Brownfields]]
[[Category:Colombia]]
[[Category:Bogota]]
[[Category:Working Group Urban Redevelopment]]

Bogota

2009-01-28T11:51:36Z

Vsolis: /* Analysis of design/planning process */

'''Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City''' by Martha Fajardo - Victoria Solis
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|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|Bogota
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|Colombia
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|Urban Redevelopment
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''1991-Today''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"
|
|- "Image:Bogota location.jpg" ‎

| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| <googlemap version="0.9" lat="4.642301" lon="-74.077377" type="satellite" zoom="14" width="300" height="250">
</googlemap>
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Implementation of a series of master plans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks. Bogotá is the capital city of Colombia.

Transforming the urban fabric of any city is an overwhelming task. The alignment of public support, political will, financial resources, and human capacity is a rare event. To achieve a transformation on the scale of a mega-city in the developing world is virtually unknown.

Cities in the Third World have experienced great change in a short time; by cataclysm, by politics and by leadership. Therefore, we professionals must come to terms with time and change. Bogotá has benefited from a series of political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This degree of political will contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including reclamation of public space and improvement of mobility.

The intention of this presentation is to present innovative solutions, document the key events, projects, and people who have helped shape the City of Bogotá, with special emphasis on the Public Space Transformation.

=== Author's perspective ===
The accomplishment: Rethinking the city from its public spaces imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization were the most important goal of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

The goal: Bogotá is visually a different city today than it was in 1997; the changes in public space and in mobility infrastructure have translated into quantifiable improvements on incomes and social advancement. Specifically, changes in property values, employment generation, air quality, and benefits to particular income groups.

The means: What is perhaps most striking about the Bogotá project is the energetic and ingenious way in which the professional and technical team has moved beyond the theory and rhetoric, to its actual realization on the street and in the daily lives of those who live in Bogotá.
Thus, what is the main accomplishment is, the exercise in what we have to call: the Politics of Sustainability.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
'''The Bogotá Challenge'''
The city of Bogotá, grew in the last 30 years, it passed of being a city of less than a million inhabitants to almost eigth millions, until very recently it was one of the most chaotic, insecure and ruthless cities of Latin America, with a chaotic system of transportation, parks covered with garbage, wild grass, a nobody’s land. A city affected by the urbanisation phenomenon and the migration because of the internal armed conflict.

In addition to a quantitative deficit, the city’s environment, landscape and existing urban spaces had a very low quality. Such situation was partly due to the fact that a very generic name was assigned to all of the following: the notions of “left land” and “green zone” imposed a homogeneous and anonymous reason to spaces that could become very important for the collective. Therefore, a methodology was imposed with the aim of promoting not only square meters of space, but also the user definition and the allocation of forgotten social qualities.

The diagnostic of the environmental profile performed between 1993-1996 evidenced an environmental crisis for the city and the fact that its environmental problems should be solved in an integral and combined manner by all entities of the District Administration with a straightforward collaboration of the private sector and the community.
Bogotá’s chaotic growth, together with a weak attention and priority given to non-planned processes of urbanization and appropriation of urban space resulted in a significant part of the city’s population being excluded from proper social and public services.

[[Image:|left]]
Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===
'''A City with a Plan'''
The success of Bogotá, is remarkable given the history of disorganized growth and the surrounding adverse conditions of violence and economic recession in the country. In just a few years, innovative planning transformed Bogotá, into one of the world's leading model for sustainable urban design.

Bogotá’s cultural transformation has important lessons. The experience is politically relevant because it is taking place in a context of high levels of nation-wide violence.

These changes were the result of a cultural transformation. This transformation started with the election of Mayor Mockus (1995-1997) when he made of ‘citizenship culture’ an objective of his term in office. Cultural intervention and the built of the infraestructure continued during the administration of Mayor Peñalosa (1998-2000); and citizenship culture is taken up again in Mockus’ second term in office (2001-2003).

These changes were also the sinergy of drastical legal framework modifications in the country . The transformation of Bogotá’s politics can be understood as a shift from a national-dependent local government to a very autonomous urban governance arrangement.

The 1991 Constitution contributed to the formation of the public space by making mandatory for candidates for majors to register its political program and once elected to use that program as a foundation for the development plan. The Constitution empowered citizens by allowing them to revoke the mandate of the authority if failed to governing according to the stated program of government.

As a result of this measure, voters have been able to choose their mayors from a broader political spectrum and according to their programs of government. This is reflected in the tendency to elect ‘civic mayors’. In Bogotá’s election independent candidates won the past 3 elections.

A legislated land use program, the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), which took effect in 1997, compelled all Colombian city councils to draft a public space renovation plan and put it into action within three years.
The POT seeks to foster social and environmental sustainability through urban design, it focuses on community participation, restoring and preserving the natural environment, and improving the quality of built public space.

Bogotá also has benefited from a two political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This high degree of continuity has contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including the Reclamation of public space; the Improvement of public transport; and the progress and expansion of the municipal education system.

"Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg" ‎
©DAPD- POT 2000 Bogota Territorial Plan
Simon Bolivar Structural Operation
"Image:Simon bolivar.jpg" ‎

'''Phase 1: 1995 to 1998'''
To form City_Culture of Citizenship
Transformation of a culture of citizenship is a purposeful design on the part of the government of the city.
The Development Plan for the period 1995-97, done by Antanas Mockus echoes the linkages between culture and peaceful coexistence by stating the main objectives as :
- To achieve a better accomplishment of the norms for co-existence.
- Provide citizens of a better capacity to induce others to obey norms pacifically.
- Increase the capacity to reach agreements and solve pacifically agreements between citizens.
- Increase the capacity of communication between citizens (to express and to interpret their ideas) through art, culture, recreation and sports.

This Plan emphasized on: Culture of citizenship, Public space, Environment, Social progress, Urban productivity, Institutional legitimacy.

Mockus, a philosopher and university professor was well recognized by his pedagogical abilities - he was convinced of the importance of the exchange of knowledge and the role of the educator- his disregard for politics and his honesty as a citizen.

The concept of citizenship culture refers to “the ensemble of habits, activities and shared minimum rules intended to create a feeling of belonging, facilitate coexistence in the urban space and leading to respect collective goods and to recognize citizens’ rights and duties .”

The ‘citizenship program’ included the strategy of recovering the public space as a key condition for building a friendly city. This strategy encompassed educational campaigns for increase the knowledge and respect of traffic signals, improvement in the system of transportation, the construction of parks and the recovery of public space for pedestrians.

'''Phase 2: 1998 to 2000'''
For the Bogotá we want _a City on a human scale
When elected mayor of Bogota, Enrique Peñalosa (1998-2000) continued with several of the priorities of Mockus’ administration. He made of the program of recovery of public space the center of his administration.

An economist with a doctorate in management and public administration, develop a plan ‘Por la Bogotá que Queremos’ (‘For the Bogotá we want’) aimed at the construction of a shared image of the city. Unlike Mockus’s pedagogical emphasis, Peñalosa was a great believer in the power that built public space has in shaping people’s behavior and enhancing democracy.

This Plan emphasized on City on a human scale, Mobility, Urbanism and services, Security and harmony among citizens, Institutional efficiency, De-marginalization and Social integration.

The Administration creates in 1999 the The Defense of Public Space office, which mission was to contribute to the improvement of the quality and defense of the public space, an adequate administration of the real state of the city and the construction of a new culture of the public space, that warranty’s its collective use and stimulates the participation of the community.

The creation of the entity was part of the strategy of adaptation and institutional modernization that allowed the city to recover, manage and create a public space culture and give a response to the following problems:
o A need of preventing and correcting permanent and tolerated (in many cases) invasions, appropriations and exploitation of public space by individuals, which has noticeably deteriorated the city life quality, productivity, security and environment.
o A system of registration, inventory and management of the district property heritage that was not updated and was managed in anti-technical and anti-functional manners.
o A low sense of belonging from Bogotá’s inhabitants with regard to their environment and a low awareness of the value and importance of the public.

In order to arrange actions and projects in accordance with the POT, the model identified six urban parts that involved the construction of infrastructure networks required by the city, taking into account the following:
o A reordering of the road system and a definition of the transport system that includes the new TransMilenio transportation system.
o The organization of a system of equipments as a basic component of the urban structure and as a coordinator of the metropolitan, urban, zonal and local scales.
o The definition of a system of parks and pedestrian public spaces to make the city accessible to pedestrians and recover the notion of the Public.

To do the public space structuring, the plan has gathered, guided and defined policies, criteria and rules for the city to be structured in an arranged and equitable manner.

It defines built public space as the support of the urban structure. In considering public space as a general system that has established its priorities and preponderances over private spaces and its roles as an element to unify, structure and order the city, elements such as sidewalks, bicycle routes, parkways, parks, paths, bridges low zones, civic places and founders places, have become networks, circuits, and urban central points that work as a continuous and compact system.

The Plan has given to the public space the power to keep an environmentally sustainable city. Through the consolidation of a city model based on a main ecological structure and a network of green spaces, the prioritization of non-motorized systems, the separation of vehicles from pedestrians and the control of advertising and other elements that affect the landscape, it has been possible to turn the Public Space into meeting space of the city with nature, where environmental pollutants from vehicles and contaminating activities have to be assumed by the individuals who generate them.

It makes possible the generation of more/better public spaces. It sets the percentages, uses and characteristics of obligatory cession zones of the urbanizing, construction and development processes. It specifies that developers and constructors must respect these public zones, deliver them and provide tools for them. It allows different mechanisms to speed up the acquisition of lands for public works and spaces. It makes possible for figures such as partial plans, and urban legalization and renewal to generate more/best public spaces in these processes. It ensures and predicts the creation and maintenance of public spaces required by new developments, as the city grows and becomes denser.

It specifies and unifies the technical conditions of built public spaces. It takes into account urban design specifications for public and private entities to built and design public spaces in a uniform, functional and secure manner. As a result, sidewalks, closings, bicycle roads, green spaces, benches, streetlamps and signalization are programmed to make up a urban landscape with aesthetic, technical and functional qualities.

It provides solutions for public space management, sustainability and management. It establishes the mechanisms for the city to be sustainable and to manage its public spaces with an active private participation and the participation of people in general. It involves executing entities in making management and administration plans.

Phase 3: 2000 to 2003
Living Together on the Same Side
A culture of citizenship received a new impetus with the re-election of Antanas Mockus (2001-2003). His Development Plan “Bogotá Para Vivir Todos del Mismo Lado’ (Bogotá All living on the same side) pursued a stronger commitment of building a common space among Bogotá’s residents. As part of this strategy, citizen participation was enhanced.
The development plan Living Together on the Same Side, emphasizes the capacity to reach agreements and to follow rules at the center of a democratic culture. The use of democratic procedures in the elaboration of local development plans and in changing legislation is also crucial for democracy.

Events like ‘rock and opera in the park’ and street theater congregate people from all social strata; residents get together in bicycle-paths, parks and public libraries. All this have improved the quality of life of its 7 million residents, and even more important it has contributed to save the life of at least 2,000 people a year. Bogotá has reduced in half the number of deaths due to homicides and traffic accidents.
Research also shows that property values in areas with urban upgrades have appreciated considerably when compared to a control group of similar properties. All this is implemented under a healthy financial situation allowing an increasing provision of social services.

'''2004 - 2007: Plan “ Bogotá Without Indifference”'''
Luis Eduardo Garzón a left-wing Colombian political activist and a former union leader, is currently the Mayor of Bogotá, his strategic is a call to the conscience of all citizens so that we all take responsibility in the struggle to eradicate poverty and misery, which is there and we must all leave behind.

He has not just continued with the physical transformation of the city but has enforced a strong emphasis on the social aspects that sometimes are less visible, but that contribute in giving a better life to its citizens. The “Bogotá Without Hunger” program and the effort to increase the total coverage of children in the educational cycle is noticeable, just as the programs that seek guaranteeing integral health access, combating child abuse, labor exploitation and giving more opportunities for women within a social inclusion culture

=== Analysis of design/planning process ===
'''The Construction and Building of the Public Space'''
Landscape design can be an enabling tool that can facilitate new partnerships to address the pressing need to find answers for sustainable and acceptable productive green space on the edge and within cities of the 21st Century.
The inclusion of landscape architects in the multidisciplinary teams that planned and carried out the projects sounds a hopeful note for the profession in other Latin American cities, which have been slow to recognize landscape architecture’s value.

Public space was significantly improved from 1998 to 2006
The Defense of Public Space office helps to recover space that had been illegally occupied, and space for pedestrians was substantially renovated through improvements in sidewalks, traffic signals, lighting, and tree planting.
This included the recovery of 7.000.297 (seven million) square meters of side walks and plazas, the construction of 147,000 square meters of space under bridges, the administration restored, improved, and maintained 1,234 parks, or 54% of the green space in the city; 150.000 trees planting, installed 183,651 planters, and added greenery to 202 kilometers of roadsides and 480 hectares of parks.

The Master Plan of Bicycle Paths was originally going to be 450 kilometers long. Approximately 370 kilometers were completed by october 2006. This is the largest network in Latin America and the developing world.

The Transmilenio (Integrated System of Mass Transport), covers the entire city, linking with bicycle paths the parks system. Construction of the Transmilenio has six phases, and in 2006 work on phase 3a. was underway.

'''The Awards'''
The city has won several international prices and awards during the last ten years.
- Within the Latin American region, Bogotá was the first city in signing a credit with the World Bank. According to the JP Morgan and ING Baring, Bogotá received the rank of the most innovative credit in 1996 in the category of new type of client.
- In October 2002 the World Health Organization recognized Bogotá’s efforts in the reduction of violence.
- In 2003 The United Nations also selected Bogotá by its efforts in sustainable development.
- According to the Stockholm Partnerships, the city is a model in alternative systems of transportation; the institutionalization of a ‘car-free day’ was the object of an international award, the Stockholm Challenge Award.
- In 2006 at the Venezia Biennale The Golden Lion was awarded in recognition of the efforts made to improve the quality of life of the people who live in Colombia’s capital.

Rethinking the city from its public spaces, imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization are the most important challenges of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

The power point presentation will higligth concepts and principles in connection with experiences from the different interventions we have participated in as leaders and/or members of interdisciplinary teams, in accordance with the premise of the five integral programs of built public space.
'''1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people
2. Bicycle routes: The new way to arrive.
3. Parks for learning to live
4. Green Master Plan (Bogotá gets wearing green)
5. Transmilenio the new urban mobility
1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people'''

Structure
Pedestrian spaces are made up of public goods that were built to move from one place to another, for pedestrians’ use and enjoyment, and they are also made up of architectural and natural elements from visually integrated private properties that shape urban space. They are supported by a network of sidewalks, whose main function is to make pedestrian connection between symbolical and representative elements of the urban structure.

Pedestrians have historically not been respected in Bogotá. Many wide avenues, for example, did not have sidewalks. Instead of looking for ways to reduce traffic, the city team made an effort to expand pedestrian spaces. Millions of people now stroll along the 120 km of streets that have been closed to traffic, because they’re the safest place in the city.

Components
Structuring spaces:
Places and small squares
Sidewalks Network
Pedestrian roads
Environmental control zones, separators, cession spaces and other types of land stripes among buildings and roads.
Walks and parkways
Bridges and pedestrian tunnels

Complementary Elements:
Benches, streetlamps, etc.
The urban vegetal layer, woods, gardens, plants, trees.
Commemoratory Monuments and artistic objects.
Other elements belonging to private property goods such as closed zones, front yards, porches, facades and layers.

2. Bicycle Routes System: The new way to arrive

Components
The Master Plan for Bicycle Paths was originally laid out for 450 kilometers of cycleways of which approximately 370 kilometers were completed by January 2007, constituting the largest network in Latin America and in the developing world.

The Bicycle Route System is made up of four functionally integrated networks that cover most of the urban and expansion lands: The main network is developed over the most important road axes that join the densely populated areas in the metropolitan center; the secondary network feeds the main network; the complementary network distributes flows to specific sectors; the environmental and recreational network consists of parks, pedestrian public spaces and metropolitan sports and recreation facilities.

The system was designed to take into consideration the morphology and topography of the city. That is, from north to south the city is flat but undulates from east to west.
A mesh concept was applied in the plan of the network as it presented greater versatility and adaptability given that the road network was designed as a grid, with streets going from south to north and from east to west.

3. Parks System: Learning To Live

Parks system
A thorough, consensus-based survey to prove the deficiency of parks was necessary before the goal of providing additional parks and open space for the city could be pursued. The City Recreation and Parks Department , with the mandate from the POT, completed a Park System Master Plan in 2002 which identifies six scales of park facilities: regional parks, metropolitan/urban parks, zonal parks, neighborhood parks, pocket parks and greenway parks.
With the help of a computer mapping package an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities was produced, public needs and park resources assessed, and a plan to eliminate existing deficiencies drawn up.
The System was classified as follows:
Regional-scale parks
Metropolitan /urban-scale Parks
Zonal-scale parks
Neighborhood-scale parks
Pockect Parks
Greenway parks

Combining the power of ArcInfo and ArcView, a desktop mapping package was implemented with an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities, an assement of Public needs and parks resources, and a plan that attempts to eliminate existing deficiencies.
The master plan was the basis for developing an action plan that lays out a strategy for implementation

Today Bogotá has 3,574 public parks, comprising 24 metropolitan, 63 zonal, 3,149 neighbourhood, 323 pocket parks and 13 sports facilities as well as natural areas such as hills, lineal and river ways.

District Parks are green spaces for collective use that act as regulators of the environmental balance; they are elements that represent the natural heritage and ensure a free space aimed at the recreation, contemplation and leisure of all inhabitants in the city. They are arranged in order of importance as a network to ensure the city coverage; they functionally involve the main elements of the main ecological structure.

4. Green Master Plan: (Bogotá gets dressed green)

The Bogotá Greenering Master Plan headed by the Bogotá Protection environmental agency and the Botanical Gardens has involved a wide diversity of professionals from many fields and is well advanced in it´s realization.
In spite of the fact that the Bogotá plateau is one of the great natural green houses in the world, the city does not have the threes that it should have and could have.

The Master Plan set out to remedy this. The only other time that Bogotá had planted trees on a massive scale, was under the guidance of a Japanese architect in the nine teen thirties when Bogotá celebrated its 400 hundred anniversary when the recommended that “Fraxinus chinensis” be planted and nothing else.

The methodology to create the plan included a long process that involved professionals from ten different fields. These experts under a landscape architect direction divided the plan into three major components:
outlined the purpose and functions of arborization with the city. Fourteen points were established. The most important being in general terms: ecological, economical, esthetic and social.
studied in depth candidates for massive planting both native and non native species.
dedicated to mapping the city in GIS according to its distinct and diverse ecological an urban condition in relation to arborization, at same time, it was carried out a thorough inventory of the quality and quantity of the existing trees in the city.
We were thus able to calculate such things as number of trees per inhabitant, by neirborhoods.

5. The TransMilenio System

Cities all over the developing world are struggling to come to terms with the rapid growth in motorization, which has resulted in air pollution, congestion and increased traffic accidents, the provision of public transport had traditionally been left to a unrelated group of private sector operators. With uncoordinated and relatively uncontrolled services, the operators fought amongst themselves to grab passengers. Thus, prior to the year 2000, public transport in Bogotá often meant an uncomfortable, unsafe, and generally unpleasant experience.

The TransMilenio System is a proposal for change in terms of urban mobility by means of a bus-based passenger transportation system. It is founded on two general objectives: improving citizen´s quality of life, and bettering the city´s productivity on the grounds of six main principles: quality, consistency, affordably, and respect for life, user´s time and human diversity.
The network has a immense impact on the urban recuperation of a degraded areas and a great transformation on the urban tissue.
It is organized as a set of exclusive corridors for public transportation using modern vehicles controlled via satellite that circulate by central lanes of main arteries.

Today, citizens in Bogota are showing a positive change of attitude, reflecting in spontaneous compliance with civic rules, thus generating respectful behavior and friendly coexistence, cooperation, mutual support and civil commitment.
In addition, a personal sense of belonging with regard to the System is particularly strong among children as privileged contemporaneous witnesses of its birth, and its ongoing growth process in the turn of the Millenium.

The results were impressive enough that Colombia finally got international press about something other than drug trafficking, guerrilla kidnappings, and bloody civil war.

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* Has the area/ project/plan been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?
* What were their main evaluations?
Pleas add references, quotes...

=== Points of success and limitations ===
*What do you see as the main points of success and limitations of the area/project/plan?
Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Short statement plus background notes

=== Which research questions does it generate? ===
Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Simon bolivar.jpg|Simon Bolivar Structure Plan
Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg|Bogota Territorial Plan
Image:Bogota location.jpg
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Template]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories
[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Urban redevelopment and revitalisation / Brownfields]]
[[Category:Colombia]]
[[Category:Bogota]]
[[Category:Working Group Urban Redevelopment]]

Bogota

2009-01-28T11:48:52Z

Vsolis:

'''Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City''' by Martha Fajardo - Victoria Solis
{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|Bogota
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|Colombia
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|Urban Redevelopment
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''1991-Today''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"
|
|- "Image:Bogota location.jpg" ‎

| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| <googlemap version="0.9" lat="4.642301" lon="-74.077377" type="satellite" zoom="14" width="300" height="250">
</googlemap>
|}

Implementation of a series of master plans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks. Bogotá is the capital city of Colombia.

Transforming the urban fabric of any city is an overwhelming task. The alignment of public support, political will, financial resources, and human capacity is a rare event. To achieve a transformation on the scale of a mega-city in the developing world is virtually unknown.

Cities in the Third World have experienced great change in a short time; by cataclysm, by politics and by leadership. Therefore, we professionals must come to terms with time and change. Bogotá has benefited from a series of political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This degree of political will contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including reclamation of public space and improvement of mobility.

The intention of this presentation is to present innovative solutions, document the key events, projects, and people who have helped shape the City of Bogotá, with special emphasis on the Public Space Transformation.

=== Author's perspective ===
The accomplishment: Rethinking the city from its public spaces imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization were the most important goal of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

The goal: Bogotá is visually a different city today than it was in 1997; the changes in public space and in mobility infrastructure have translated into quantifiable improvements on incomes and social advancement. Specifically, changes in property values, employment generation, air quality, and benefits to particular income groups.

The means: What is perhaps most striking about the Bogotá project is the energetic and ingenious way in which the professional and technical team has moved beyond the theory and rhetoric, to its actual realization on the street and in the daily lives of those who live in Bogotá.
Thus, what is the main accomplishment is, the exercise in what we have to call: the Politics of Sustainability.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
'''The Bogotá Challenge'''
The city of Bogotá, grew in the last 30 years, it passed of being a city of less than a million inhabitants to almost eigth millions, until very recently it was one of the most chaotic, insecure and ruthless cities of Latin America, with a chaotic system of transportation, parks covered with garbage, wild grass, a nobody’s land. A city affected by the urbanisation phenomenon and the migration because of the internal armed conflict.

In addition to a quantitative deficit, the city’s environment, landscape and existing urban spaces had a very low quality. Such situation was partly due to the fact that a very generic name was assigned to all of the following: the notions of “left land” and “green zone” imposed a homogeneous and anonymous reason to spaces that could become very important for the collective. Therefore, a methodology was imposed with the aim of promoting not only square meters of space, but also the user definition and the allocation of forgotten social qualities.

The diagnostic of the environmental profile performed between 1993-1996 evidenced an environmental crisis for the city and the fact that its environmental problems should be solved in an integral and combined manner by all entities of the District Administration with a straightforward collaboration of the private sector and the community.
Bogotá’s chaotic growth, together with a weak attention and priority given to non-planned processes of urbanization and appropriation of urban space resulted in a significant part of the city’s population being excluded from proper social and public services.

[[Image:|left]]
Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===
'''A City with a Plan'''
The success of Bogotá, is remarkable given the history of disorganized growth and the surrounding adverse conditions of violence and economic recession in the country. In just a few years, innovative planning transformed Bogotá, into one of the world's leading model for sustainable urban design.

Bogotá’s cultural transformation has important lessons. The experience is politically relevant because it is taking place in a context of high levels of nation-wide violence.

These changes were the result of a cultural transformation. This transformation started with the election of Mayor Mockus (1995-1997) when he made of ‘citizenship culture’ an objective of his term in office. Cultural intervention and the built of the infraestructure continued during the administration of Mayor Peñalosa (1998-2000); and citizenship culture is taken up again in Mockus’ second term in office (2001-2003).

These changes were also the sinergy of drastical legal framework modifications in the country . The transformation of Bogotá’s politics can be understood as a shift from a national-dependent local government to a very autonomous urban governance arrangement.

The 1991 Constitution contributed to the formation of the public space by making mandatory for candidates for majors to register its political program and once elected to use that program as a foundation for the development plan. The Constitution empowered citizens by allowing them to revoke the mandate of the authority if failed to governing according to the stated program of government.

As a result of this measure, voters have been able to choose their mayors from a broader political spectrum and according to their programs of government. This is reflected in the tendency to elect ‘civic mayors’. In Bogotá’s election independent candidates won the past 3 elections.

A legislated land use program, the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), which took effect in 1997, compelled all Colombian city councils to draft a public space renovation plan and put it into action within three years.
The POT seeks to foster social and environmental sustainability through urban design, it focuses on community participation, restoring and preserving the natural environment, and improving the quality of built public space.

Bogotá also has benefited from a two political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This high degree of continuity has contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including the Reclamation of public space; the Improvement of public transport; and the progress and expansion of the municipal education system.

"Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg" ‎
©DAPD- POT 2000 Bogota Territorial Plan
Simon Bolivar Structural Operation
"Image:Simon bolivar.jpg" ‎

'''Phase 1: 1995 to 1998'''
To form City_Culture of Citizenship
Transformation of a culture of citizenship is a purposeful design on the part of the government of the city.
The Development Plan for the period 1995-97, done by Antanas Mockus echoes the linkages between culture and peaceful coexistence by stating the main objectives as :
- To achieve a better accomplishment of the norms for co-existence.
- Provide citizens of a better capacity to induce others to obey norms pacifically.
- Increase the capacity to reach agreements and solve pacifically agreements between citizens.
- Increase the capacity of communication between citizens (to express and to interpret their ideas) through art, culture, recreation and sports.

This Plan emphasized on: Culture of citizenship, Public space, Environment, Social progress, Urban productivity, Institutional legitimacy.

Mockus, a philosopher and university professor was well recognized by his pedagogical abilities - he was convinced of the importance of the exchange of knowledge and the role of the educator- his disregard for politics and his honesty as a citizen.

The concept of citizenship culture refers to “the ensemble of habits, activities and shared minimum rules intended to create a feeling of belonging, facilitate coexistence in the urban space and leading to respect collective goods and to recognize citizens’ rights and duties .”

The ‘citizenship program’ included the strategy of recovering the public space as a key condition for building a friendly city. This strategy encompassed educational campaigns for increase the knowledge and respect of traffic signals, improvement in the system of transportation, the construction of parks and the recovery of public space for pedestrians.

'''Phase 2: 1998 to 2000'''
For the Bogotá we want _a City on a human scale
When elected mayor of Bogota, Enrique Peñalosa (1998-2000) continued with several of the priorities of Mockus’ administration. He made of the program of recovery of public space the center of his administration.

An economist with a doctorate in management and public administration, develop a plan ‘Por la Bogotá que Queremos’ (‘For the Bogotá we want’) aimed at the construction of a shared image of the city. Unlike Mockus’s pedagogical emphasis, Peñalosa was a great believer in the power that built public space has in shaping people’s behavior and enhancing democracy.

This Plan emphasized on City on a human scale, Mobility, Urbanism and services, Security and harmony among citizens, Institutional efficiency, De-marginalization and Social integration.

The Administration creates in 1999 the The Defense of Public Space office, which mission was to contribute to the improvement of the quality and defense of the public space, an adequate administration of the real state of the city and the construction of a new culture of the public space, that warranty’s its collective use and stimulates the participation of the community.

The creation of the entity was part of the strategy of adaptation and institutional modernization that allowed the city to recover, manage and create a public space culture and give a response to the following problems:
o A need of preventing and correcting permanent and tolerated (in many cases) invasions, appropriations and exploitation of public space by individuals, which has noticeably deteriorated the city life quality, productivity, security and environment.
o A system of registration, inventory and management of the district property heritage that was not updated and was managed in anti-technical and anti-functional manners.
o A low sense of belonging from Bogotá’s inhabitants with regard to their environment and a low awareness of the value and importance of the public.

In order to arrange actions and projects in accordance with the POT, the model identified six urban parts that involved the construction of infrastructure networks required by the city, taking into account the following:
o A reordering of the road system and a definition of the transport system that includes the new TransMilenio transportation system.
o The organization of a system of equipments as a basic component of the urban structure and as a coordinator of the metropolitan, urban, zonal and local scales.
o The definition of a system of parks and pedestrian public spaces to make the city accessible to pedestrians and recover the notion of the Public.

To do the public space structuring, the plan has gathered, guided and defined policies, criteria and rules for the city to be structured in an arranged and equitable manner.

It defines built public space as the support of the urban structure. In considering public space as a general system that has established its priorities and preponderances over private spaces and its roles as an element to unify, structure and order the city, elements such as sidewalks, bicycle routes, parkways, parks, paths, bridges low zones, civic places and founders places, have become networks, circuits, and urban central points that work as a continuous and compact system.

The Plan has given to the public space the power to keep an environmentally sustainable city. Through the consolidation of a city model based on a main ecological structure and a network of green spaces, the prioritization of non-motorized systems, the separation of vehicles from pedestrians and the control of advertising and other elements that affect the landscape, it has been possible to turn the Public Space into meeting space of the city with nature, where environmental pollutants from vehicles and contaminating activities have to be assumed by the individuals who generate them.

It makes possible the generation of more/better public spaces. It sets the percentages, uses and characteristics of obligatory cession zones of the urbanizing, construction and development processes. It specifies that developers and constructors must respect these public zones, deliver them and provide tools for them. It allows different mechanisms to speed up the acquisition of lands for public works and spaces. It makes possible for figures such as partial plans, and urban legalization and renewal to generate more/best public spaces in these processes. It ensures and predicts the creation and maintenance of public spaces required by new developments, as the city grows and becomes denser.

It specifies and unifies the technical conditions of built public spaces. It takes into account urban design specifications for public and private entities to built and design public spaces in a uniform, functional and secure manner. As a result, sidewalks, closings, bicycle roads, green spaces, benches, streetlamps and signalization are programmed to make up a urban landscape with aesthetic, technical and functional qualities.

It provides solutions for public space management, sustainability and management. It establishes the mechanisms for the city to be sustainable and to manage its public spaces with an active private participation and the participation of people in general. It involves executing entities in making management and administration plans.

Phase 3: 2000 to 2003
Living Together on the Same Side
A culture of citizenship received a new impetus with the re-election of Antanas Mockus (2001-2003). His Development Plan “Bogotá Para Vivir Todos del Mismo Lado’ (Bogotá All living on the same side) pursued a stronger commitment of building a common space among Bogotá’s residents. As part of this strategy, citizen participation was enhanced.
The development plan Living Together on the Same Side, emphasizes the capacity to reach agreements and to follow rules at the center of a democratic culture. The use of democratic procedures in the elaboration of local development plans and in changing legislation is also crucial for democracy.

Events like ‘rock and opera in the park’ and street theater congregate people from all social strata; residents get together in bicycle-paths, parks and public libraries. All this have improved the quality of life of its 7 million residents, and even more important it has contributed to save the life of at least 2,000 people a year. Bogotá has reduced in half the number of deaths due to homicides and traffic accidents.
Research also shows that property values in areas with urban upgrades have appreciated considerably when compared to a control group of similar properties. All this is implemented under a healthy financial situation allowing an increasing provision of social services.

'''2004 - 2007: Plan “ Bogotá Without Indifference”'''
Luis Eduardo Garzón a left-wing Colombian political activist and a former union leader, is currently the Mayor of Bogotá, his strategic is a call to the conscience of all citizens so that we all take responsibility in the struggle to eradicate poverty and misery, which is there and we must all leave behind.

He has not just continued with the physical transformation of the city but has enforced a strong emphasis on the social aspects that sometimes are less visible, but that contribute in giving a better life to its citizens. The “Bogotá Without Hunger” program and the effort to increase the total coverage of children in the educational cycle is noticeable, just as the programs that seek guaranteeing integral health access, combating child abuse, labor exploitation and giving more opportunities for women within a social inclusion culture

=== Analysis of design/planning process ===
'''The Construction and Building of the Public Space'''
Landscape design can be an enabling tool that can facilitate new partnerships to address the pressing need to find answers for sustainable and acceptable productive green space on the edge and within cities of the 21st Century.
The inclusion of landscape architects in the multidisciplinary teams that planned and carried out the projects sounds a hopeful note for the profession in other Latin American cities, which have been slow to recognize landscape architecture’s value.

Public space was significantly improved from 1998 to 2006
The Defense of Public Space office helps to recover space that had been illegally occupied, and space for pedestrians was substantially renovated through improvements in sidewalks, traffic signals, lighting, and tree planting.
This included the recovery of 7.000.297 (seven million) square meters of side walks and plazas, the construction of 147,000 square meters of space under bridges, the administration restored, improved, and maintained 1,234 parks, or 54% of the green space in the city; 150.000 trees planting, installed 183,651 planters, and added greenery to 202 kilometers of roadsides and 480 hectares of parks.

The Master Plan of Bicycle Paths was originally going to be 450 kilometers long. Approximately 370 kilometers were completed by october 2006. This is the largest network in Latin America and the developing world.

The Transmilenio (Integrated System of Mass Transport), covers the entire city, linking with bicycle paths the parks system. Construction of the Transmilenio has six phases, and in 2006 work on phase 3a. was underway.

'''The Awards'''
The city has won several international prices and awards during the last ten years.
- Within the Latin American region, Bogotá was the first city in signing a credit with the World Bank. According to the JP Morgan and ING Baring, Bogotá received the rank of the most innovative credit in 1996 in the category of new type of client.
- In October 2002 the World Health Organization recognized Bogotá’s efforts in the reduction of violence.
- In 2003 The United Nations also selected Bogotá by its efforts in sustainable development.
- According to the Stockholm Partnerships, the city is a model in alternative systems of transportation; the institutionalization of a ‘car-free day’ was the object of an international award, the Stockholm Challenge Award.
- In 2006 at the Venezia Biennale The Golden Lion was awarded in recognition of the efforts made to improve the quality of life of the people who live in Colombia’s capital.

Rethinking the city from its public spaces, imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization are the most important challenges of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

The power point presentation will higligth concepts and principles in connection with experiences from the different interventions we have participated in as leaders and/or members of interdisciplinary teams, in accordance with the premise of the five integral programs of built public space.
'''1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people
2. Bicycle routes: The new way to arrive.
3. Parks for learning to live
4. Green Master Plan (Bogotá gets wearing green)
5. Transmilenio the new urban mobility
1. Pedestrian Structure: Sidewalks for people'''

Structure
Pedestrian spaces are made up of public goods that were built to move from one place to another, for pedestrians’ use and enjoyment, and they are also made up of architectural and natural elements from visually integrated private properties that shape urban space. They are supported by a network of sidewalks, whose main function is to make pedestrian connection between symbolical and representative elements of the urban structure.

Pedestrians have historically not been respected in Bogotá. Many wide avenues, for example, did not have sidewalks. Instead of looking for ways to reduce traffic, the city team made an effort to expand pedestrian spaces. Millions of people now stroll along the 120 km of streets that have been closed to traffic, because they’re the safest place in the city.

Components
Structuring spaces:
 Places and small squares
 Sidewalks Network
 Pedestrian roads
 Environmental control zones, separators, cession spaces and other types of land stripes among buildings and roads.
 Walks and parkways
 Bridges and pedestrian tunnels

Complementary Elements:
 Benches, streetlamps, etc.
 The urban vegetal layer, woods, gardens, plants, trees.
 Commemoratory Monuments and artistic objects.
 Other elements belonging to private property goods such as closed zones, front yards, porches, facades and layers.

2. Bicycle Routes System: The new way to arrive

Components
The Master Plan for Bicycle Paths was originally laid out for 450 kilometers of cycleways of which approximately 370 kilometers were completed by January 2007, constituting the largest network in Latin America and in the developing world.

The Bicycle Route System is made up of four functionally integrated networks that cover most of the urban and expansion lands: The main network is developed over the most important road axes that join the densely populated areas in the metropolitan center; the secondary network feeds the main network; the complementary network distributes flows to specific sectors; the environmental and recreational network consists of parks, pedestrian public spaces and metropolitan sports and recreation facilities.

The system was designed to take into consideration the morphology and topography of the city. That is, from north to south the city is flat but undulates from east to west.
A mesh concept was applied in the plan of the network as it presented greater versatility and adaptability given that the road network was designed as a grid, with streets going from south to north and from east to west.

3. Parks System: Learning To Live

Parks system
A thorough, consensus-based survey to prove the deficiency of parks was necessary before the goal of providing additional parks and open space for the city could be pursued. The City Recreation and Parks Department , with the mandate from the POT, completed a Park System Master Plan in 2002 which identifies six scales of park facilities: regional parks, metropolitan/urban parks, zonal parks, neighborhood parks, pocket parks and greenway parks.
With the help of a computer mapping package an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities was produced, public needs and park resources assessed, and a plan to eliminate existing deficiencies drawn up.
The System was classified as follows:
 Regional-scale parks
 Metropolitan /urban-scale Parks
 Zonal-scale parks
 Neighborhood-scale parks
 Pockect Parks
 Greenway parks

Combining the power of ArcInfo and ArcView, a desktop mapping package was implemented with an inventory of existing parks and recreational facilities, an assement of Public needs and parks resources, and a plan that attempts to eliminate existing deficiencies.
The master plan was the basis for developing an action plan that lays out a strategy for implementation

Today Bogotá has 3,574 public parks, comprising 24 metropolitan, 63 zonal, 3,149 neighbourhood, 323 pocket parks and 13 sports facilities as well as natural areas such as hills, lineal and river ways.

District Parks are green spaces for collective use that act as regulators of the environmental balance; they are elements that represent the natural heritage and ensure a free space aimed at the recreation, contemplation and leisure of all inhabitants in the city. They are arranged in order of importance as a network to ensure the city coverage; they functionally involve the main elements of the main ecological structure.

4. Green Master Plan: (Bogotá gets dressed green)

The Bogotá Greenering Master Plan headed by the Bogotá Protection environmental agency and the Botanical Gardens has involved a wide diversity of professionals from many fields and is well advanced in it´s realization.
In spite of the fact that the Bogotá plateau is one of the great natural green houses in the world, the city does not have the threes that it should have and could have.

The Master Plan set out to remedy this. The only other time that Bogotá had planted trees on a massive scale, was under the guidance of a Japanese architect in the nine teen thirties when Bogotá celebrated its 400 hundred anniversary when the recommended that “Fraxinus chinensis” be planted and nothing else.

The methodology to create the plan included a long process that involved professionals from ten different fields. These experts under a landscape architect direction divided the plan into three major components:
 outlined the purpose and functions of arborization with the city. Fourteen points were established. The most important being in general terms: ecological, economical, esthetic and social.
 studied in depth candidates for massive planting both native and non native species.
 dedicated to mapping the city in GIS according to its distinct and diverse ecological an urban condition in relation to arborization, at same time, it was carried out a thorough inventory of the quality and quantity of the existing trees in the city.
We were thus able to calculate such things as number of trees per inhabitant, by neirborhoods.

5. The TransMilenio System

Cities all over the developing world are struggling to come to terms with the rapid growth in motorization, which has resulted in air pollution, congestion and increased traffic accidents, the provision of public transport had traditionally been left to a unrelated group of private sector operators. With uncoordinated and relatively uncontrolled services, the operators fought amongst themselves to grab passengers. Thus, prior to the year 2000, public transport in Bogotá often meant an uncomfortable, unsafe, and generally unpleasant experience.

The TransMilenio System is a proposal for change in terms of urban mobility by means of a bus-based passenger transportation system. It is founded on two general objectives: improving citizen´s quality of life, and bettering the city´s productivity on the grounds of six main principles: quality, consistency, affordably, and respect for life, user´s time and human diversity.
The network has a immense impact on the urban recuperation of a degraded areas and a great transformation on the urban tissue.
It is organized as a set of exclusive corridors for public transportation using modern vehicles controlled via satellite that circulate by central lanes of main arteries.

Today, citizens in Bogota are showing a positive change of attitude, reflecting in spontaneous compliance with civic rules, thus generating respectful behavior and friendly coexistence, cooperation, mutual support and civil commitment.
In addition, a personal sense of belonging with regard to the System is particularly strong among children as privileged contemporaneous witnesses of its birth, and its ongoing growth process in the turn of the Millenium.

The results were impressive enough that Colombia finally got international press about something other than drug trafficking, guerrilla kidnappings, and bloody civil war.

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* Has the area/ project/plan been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?
* What were their main evaluations?
Pleas add references, quotes...

=== Points of success and limitations ===
*What do you see as the main points of success and limitations of the area/project/plan?
Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Short statement plus background notes

=== Which research questions does it generate? ===
Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Simon bolivar.jpg|Simon Bolivar Structure Plan
Image:Bogota territorial plan.jpg|Bogota Territorial Plan
Image:Bogota location.jpg
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
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</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Template]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories
[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Urban redevelopment and revitalisation / Brownfields]]
[[Category:Colombia]]
[[Category:Bogota]]
[[Category:Working Group Urban Redevelopment]]

Bogota

2009-01-28T11:37:22Z

Vsolis:

File:Simon bolivar.jpg

2009-01-28T10:57:07Z

Vsolis:

File:Bogota territorial plan.jpg

2009-01-28T10:56:18Z

Vsolis:

Bogota

2009-01-28T10:09:50Z

Vsolis:

'''Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City''' by Victoria Solis
{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Bogota, The Proud Revival of a City
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|Bogota
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|Colombia
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|Urban Redevelopment
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|Martha Fajardo - Victoria Solis Pauwels
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''1991-Today''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| <googlemap version="0.9" lat="4.642301" lon="-74.077377" type="satellite" zoom="14" width="300" height="250">
</googlemap>
|}

Implementation of a series of master plans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks. Bogotá is the capital city of Colombia.

Transforming the urban fabric of any city is an overwhelming task. The alignment of public support, political will, financial resources, and human capacity is a rare event. To achieve a transformation on the scale of a mega-city in the developing world is virtually unknown.

Cities in the Third World have experienced great change in a short time; by cataclysm, by politics and by leadership. Therefore, we professionals must come to terms with time and change. Bogotá has benefited from a series of political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This degree of political will contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including reclamation of public space and improvement of mobility.

The intention of this presentation is to present innovative solutions, document the key events, projects, and people who have helped shape the City of Bogotá, with special emphasis on the Public Space Transformation.

=== Author's perspective ===
The accomplishment: Rethinking the city from its public spaces imposing them as the principle of the collective and recovering the administration’s leading role in their construction and regularization were the most important goal of those who have the opportunity and responsibility to the people, and the city.

The goal: Bogotá is visually a different city today than it was in 1997; the changes in public space and in mobility infrastructure have translated into quantifiable improvements on incomes and social advancement. Specifically, changes in property values, employment generation, air quality, and benefits to particular income groups.

The means: What is perhaps most striking about the Bogotá project is the energetic and ingenious way in which the professional and technical team has moved beyond the theory and rhetoric, to its actual realization on the street and in the daily lives of those who live in Bogotá.
Thus, what is the main accomplishment is, the exercise in what we have to call: the Politics of Sustainability.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
The Bogotá Challenge
The city of Bogotá, grew in the last 30 years, it passed of being a city of less than a million inhabitants to almost eigth millions, until very recently it was one of the most chaotic, insecure and ruthless cities of Latin America, with a chaotic system of transportation, parks covered with garbage, wild grass, a nobody’s land. A city affected by the urbanisation phenomenon and the migration because of the internal armed conflict.

In addition to a quantitative deficit, the city’s environment, landscape and existing urban spaces had a very low quality. Such situation was partly due to the fact that a very generic name was assigned to all of the following: the notions of “left land” and “green zone” imposed a homogeneous and anonymous reason to spaces that could become very important for the collective. Therefore, a methodology was imposed with the aim of promoting not only square meters of space, but also the user definition and the allocation of forgotten social qualities.

The diagnostic of the environmental profile performed between 1993-1996 evidenced an environmental crisis for the city and the fact that its environmental problems should be solved in an integral and combined manner by all entities of the District Administration with a straightforward collaboration of the private sector and the community.
Bogotá’s chaotic growth, together with a weak attention and priority given to non-planned processes of urbanization and appropriation of urban space resulted in a significant part of the city’s population being excluded from proper social and public services.

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== History ===
*How did the area/project/plan at the focus of the case study evolve?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===
*What are the main structural features?
*How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of program/function ===
* What are the main functional characteristics?
* How have they been expressed or incorporated?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ===
* How was the area/project/plan formulated and implemented?
*Were there any important consultations/collaborations?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* How is the area/project/plan used and by whom?
* Is the use changing? Are there any issues?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* How is the area/project/plan evolving?
* Are there any future goals?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* Has the area/ project/plan been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?
* What were their main evaluations?
Pleas add references, quotes...

=== Points of success and limitations ===
*What do you see as the main points of success and limitations of the area/project/plan?
Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Short statement plus background notes

=== Which research questions does it generate? ===
Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Template]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories
[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Urban redevelopment and revitalisation / Brownfields]]
[[Category:Colombia]]
[[Category:Bogota]]
[[Category:Working Group Urban Redevelopment]]

Urban Landscape Seminar Case Study List

2009-01-28T10:04:56Z

Vsolis: /* Urban redevelopment and revitalisation / Brownfields */

''Dear Participants - Please add the title of your case study to the corresponding chapter. You can add your title to several chapters if your case study relates to more than one topic. This title will later on become the link to your case study page. Please consider this title carefully.
''

----

[[Image:Topicmap_urbanlandscapes.jpeg|right|Urban Landscapes Topic Map|300px|none|thumb]]
[[Image:Theme_selection.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Participants localise their case studies (October 29th, plenary session)]]

== Open Space Elements ==

=== Gardens ===

* [[Suzhou]]

''The classical Gardens of Suzhou, China'' by Zhang Yujun

=== Parks ===
*[[Lettenareal]]
''History of a popular park in the heart of Zürich, Switzerland'' by Louis Wenger

* [[Petuelpark]]
''An artistic and cultural project in Munich, Germany'' by Martina Tuda

*[[Mauerpark]]
''Design in mission to bring people together in Berlin, Germany'' by Haris Piplas

*[[Parks in Neu Oerlikon]]
''Parks in Neu Oerlikon, Zürich, Switzerland'' by Lars Wolfer, Yvonne Keller

*[[Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord]]
''An interesting postindustrial park in Duisburg, Germany'' by Nilay Cobanoglu

*[[Naturpark Südgelände]]
''conversion of traffic area in Berlin, Germany'' by Salome Gohl

* [[El Palomar]]
''A new place to meet in Chihuahua, Mexico'' by Sofia Lopez

=== Squares ===
*[[Smithfield Square]]
''An old cattle market in Dublin. Redeveloped as a public open space as part of the re-generation of inner city Dublin, Ireland'' by Eunan O`Donnell

=== Streets ===
=== Sacred Places ===
=== Residential Environments ===
* [[Viikki]]
''An ecological housing area of Viikki in Helsinki, Finland'' by Virpi Vertainen

* [[Riyadh]]
''The Diplomatic Quarter in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia'' by Christoph Dankers

=== Commercial Environments ===
* [[Cihampelas City Walk]]
''Cihampelas City Walk in Bandung city, Indonesia'' by Nino Christian Handoyo

== Urban ecology and Nature conservation ==

* [[Viikki]]
''An ecological housing area of Viikki in Helsinki, Finland'' by Virpi Vertainen

*[[Great War Island]]
''A natural river island located in the central city zone of Belgrade, Serbia'' by Jovana Kovacevic and Daliborka Stojakovic

*[[High Island]]
''15km east from Paris' Center: An educative program about the relation between humans and nature near Paris, France'' by Lolita Voisin, France

*[[Lake Mogan]]
''Conflicts among the stakeholders during the conservation of Lake Mogan Special Protection Area, Turkey'' by Emel Baylan and Bihter Bingül

*[[Parque de Educação Ambiental Professor Mello Barreto]]
''Revitalisation of an illegal residential occupation area to a city park – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil '' by Juliana Aschwanden-Vilaça

== Urban redevelopment and revitalisation / Brownfields ==
*[[Lincoln]]
''Planning for expansion: The reinvention of Lincoln, New Zealand'' by Paul Wilson

* [[Karlsruhe]]
''The contribution of landscape architecture to urban redevelopment and revitalisation: A case study exemplified by the east quarter of Karlsruhe, Germany'' by Joerg Kappler

* [[Bogota]]
''The Proud Revival of a City'' by Martha Fajardo - Victoria Solis

== Water Management and Urban Water ==
* [[Hangzhou]]
''Rebuilding the memory of scenery for Westlake in Hangzhou, China'' by Qinyi Gu

* [[River Liesing, Vienna]]
''Restructuring and renaturalisation of a former 70ies "Concrete bed river" according to the European Water Directive in the City of Vienna, Austria '' by Barbara Birli

== Urban Design ==

* [[Petuelpark]]
''An artistic and cultural project in Munich, Germany'' by Martina Tuda

== Public Space and Civic Identity ==
=== Participation ===
* [[Paseo del Buen Pastor]]
''A cultural, recreational and open Space in Córdoba, Argentina'' by Liliana Baldi

* [[Uggledal]]
''Comprehensive Plan of Uggledal in the city of Göteborg, Sweden'' by Andrew Butler

=== Gender mainstreaming ===

*[[Parks in Neu Oerlikon]]
''Parks in Neu Oerlikon, Zürich, Switzerland'' by Lars Wolfer, Yvonne Keller

=== Social inclusion ===
* [[Budapest-Józsefváros]]
''Regeneration Program in Budapest - Józsefváros, Hungary: - Renewal of retarded urban district with the involvement of the residents'' by Agnieszka Górniak

* [[Medellin]]
''Social Urbanism: Enhancing community building and social capital through public space. A case study in the city of Medellin, Colombia'' by Camilo Calderon

*[[Suleymaniye Regeneration Area]]
''The Historic Peninsula of Istanbul - Dynaming the Urban Regeneration for All: Improving Alternatives for Social Sustainability of the Suleymaniye Regeneration Process in Istanbul, Turkey'' by Harun Ekinoglu

=== Public relations ===

=== Civic Identity ===
* [[Petuelpark]]
''An artistic and cultural project in Munich, Germany'' by Martina Tuda
* [[Sulzer Factory Area]]
''Winterthur, Switzerland 2004'' by Roman Häne

== Green Structure Planning - Strategies and Policies ==

*[[Lincoln]]
''Planning for expansion: The reinvention of Lincoln, New Zealand'' by Paul Wilson

=== Green Belt ===
* [[Schweinfurt]]
''The creation of a green belt as an impulse for urban regeneration in Schweinfurt, Germany'' by Markus Peter

*[[River Lagan]]
''Connectivity and the River Lagan, Belfast, Northern Ireland'' by Claudia Houck

=== Green Infrastructure ===

* [[Caulim Creek Neighborshed]]
''Green Infrastructure for Informal Settlement in Watershed Area of São Paulo Metropolitan Region, Brazil'' by Thelma Hisayasu and Paulo Pellegrino

=== Transport / Infrastructure Planning ===
=== Urban Agriculture / Forestery ===

=== Wetland park ===
* [[Taizhou]]
''Designing a wetland park in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China'' by Jing Bai

=== Regional park ===
* [[Rhein-Main Regional Park]]
''Regional parks as informal tool of spatial planning at the example of Rhein-Main metropolitan area, Germany'' by Nils Pudewills

== City Region ==
=== Peripheral Landscapes ===

=== Urban Agriculture / Forestry ===

== History and Conservation ==
*[[Villa D'Este]]
''Villa D'Este in Tivoli, Italy'' by Denise Ascione
*[[Sulzer Industrial Area]]
''Winterthur, Switzerland'' by Martina Anna Kühne

File:Bogota location.jpg

2009-01-28T10:02:45Z

Vsolis:

File:Bogota location.JPG

2009-01-28T09:49:27Z

Vsolis:

Bogota

2009-01-28T05:05:11Z

Vsolis: /* Rationale: Why is this case study interesting? */

'''The new face of Bogota: How public transportation can changes the image of the city, Transmilenio''' by Victoria Solis
{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| The new face of Bogota: how can public transportation can change the image of a city
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|Bogota
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|Colombia
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|Urban Redevelopment
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|Victoria Solis Pauwels
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:projectimage.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| <googlemap version="0.9" lat="4.642301" lon="-74.077377" type="satellite" zoom="14" width="300" height="250">
</googlemap>
|}

Implementation of a series of master plans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks. Bogotá is the capital city of Colombia.

Transforming the urban fabric of any city is an overwhelming task. The alignment of public support, political will, financial resources, and human capacity is a rare event. To achieve a transformation on the scale of a mega-city in the developing world is virtually unknown.

Cities in the Third World have experienced great change in a short time; by cataclysm, by politics and by leadership. Therefore, we professionals must come to terms with time and change. Bogotá has benefited from a series of political leaders with a highly progressive view on the importance of urban space. This degree of political will contributed to dramatic changes in several areas, including reclamation of public space and improvement of mobility.

The intention of this presentation is to present innovative solutions, document the key events, projects, and people who have helped shape the City of Bogotá, with special emphasis on the Public Space Transformation.

=== Author's perspective ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== History ===
*How did the area/project/plan at the focus of the case study evolve?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Spatial analysis of area/project/plan===
*What are the main structural features?
*How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of program/function ===
* What are the main functional characteristics?
* How have they been expressed or incorporated?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ===
* How was the area/project/plan formulated and implemented?
*Were there any important consultations/collaborations?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* How is the area/project/plan used and by whom?
* Is the use changing? Are there any issues?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* How is the area/project/plan evolving?
* Are there any future goals?
Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* Has the area/ project/plan been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?
* What were their main evaluations?
Pleas add references, quotes...

=== Points of success and limitations ===
*What do you see as the main points of success and limitations of the area/project/plan?
Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Short statement plus background notes

=== Which research questions does it generate? ===
Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Template]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories
[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Urban redevelopment and revitalisation / Brownfields]]
[[Category:Colombia]]
[[Category:Bogota]]
[[Category:Working Group Urban Redevelopment]]