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Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-05T22:15:46Z

Trang23: /* Image Gallery */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''AFFORESTATION IN CA MAU, VIETNAM'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Afforestation in Ca Mau, Vietnam''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ca Mau province''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Vietnam''
|-
| '''Author''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=9.183333
|lng=105.15
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Ca Mau, the southernmost province of Vietnam, is one of the lowest land in the world (only 0.5 - 1.3m). During a course of time, this region has been featured by an extraordinary geological movement, historical and economic changes, and nowadays facing climate change as the land is being taken away by the sea level. This area critically belongs to Mekong Delta, which is named as the "rice basket" of Vietnam.''
* ''Afforestation is a strategy to develop scenarios to deal with environmental pollution, changing agricultural system, urbanization...and most of all, using forest urbanism as a scenario coping with flooding, submergence and soil salinity.''
* ''In Vietnam, we address these Mekong Delta provinces as the most agriculturally profitable areas. But this also suffers from poverty, lack of education, pollution and a lot of social/political issues. I spent time in Ca Mau just enough to see massive mangrove forests cover the southern tip of the country. And after taking the online seminar "Climate Change" within Fluswikien framework, I started realising that nature soon takes over our country. I believe cautiously interacting with nature, using plants as critical materials is the right key to solve this problem.''

== Author's perspective ==
I have been practicing architecture profession for five years, few of my old projects happened to related directly to landscape architecture. My interest in landscape design grew through time then I decided to take two year course at IMLA (International Master degree of Landscape Architecture) in Germany. I believe plants should be considered as the major materials for designing nowadays, in the context of climate changing and urban interspace complex. I am now aiming to graduate as a landscape architect and bring plants and green space into my later career, instead of concrete and glass as what I did before.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
To understand Ca Mau's context, it is essential to have an overview of the whole Mekong Delta area. The Mekong Delta is a society where the waters of the Mekong River are present everywhere and in all the aspects of life, serving transportation, communication, fishing, agricultural, and aquacultural needs and all kind of daily domestic uses, often including drinking water. Life in the delta is greatly affected by the floods, rising and falling tides, and saline water intrusion from the sea. Water has always had two-sided effects in the delta. On one hand, the Mekong alluvium-rich waters bring many benefits to the area, such as soil fertility and productivity. On the other hand, the delta has been exposed to permanent threat of water disasters in the form of floods in the wet season and water scarcity and saline intrusion in the dry season. Attitudes toward the changing flow regime of the Mekong and the delta’s environment have been twofold, they have been characterized by human interventions and control but also by adaptation.

The conversion of marshes and forests of the delta into a landscape dominated by highly productive rice paddies did not happen without major human interventions. In 200 years, the delta has undergone dramatic ecological and economical transformation through major engineering and other public works, and its marshes, swamps, and forests have been turned into one of the main rice production and export areas of the whole world. Still, the society has had to learn how to live with the changing flow regime of the Mekong River caused by the monsoon climate and with the changing periods of both too much and too little water. For a long time, livelihoods and farming systems were characterized by adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. In upper parts of the delta, floating rice suited to the local flood and tidal regime
grew along with rising flood water, and was thus fed by it, and was harvested after the flood receded. In areas near the coast, the period with brackish water was avoided, and rain-fed rice was sown when the rains started and harvested before the intrusion of brackish water.

However, especially in the last decades, actions toward the environment have shifted strongly from adaptation to control and, at the same time, from decisions made at the farm level to centralized decisions on greater scales. The large-scale hydraulic control structures have targeted mainly the floods in the upper part of the delta and saline intrusion in the coastal areas. Thus, the Vietnamese Mekong Delta is
currently one of the most human-regulated water regimes of the basin and has much more flow-independent farming systems than, for example, the floodplains of Cambodia.The combination of the hydraulic control structures and agricultural modernization in terms of high-yield rice varieties and agrochemicals has made the delta an incredibly productive rice area, but along with higher yields and production goals,
there have also been such environmental consequences as worsening of the water quality, diminishing biodiversity, increased demand for water, and increased saline water intrusion. The modified distribution of water has also changed the distribution of risks: new canals and new control structures bring floods and saline intrusion to new areas. The costs and drawbacks of the engineering works have not been distributed
evenly. As is often the case, it seems that the most disadvantaged group is that of the poorest farmers and landless people.

In that context, Ca Mau with its southest location and longest coastline, is the most vulnerable area. Along with geological movement, this area expereriences adaptation as well as human control, at the same time exposes all complex demographic matter. Yet, this contains the most colourful biodiversity, many spieces are now in red list. Mui Ca Mau’s wetland was listed in Recommendation of National Marine Priority by Ministry of Aquiculture in 2005. It was also listed to nominate as coastal Ramsar site in 2006. In 31/05/2007, Vietnamese Prime Minister approved the “National Action Plan for Biodiversity to 2010 and Strategy to Implement Biodiversity Convention to 2020”, inside, Mui Ca Mau is one of critical sites for conservation, development and sustainable use of biodiversity in Vietnam.

The proposed Mui Ca Mau Biosphere Reserve has an area of 369,675 ha with 170,321 people living there. There are three core zones encompassing the stricly protected core zones of Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park and the coastal protected forests in Ca Mau Western. They are typical ecosystems that meet the UNESCO’s criterion such as example mangrove forest ecosystem, peat wetland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.. Each contains abundant biological and geological resources with high conservation, and has been preserved by international natural conservation organizations.

* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="0">
Image:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg|Mekong River and Mekong Delta
Image:Mekong Delta topography.jpg|Topographic elevation map
Image:Channel system.jpg|Dense canal system
Image:Rainfall.jpg|Spatial distribution of annual rainfall
Image:Saltinary.jpg|Salinity instrusion
Image:Flooded area.jpg|Flooded areas
Image:Mekong Delta Section.jpg|Section
</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Changing water regimes.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Presentation Seite 06.jpg|A water landscape
Image:Presentation Seite 12.jpg|Colourful biodiversity
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-05T22:14:54Z

Trang23: /* Image Gallery */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''AFFORESTATION IN CA MAU, VIETNAM'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Afforestation in Ca Mau, Vietnam''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ca Mau province''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Vietnam''
|-
| '''Author''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=9.183333
|lng=105.15
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Ca Mau, the southernmost province of Vietnam, is one of the lowest land in the world (only 0.5 - 1.3m). During a course of time, this region has been featured by an extraordinary geological movement, historical and economic changes, and nowadays facing climate change as the land is being taken away by the sea level. This area critically belongs to Mekong Delta, which is named as the "rice basket" of Vietnam.''
* ''Afforestation is a strategy to develop scenarios to deal with environmental pollution, changing agricultural system, urbanization...and most of all, using forest urbanism as a scenario coping with flooding, submergence and soil salinity.''
* ''In Vietnam, we address these Mekong Delta provinces as the most agriculturally profitable areas. But this also suffers from poverty, lack of education, pollution and a lot of social/political issues. I spent time in Ca Mau just enough to see massive mangrove forests cover the southern tip of the country. And after taking the online seminar "Climate Change" within Fluswikien framework, I started realising that nature soon takes over our country. I believe cautiously interacting with nature, using plants as critical materials is the right key to solve this problem.''

== Author's perspective ==
I have been practicing architecture profession for five years, few of my old projects happened to related directly to landscape architecture. My interest in landscape design grew through time then I decided to take two year course at IMLA (International Master degree of Landscape Architecture) in Germany. I believe plants should be considered as the major materials for designing nowadays, in the context of climate changing and urban interspace complex. I am now aiming to graduate as a landscape architect and bring plants and green space into my later career, instead of concrete and glass as what I did before.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
To understand Ca Mau's context, it is essential to have an overview of the whole Mekong Delta area. The Mekong Delta is a society where the waters of the Mekong River are present everywhere and in all the aspects of life, serving transportation, communication, fishing, agricultural, and aquacultural needs and all kind of daily domestic uses, often including drinking water. Life in the delta is greatly affected by the floods, rising and falling tides, and saline water intrusion from the sea. Water has always had two-sided effects in the delta. On one hand, the Mekong alluvium-rich waters bring many benefits to the area, such as soil fertility and productivity. On the other hand, the delta has been exposed to permanent threat of water disasters in the form of floods in the wet season and water scarcity and saline intrusion in the dry season. Attitudes toward the changing flow regime of the Mekong and the delta’s environment have been twofold, they have been characterized by human interventions and control but also by adaptation.

The conversion of marshes and forests of the delta into a landscape dominated by highly productive rice paddies did not happen without major human interventions. In 200 years, the delta has undergone dramatic ecological and economical transformation through major engineering and other public works, and its marshes, swamps, and forests have been turned into one of the main rice production and export areas of the whole world. Still, the society has had to learn how to live with the changing flow regime of the Mekong River caused by the monsoon climate and with the changing periods of both too much and too little water. For a long time, livelihoods and farming systems were characterized by adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. In upper parts of the delta, floating rice suited to the local flood and tidal regime
grew along with rising flood water, and was thus fed by it, and was harvested after the flood receded. In areas near the coast, the period with brackish water was avoided, and rain-fed rice was sown when the rains started and harvested before the intrusion of brackish water.

However, especially in the last decades, actions toward the environment have shifted strongly from adaptation to control and, at the same time, from decisions made at the farm level to centralized decisions on greater scales. The large-scale hydraulic control structures have targeted mainly the floods in the upper part of the delta and saline intrusion in the coastal areas. Thus, the Vietnamese Mekong Delta is
currently one of the most human-regulated water regimes of the basin and has much more flow-independent farming systems than, for example, the floodplains of Cambodia.The combination of the hydraulic control structures and agricultural modernization in terms of high-yield rice varieties and agrochemicals has made the delta an incredibly productive rice area, but along with higher yields and production goals,
there have also been such environmental consequences as worsening of the water quality, diminishing biodiversity, increased demand for water, and increased saline water intrusion. The modified distribution of water has also changed the distribution of risks: new canals and new control structures bring floods and saline intrusion to new areas. The costs and drawbacks of the engineering works have not been distributed
evenly. As is often the case, it seems that the most disadvantaged group is that of the poorest farmers and landless people.

In that context, Ca Mau with its southest location and longest coastline, is the most vulnerable area. Along with geological movement, this area expereriences adaptation as well as human control, at the same time exposes all complex demographic matter. Yet, this contains the most colourful biodiversity, many spieces are now in red list. Mui Ca Mau’s wetland was listed in Recommendation of National Marine Priority by Ministry of Aquiculture in 2005. It was also listed to nominate as coastal Ramsar site in 2006. In 31/05/2007, Vietnamese Prime Minister approved the “National Action Plan for Biodiversity to 2010 and Strategy to Implement Biodiversity Convention to 2020”, inside, Mui Ca Mau is one of critical sites for conservation, development and sustainable use of biodiversity in Vietnam.

The proposed Mui Ca Mau Biosphere Reserve has an area of 369,675 ha with 170,321 people living there. There are three core zones encompassing the stricly protected core zones of Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park and the coastal protected forests in Ca Mau Western. They are typical ecosystems that meet the UNESCO’s criterion such as example mangrove forest ecosystem, peat wetland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.. Each contains abundant biological and geological resources with high conservation, and has been preserved by international natural conservation organizations.

* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="0">
Image:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg|Mekong River and Mekong Delta
Image:Mekong Delta topography.jpg|Topographic elevation map
Image:Channel system.jpg|Dense canal system
Image:Rainfall.jpg|Spatial distribution of annual rainfall
Image:Saltinary.jpg|Salinity instrusion
Image:Flooded area.jpg|Flooded areas
Image:Mekong Delta Section.jpg|Section
</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Changing water regimes.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Presentation Seite 06.jpg|A water landscape
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-04T18:30:30Z

Trang23: /* Analytical drawings */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''AFFORESTATION IN CA MAU, VIETNAM'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Afforestation in Ca Mau, Vietnam''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ca Mau province''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Vietnam''
|-
| '''Author''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=9.183333
|lng=105.15
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Ca Mau, the southernmost province of Vietnam, is one of the lowest land in the world (only 0.5 - 1.3m). During a course of time, this region has been featured by an extraordinary geological movement, historical and economic changes, and nowadays facing climate change as the land is being taken away by the sea level. This area critically belongs to Mekong Delta, which is named as the "rice basket" of Vietnam.''
* ''Afforestation is a strategy to develop scenarios to deal with environmental pollution, changing agricultural system, urbanization...and most of all, using forest urbanism as a scenario coping with flooding, submergence and soil salinity.''
* ''In Vietnam, we address these Mekong Delta provinces as the most agriculturally profitable areas. But this also suffers from poverty, lack of education, pollution and a lot of social/political issues. I spent time in Ca Mau just enough to see massive mangrove forests cover the southern tip of the country. And after taking the online seminar "Climate Change" within Fluswikien framework, I started realising that nature soon takes over our country. I believe cautiously interacting with nature, using plants as critical materials is the right key to solve this problem.''

== Author's perspective ==
I have been practicing architecture profession for five years, few of my old projects happened to related directly to landscape architecture. My interest in landscape design grew through time then I decided to take two year course at IMLA (International Master degree of Landscape Architecture) in Germany. I believe plants should be considered as the major materials for designing nowadays, in the context of climate changing and urban interspace complex. I am now aiming to graduate as a landscape architect and bring plants and green space into my later career, instead of concrete and glass as what I did before.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
To understand Ca Mau's context, it is essential to have an overview of the whole Mekong Delta area. The Mekong Delta is a society where the waters of the Mekong River are present everywhere and in all the aspects of life, serving transportation, communication, fishing, agricultural, and aquacultural needs and all kind of daily domestic uses, often including drinking water. Life in the delta is greatly affected by the floods, rising and falling tides, and saline water intrusion from the sea. Water has always had two-sided effects in the delta. On one hand, the Mekong alluvium-rich waters bring many benefits to the area, such as soil fertility and productivity. On the other hand, the delta has been exposed to permanent threat of water disasters in the form of floods in the wet season and water scarcity and saline intrusion in the dry season. Attitudes toward the changing flow regime of the Mekong and the delta’s environment have been twofold, they have been characterized by human interventions and control but also by adaptation.

The conversion of marshes and forests of the delta into a landscape dominated by highly productive rice paddies did not happen without major human interventions. In 200 years, the delta has undergone dramatic ecological and economical transformation through major engineering and other public works, and its marshes, swamps, and forests have been turned into one of the main rice production and export areas of the whole world. Still, the society has had to learn how to live with the changing flow regime of the Mekong River caused by the monsoon climate and with the changing periods of both too much and too little water. For a long time, livelihoods and farming systems were characterized by adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. In upper parts of the delta, floating rice suited to the local flood and tidal regime
grew along with rising flood water, and was thus fed by it, and was harvested after the flood receded. In areas near the coast, the period with brackish water was avoided, and rain-fed rice was sown when the rains started and harvested before the intrusion of brackish water.

However, especially in the last decades, actions toward the environment have shifted strongly from adaptation to control and, at the same time, from decisions made at the farm level to centralized decisions on greater scales. The large-scale hydraulic control structures have targeted mainly the floods in the upper part of the delta and saline intrusion in the coastal areas. Thus, the Vietnamese Mekong Delta is
currently one of the most human-regulated water regimes of the basin and has much more flow-independent farming systems than, for example, the floodplains of Cambodia.The combination of the hydraulic control structures and agricultural modernization in terms of high-yield rice varieties and agrochemicals has made the delta an incredibly productive rice area, but along with higher yields and production goals,
there have also been such environmental consequences as worsening of the water quality, diminishing biodiversity, increased demand for water, and increased saline water intrusion. The modified distribution of water has also changed the distribution of risks: new canals and new control structures bring floods and saline intrusion to new areas. The costs and drawbacks of the engineering works have not been distributed
evenly. As is often the case, it seems that the most disadvantaged group is that of the poorest farmers and landless people.

In that context, Ca Mau with its southest location and longest coastline, is the most vulnerable area. Along with geological movement, this area expereriences adaptation as well as human control, at the same time exposes all complex demographic matter. Yet, this contains the most colourful biodiversity, many spieces are now in red list. Mui Ca Mau’s wetland was listed in Recommendation of National Marine Priority by Ministry of Aquiculture in 2005. It was also listed to nominate as coastal Ramsar site in 2006. In 31/05/2007, Vietnamese Prime Minister approved the “National Action Plan for Biodiversity to 2010 and Strategy to Implement Biodiversity Convention to 2020”, inside, Mui Ca Mau is one of critical sites for conservation, development and sustainable use of biodiversity in Vietnam.

The proposed Mui Ca Mau Biosphere Reserve has an area of 369,675 ha with 170,321 people living there. There are three core zones encompassing the stricly protected core zones of Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park and the coastal protected forests in Ca Mau Western. They are typical ecosystems that meet the UNESCO’s criterion such as example mangrove forest ecosystem, peat wetland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.. Each contains abundant biological and geological resources with high conservation, and has been preserved by international natural conservation organizations.

* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="0">
Image:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg|Mekong River and Mekong Delta
Image:Mekong Delta topography.jpg|Topographic elevation map
Image:Channel system.jpg|Dense canal system
Image:Rainfall.jpg|Spatial distribution of annual rainfall
Image:Saltinary.jpg|Salinity instrusion
Image:Flooded area.jpg|Flooded areas
Image:Mekong Delta Section.jpg|Section
</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Changing water regimes.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Changing water regimes.jpg

2013-12-04T15:37:05Z

Trang23:

File:Afforestation in Camau.jpg

2013-12-04T15:22:58Z

Trang23:

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-04T14:28:22Z

Trang23: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''AFFORESTATION IN CA MAU, VIETNAM'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Afforestation in Ca Mau, Vietnam''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ca Mau province''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Vietnam''
|-
| '''Author''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=9.183333
|lng=105.15
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Ca Mau, the southernmost province of Vietnam, is one of the lowest land in the world (only 0.5 - 1.3m). During a course of time, this region has been featured by an extraordinary geological movement, historical and economic changes, and nowadays facing climate change as the land is being taken away by the sea level. This area critically belongs to Mekong Delta, which is named as the "rice basket" of Vietnam.''
* ''Afforestation is a strategy to develop scenarios to deal with environmental pollution, changing agricultural system, urbanization...and most of all, using forest urbanism as a scenario coping with flooding, submergence and soil salinity.''
* ''In Vietnam, we address these Mekong Delta provinces as the most agriculturally profitable areas. But this also suffers from poverty, lack of education, pollution and a lot of social/political issues. I spent time in Ca Mau just enough to see massive mangrove forests cover the southern tip of the country. And after taking the online seminar "Climate Change" within Fluswikien framework, I started realising that nature soon takes over our country. I believe cautiously interacting with nature, using plants as critical materials is the right key to solve this problem.''

== Author's perspective ==
I have been practicing architecture profession for five years, few of my old projects happened to related directly to landscape architecture. My interest in landscape design grew through time then I decided to take two year course at IMLA (International Master degree of Landscape Architecture) in Germany. I believe plants should be considered as the major materials for designing nowadays, in the context of climate changing and urban interspace complex. I am now aiming to graduate as a landscape architect and bring plants and green space into my later career, instead of concrete and glass as what I did before.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
To understand Ca Mau's context, it is essential to have an overview of the whole Mekong Delta area. The Mekong Delta is a society where the waters of the Mekong River are present everywhere and in all the aspects of life, serving transportation, communication, fishing, agricultural, and aquacultural needs and all kind of daily domestic uses, often including drinking water. Life in the delta is greatly affected by the floods, rising and falling tides, and saline water intrusion from the sea. Water has always had two-sided effects in the delta. On one hand, the Mekong alluvium-rich waters bring many benefits to the area, such as soil fertility and productivity. On the other hand, the delta has been exposed to permanent threat of water disasters in the form of floods in the wet season and water scarcity and saline intrusion in the dry season. Attitudes toward the changing flow regime of the Mekong and the delta’s environment have been twofold, they have been characterized by human interventions and control but also by adaptation.

The conversion of marshes and forests of the delta into a landscape dominated by highly productive rice paddies did not happen without major human interventions. In 200 years, the delta has undergone dramatic ecological and economical transformation through major engineering and other public works, and its marshes, swamps, and forests have been turned into one of the main rice production and export areas of the whole world. Still, the society has had to learn how to live with the changing flow regime of the Mekong River caused by the monsoon climate and with the changing periods of both too much and too little water. For a long time, livelihoods and farming systems were characterized by adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. In upper parts of the delta, floating rice suited to the local flood and tidal regime
grew along with rising flood water, and was thus fed by it, and was harvested after the flood receded. In areas near the coast, the period with brackish water was avoided, and rain-fed rice was sown when the rains started and harvested before the intrusion of brackish water.

However, especially in the last decades, actions toward the environment have shifted strongly from adaptation to control and, at the same time, from decisions made at the farm level to centralized decisions on greater scales. The large-scale hydraulic control structures have targeted mainly the floods in the upper part of the delta and saline intrusion in the coastal areas. Thus, the Vietnamese Mekong Delta is
currently one of the most human-regulated water regimes of the basin and has much more flow-independent farming systems than, for example, the floodplains of Cambodia.The combination of the hydraulic control structures and agricultural modernization in terms of high-yield rice varieties and agrochemicals has made the delta an incredibly productive rice area, but along with higher yields and production goals,
there have also been such environmental consequences as worsening of the water quality, diminishing biodiversity, increased demand for water, and increased saline water intrusion. The modified distribution of water has also changed the distribution of risks: new canals and new control structures bring floods and saline intrusion to new areas. The costs and drawbacks of the engineering works have not been distributed
evenly. As is often the case, it seems that the most disadvantaged group is that of the poorest farmers and landless people.

In that context, Ca Mau with its southest location and longest coastline, is the most vulnerable area. Along with geological movement, this area expereriences adaptation as well as human control, at the same time exposes all complex demographic matter. Yet, this contains the most colourful biodiversity, many spieces are now in red list. Mui Ca Mau’s wetland was listed in Recommendation of National Marine Priority by Ministry of Aquiculture in 2005. It was also listed to nominate as coastal Ramsar site in 2006. In 31/05/2007, Vietnamese Prime Minister approved the “National Action Plan for Biodiversity to 2010 and Strategy to Implement Biodiversity Convention to 2020”, inside, Mui Ca Mau is one of critical sites for conservation, development and sustainable use of biodiversity in Vietnam.

The proposed Mui Ca Mau Biosphere Reserve has an area of 369,675 ha with 170,321 people living there. There are three core zones encompassing the stricly protected core zones of Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park and the coastal protected forests in Ca Mau Western. They are typical ecosystems that meet the UNESCO’s criterion such as example mangrove forest ecosystem, peat wetland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.. Each contains abundant biological and geological resources with high conservation, and has been preserved by international natural conservation organizations.

* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="0">
Image:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg|Mekong River and Mekong Delta
Image:Mekong Delta topography.jpg|Topographic elevation map
Image:Channel system.jpg|Dense canal system
Image:Rainfall.jpg|Spatial distribution of annual rainfall
Image:Saltinary.jpg|Salinity instrusion
Image:Flooded area.jpg|Flooded areas
Image:Mekong Delta Section.jpg|Section
</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-04T14:27:36Z

Trang23: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''AFFORESTATION IN CA MAU, VIETNAM'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Afforestation in Ca Mau, Vietnam''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ca Mau province''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Vietnam''
|-
| '''Author''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=9.183333
|lng=105.15
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Ca Mau, the southernmost province of Vietnam, is one of the lowest land in the world (only 0.5 - 1.3m). During a course of time, this region has been featured by an extraordinary geological movement, historical and economic changes, and nowadays facing climate change as the land is being taken away by the sea level. This area critically belongs to Mekong Delta, which is named as the "rice basket" of Vietnam.''
* ''Afforestation is a strategy to develop scenarios to deal with environmental pollution, changing agricultural system, urbanization...and most of all, using forest urbanism as a scenario coping with flooding, submergence and soil salinity.''
* ''In Vietnam, we address these Mekong Delta provinces as the most agriculturally profitable areas. But this also suffers from poverty, lack of education, pollution and a lot of social/political issues. I spent time in Ca Mau just enough to see massive mangrove forests cover the southern tip of the country. And after taking the online seminar "Climate Change" within Fluswikien framework, I started realising that nature soon takes over our country. I believe cautiously interacting with nature, using plants as critical materials is the right key to solve this problem.''

== Author's perspective ==
I have been practicing architecture profession for five years, few of my old projects happened to related directly to landscape architecture. My interest in landscape design grew through time then I decided to take two year course at IMLA (International Master degree of Landscape Architecture) in Germany. I believe plants should be considered as the major materials for designing nowadays, in the context of climate changing and urban interspace complex. I am now aiming to graduate as a landscape architect and bring plants and green space into my later career, instead of concrete and glass as what I did before.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
To understand Ca Mau's context, it is essential to have an overview of the whole Mekong Delta area. The Mekong Delta is a society where the waters of the Mekong River are present everywhere and in all the aspects of life, serving transportation, communication, fishing, agricultural, and aquacultural needs and all kind of daily domestic uses, often including drinking water. Life in the delta is greatly affected by the floods, rising and falling tides, and saline water intrusion from the sea. Water has always had two-sided effects in the delta. On one hand, the Mekong alluvium-rich waters bring many benefits to the area, such as soil fertility and productivity. On the other hand, the delta has been exposed to permanent threat of water disasters in the form of floods in the wet season and water scarcity and saline intrusion in the dry season. Attitudes toward the changing flow regime of the Mekong and the delta’s environment have been twofold, they have been characterized by human interventions and control but also by adaptation.

The conversion of marshes and forests of the delta into a landscape dominated by highly productive rice paddies did not happen without major human interventions. In 200 years, the delta has undergone dramatic ecological and economical transformation through major engineering and other public works, and its marshes, swamps, and forests have been turned into one of the main rice production and export areas of the whole world. Still, the society has had to learn how to live with the changing flow regime of the Mekong River caused by the monsoon climate and with the changing periods of both too much and too little water. For a long time, livelihoods and farming systems were characterized by adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. In upper parts of the delta, floating rice suited to the local flood and tidal regime
grew along with rising flood water, and was thus fed by it, and was harvested after the flood receded. In areas near the coast, the period with brackish water was avoided, and rain-fed rice was sown when the rains started and harvested before the intrusion of brackish water.

However, especially in the last decades, actions toward the environment have shifted strongly from adaptation to control and, at the same time, from decisions made at the farm level to centralized decisions on greater scales. The large-scale hydraulic control structures have targeted mainly the floods in the upper part of the delta and saline intrusion in the coastal areas. Thus, the Vietnamese Mekong Delta is
currently one of the most human-regulated water regimes of the basin and has much more flow-independent farming systems than, for example, the floodplains of Cambodia.The combination of the hydraulic control structures and agricultural modernization in terms of high-yield rice varieties and agrochemicals has made the delta an incredibly productive rice area, but along with higher yields and production goals,
there have also been such environmental consequences as worsening of the water quality, diminishing biodiversity, increased demand for water, and increased saline water intrusion. The modified distribution of water has also changed the distribution of risks: new canals and new control structures bring floods and saline intrusion to new areas. The costs and drawbacks of the engineering works have not been distributed
evenly. As is often the case, it seems that the most disadvantaged group is that of the poorest farmers and landless people.

In that context, Ca Mau with its southest location and longest coastline, is the most vulnerable area. Along with geological movement, this area expereriences adaptation as well as human control, at the same time exposes all complex demographic matter. Yet, this contains the most colourful biodiversity, many spieces are now in red list. Mui Ca Mau’s wetland was listed in Recommendation of National Marine Priority by Ministry of Aquiculture in 2005. It was also listed to nominate as coastal Ramsar site in 2006. In 31/05/2007, Vietnamese Prime Minister approved the “National Action Plan for Biodiversity to 2010 and Strategy to Implement Biodiversity Convention to 2020”, inside, Mui Ca Mau is one of critical sites for conservation, development and sustainable use of biodiversity in Vietnam.

The proposed Mui Ca Mau Biosphere Reserve has an area of 369,675 ha with 170,321 people living there. There are three core zones encompassing the stricly protected core zones of Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park and the coastal protected forests in Ca Mau Western. They are typical ecosystems that meet the UNESCO’s criterion such as example mangrove forest ecosystem, peat wetland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.. Each contains abundant biological and geological resources with high conservation, and has been preserved by international natural conservation organizations.

* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="0">
Image:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg|Mekong River and Mekong Delta
Image:Mekong Delta topography.jpg|Topographic elevation map
Image:Channel system.jpg|Dense canal system
Image:Rainfall.jpg|Spatial distribution of annual rainfall
Image:Saltinary.jpg|Salinity instrusion
Image:Flooded area.jpg|Flooded areas
Image:Mekong Delta Section.jpgi|Section
</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-04T14:25:59Z

Trang23: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''AFFORESTATION IN CA MAU, VIETNAM'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Afforestation in Ca Mau, Vietnam''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ca Mau province''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Vietnam''
|-
| '''Author''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=9.183333
|lng=105.15
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Ca Mau, the southernmost province of Vietnam, is one of the lowest land in the world (only 0.5 - 1.3m). During a course of time, this region has been featured by an extraordinary geological movement, historical and economic changes, and nowadays facing climate change as the land is being taken away by the sea level. This area critically belongs to Mekong Delta, which is named as the "rice basket" of Vietnam.''
* ''Afforestation is a strategy to develop scenarios to deal with environmental pollution, changing agricultural system, urbanization...and most of all, using forest urbanism as a scenario coping with flooding, submergence and soil salinity.''
* ''In Vietnam, we address these Mekong Delta provinces as the most agriculturally profitable areas. But this also suffers from poverty, lack of education, pollution and a lot of social/political issues. I spent time in Ca Mau just enough to see massive mangrove forests cover the southern tip of the country. And after taking the online seminar "Climate Change" within Fluswikien framework, I started realising that nature soon takes over our country. I believe cautiously interacting with nature, using plants as critical materials is the right key to solve this problem.''

== Author's perspective ==
I have been practicing architecture profession for five years, few of my old projects happened to related directly to landscape architecture. My interest in landscape design grew through time then I decided to take two year course at IMLA (International Master degree of Landscape Architecture) in Germany. I believe plants should be considered as the major materials for designing nowadays, in the context of climate changing and urban interspace complex. I am now aiming to graduate as a landscape architect and bring plants and green space into my later career, instead of concrete and glass as what I did before.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
To understand Ca Mau's context, it is essential to have an overview of the whole Mekong Delta area. The Mekong Delta is a society where the waters of the Mekong River are present everywhere and in all the aspects of life, serving transportation, communication, fishing, agricultural, and aquacultural needs and all kind of daily domestic uses, often including drinking water. Life in the delta is greatly affected by the floods, rising and falling tides, and saline water intrusion from the sea. Water has always had two-sided effects in the delta. On one hand, the Mekong alluvium-rich waters bring many benefits to the area, such as soil fertility and productivity. On the other hand, the delta has been exposed to permanent threat of water disasters in the form of floods in the wet season and water scarcity and saline intrusion in the dry season. Attitudes toward the changing flow regime of the Mekong and the delta’s environment have been twofold, they have been characterized by human interventions and control but also by adaptation.

The conversion of marshes and forests of the delta into a landscape dominated by highly productive rice paddies did not happen without major human interventions. In 200 years, the delta has undergone dramatic ecological and economical transformation through major engineering and other public works, and its marshes, swamps, and forests have been turned into one of the main rice production and export areas of the whole world. Still, the society has had to learn how to live with the changing flow regime of the Mekong River caused by the monsoon climate and with the changing periods of both too much and too little water. For a long time, livelihoods and farming systems were characterized by adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. In upper parts of the delta, floating rice suited to the local flood and tidal regime
grew along with rising flood water, and was thus fed by it, and was harvested after the flood receded. In areas near the coast, the period with brackish water was avoided, and rain-fed rice was sown when the rains started and harvested before the intrusion of brackish water.

However, especially in the last decades, actions toward the environment have shifted strongly from adaptation to control and, at the same time, from decisions made at the farm level to centralized decisions on greater scales. The large-scale hydraulic control structures have targeted mainly the floods in the upper part of the delta and saline intrusion in the coastal areas. Thus, the Vietnamese Mekong Delta is
currently one of the most human-regulated water regimes of the basin and has much more flow-independent farming systems than, for example, the floodplains of Cambodia.The combination of the hydraulic control structures and agricultural modernization in terms of high-yield rice varieties and agrochemicals has made the delta an incredibly productive rice area, but along with higher yields and production goals,
there have also been such environmental consequences as worsening of the water quality, diminishing biodiversity, increased demand for water, and increased saline water intrusion. The modified distribution of water has also changed the distribution of risks: new canals and new control structures bring floods and saline intrusion to new areas. The costs and drawbacks of the engineering works have not been distributed
evenly. As is often the case, it seems that the most disadvantaged group is that of the poorest farmers and landless people.

In that context, Ca Mau with its southest location and longest coastline, is the most vulnerable area. Along with geological movement, this area expereriences adaptation as well as human control, at the same time exposes all complex demographic matter. Yet, this contains the most colourful biodiversity, many spieces are now in red list. Mui Ca Mau’s wetland was listed in Recommendation of National Marine Priority by Ministry of Aquiculture in 2005. It was also listed to nominate as coastal Ramsar site in 2006. In 31/05/2007, Vietnamese Prime Minister approved the “National Action Plan for Biodiversity to 2010 and Strategy to Implement Biodiversity Convention to 2020”, inside, Mui Ca Mau is one of critical sites for conservation, development and sustainable use of biodiversity in Vietnam.

The proposed Mui Ca Mau Biosphere Reserve has an area of 369,675 ha with 170,321 people living there. There are three core zones encompassing the stricly protected core zones of Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park and the coastal protected forests in Ca Mau Western. They are typical ecosystems that meet the UNESCO’s criterion such as example mangrove forest ecosystem, peat wetland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.. Each contains abundant biological and geological resources with high conservation, and has been preserved by international natural conservation organizations.

* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="0">
Image:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg|Mekong River and Mekong Delta
Image:Mekong Delta topography.jpg|Topographic elevation map
Image:Channel system.jpg|Dense canal system
Image:Rainfall.jpg|Spatial distribution of annual rainfall
Image:Saltinary.jpg|Salinity instrusion
</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-04T14:25:03Z

Trang23: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''AFFORESTATION IN CA MAU, VIETNAM'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Afforestation in Ca Mau, Vietnam''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ca Mau province''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Vietnam''
|-
| '''Author''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=9.183333
|lng=105.15
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Ca Mau, the southernmost province of Vietnam, is one of the lowest land in the world (only 0.5 - 1.3m). During a course of time, this region has been featured by an extraordinary geological movement, historical and economic changes, and nowadays facing climate change as the land is being taken away by the sea level. This area critically belongs to Mekong Delta, which is named as the "rice basket" of Vietnam.''
* ''Afforestation is a strategy to develop scenarios to deal with environmental pollution, changing agricultural system, urbanization...and most of all, using forest urbanism as a scenario coping with flooding, submergence and soil salinity.''
* ''In Vietnam, we address these Mekong Delta provinces as the most agriculturally profitable areas. But this also suffers from poverty, lack of education, pollution and a lot of social/political issues. I spent time in Ca Mau just enough to see massive mangrove forests cover the southern tip of the country. And after taking the online seminar "Climate Change" within Fluswikien framework, I started realising that nature soon takes over our country. I believe cautiously interacting with nature, using plants as critical materials is the right key to solve this problem.''

== Author's perspective ==
I have been practicing architecture profession for five years, few of my old projects happened to related directly to landscape architecture. My interest in landscape design grew through time then I decided to take two year course at IMLA (International Master degree of Landscape Architecture) in Germany. I believe plants should be considered as the major materials for designing nowadays, in the context of climate changing and urban interspace complex. I am now aiming to graduate as a landscape architect and bring plants and green space into my later career, instead of concrete and glass as what I did before.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
To understand Ca Mau's context, it is essential to have an overview of the whole Mekong Delta area. The Mekong Delta is a society where the waters of the Mekong River are present everywhere and in all the aspects of life, serving transportation, communication, fishing, agricultural, and aquacultural needs and all kind of daily domestic uses, often including drinking water. Life in the delta is greatly affected by the floods, rising and falling tides, and saline water intrusion from the sea. Water has always had two-sided effects in the delta. On one hand, the Mekong alluvium-rich waters bring many benefits to the area, such as soil fertility and productivity. On the other hand, the delta has been exposed to permanent threat of water disasters in the form of floods in the wet season and water scarcity and saline intrusion in the dry season. Attitudes toward the changing flow regime of the Mekong and the delta’s environment have been twofold, they have been characterized by human interventions and control but also by adaptation.

The conversion of marshes and forests of the delta into a landscape dominated by highly productive rice paddies did not happen without major human interventions. In 200 years, the delta has undergone dramatic ecological and economical transformation through major engineering and other public works, and its marshes, swamps, and forests have been turned into one of the main rice production and export areas of the whole world. Still, the society has had to learn how to live with the changing flow regime of the Mekong River caused by the monsoon climate and with the changing periods of both too much and too little water. For a long time, livelihoods and farming systems were characterized by adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. In upper parts of the delta, floating rice suited to the local flood and tidal regime
grew along with rising flood water, and was thus fed by it, and was harvested after the flood receded. In areas near the coast, the period with brackish water was avoided, and rain-fed rice was sown when the rains started and harvested before the intrusion of brackish water.

However, especially in the last decades, actions toward the environment have shifted strongly from adaptation to control and, at the same time, from decisions made at the farm level to centralized decisions on greater scales. The large-scale hydraulic control structures have targeted mainly the floods in the upper part of the delta and saline intrusion in the coastal areas. Thus, the Vietnamese Mekong Delta is
currently one of the most human-regulated water regimes of the basin and has much more flow-independent farming systems than, for example, the floodplains of Cambodia.The combination of the hydraulic control structures and agricultural modernization in terms of high-yield rice varieties and agrochemicals has made the delta an incredibly productive rice area, but along with higher yields and production goals,
there have also been such environmental consequences as worsening of the water quality, diminishing biodiversity, increased demand for water, and increased saline water intrusion. The modified distribution of water has also changed the distribution of risks: new canals and new control structures bring floods and saline intrusion to new areas. The costs and drawbacks of the engineering works have not been distributed
evenly. As is often the case, it seems that the most disadvantaged group is that of the poorest farmers and landless people.

In that context, Ca Mau with its southest location and longest coastline, is the most vulnerable area. Along with geological movement, this area expereriences adaptation as well as human control, at the same time exposes all complex demographic matter. Yet, this contains the most colourful biodiversity, many spieces are now in red list. Mui Ca Mau’s wetland was listed in Recommendation of National Marine Priority by Ministry of Aquiculture in 2005. It was also listed to nominate as coastal Ramsar site in 2006. In 31/05/2007, Vietnamese Prime Minister approved the “National Action Plan for Biodiversity to 2010 and Strategy to Implement Biodiversity Convention to 2020”, inside, Mui Ca Mau is one of critical sites for conservation, development and sustainable use of biodiversity in Vietnam.

The proposed Mui Ca Mau Biosphere Reserve has an area of 369,675 ha with 170,321 people living there. There are three core zones encompassing the stricly protected core zones of Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park and the coastal protected forests in Ca Mau Western. They are typical ecosystems that meet the UNESCO’s criterion such as example mangrove forest ecosystem, peat wetland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.. Each contains abundant biological and geological resources with high conservation, and has been preserved by international natural conservation organizations.

* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="0">
Image:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg|Mekong River and Mekong Delta
Image:Mekong Delta topography.jpg|Topographic elevation map
Image:Channel system.jpg|Dense canal system
Image:Rainfall.jpg|Spatial distribution of annual rainfall
Image:Saltinary.jpg|Salinity instrusion
</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-04T14:18:56Z

Trang23: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''AFFORESTATION IN CA MAU, VIETNAM'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Afforestation in Ca Mau, Vietnam''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ca Mau province''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Vietnam''
|-
| '''Author''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=9.183333
|lng=105.15
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Ca Mau, the southernmost province of Vietnam, is one of the lowest land in the world (only 0.5 - 1.3m). During a course of time, this region has been featured by an extraordinary geological movement, historical and economic changes, and nowadays facing climate change as the land is being taken away by the sea level. This area critically belongs to Mekong Delta, which is named as the "rice basket" of Vietnam.''
* ''Afforestation is a strategy to develop scenarios to deal with environmental pollution, changing agricultural system, urbanization...and most of all, using forest urbanism as a scenario coping with flooding, submergence and soil salinity.''
* ''In Vietnam, we address these Mekong Delta provinces as the most agriculturally profitable areas. But this also suffers from poverty, lack of education, pollution and a lot of social/political issues. I spent time in Ca Mau just enough to see massive mangrove forests cover the southern tip of the country. And after taking the online seminar "Climate Change" within Fluswikien framework, I started realising that nature soon takes over our country. I believe cautiously interacting with nature, using plants as critical materials is the right key to solve this problem.''

== Author's perspective ==
I have been practicing architecture profession for five years, few of my old projects happened to related directly to landscape architecture. My interest in landscape design grew through time then I decided to take two year course at IMLA (International Master degree of Landscape Architecture) in Germany. I believe plants should be considered as the major materials for designing nowadays, in the context of climate changing and urban interspace complex. I am now aiming to graduate as a landscape architect and bring plants and green space into my later career, instead of concrete and glass as what I did before.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
To understand Ca Mau's context, it is essential to have an overview of the whole Mekong Delta area. The Mekong Delta is a society where the waters of the Mekong River are present everywhere and in all the aspects of life, serving transportation, communication, fishing, agricultural, and aquacultural needs and all kind of daily domestic uses, often including drinking water. Life in the delta is greatly affected by the floods, rising and falling tides, and saline water intrusion from the sea. Water has always had two-sided effects in the delta. On one hand, the Mekong alluvium-rich waters bring many benefits to the area, such as soil fertility and productivity. On the other hand, the delta has been exposed to permanent threat of water disasters in the form of floods in the wet season and water scarcity and saline intrusion in the dry season. Attitudes toward the changing flow regime of the Mekong and the delta’s environment have been twofold, they have been characterized by human interventions and control but also by adaptation.

The conversion of marshes and forests of the delta into a landscape dominated by highly productive rice paddies did not happen without major human interventions. In 200 years, the delta has undergone dramatic ecological and economical transformation through major engineering and other public works, and its marshes, swamps, and forests have been turned into one of the main rice production and export areas of the whole world. Still, the society has had to learn how to live with the changing flow regime of the Mekong River caused by the monsoon climate and with the changing periods of both too much and too little water. For a long time, livelihoods and farming systems were characterized by adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. In upper parts of the delta, floating rice suited to the local flood and tidal regime
grew along with rising flood water, and was thus fed by it, and was harvested after the flood receded. In areas near the coast, the period with brackish water was avoided, and rain-fed rice was sown when the rains started and harvested before the intrusion of brackish water.

However, especially in the last decades, actions toward the environment have shifted strongly from adaptation to control and, at the same time, from decisions made at the farm level to centralized decisions on greater scales. The large-scale hydraulic control structures have targeted mainly the floods in the upper part of the delta and saline intrusion in the coastal areas. Thus, the Vietnamese Mekong Delta is
currently one of the most human-regulated water regimes of the basin and has much more flow-independent farming systems than, for example, the floodplains of Cambodia.The combination of the hydraulic control structures and agricultural modernization in terms of high-yield rice varieties and agrochemicals has made the delta an incredibly productive rice area, but along with higher yields and production goals,
there have also been such environmental consequences as worsening of the water quality, diminishing biodiversity, increased demand for water, and increased saline water intrusion. The modified distribution of water has also changed the distribution of risks: new canals and new control structures bring floods and saline intrusion to new areas. The costs and drawbacks of the engineering works have not been distributed
evenly. As is often the case, it seems that the most disadvantaged group is that of the poorest farmers and landless people.

In that context, Ca Mau with its southest location and longest coastline, is the most vulnerable area. Along with geological movement, this area expereriences adaptation as well as human control, at the same time exposes all complex demographic matter. Yet, this contains the most colourful biodiversity, many spieces are now in red list. Mui Ca Mau’s wetland was listed in Recommendation of National Marine Priority by Ministry of Aquiculture in 2005. It was also listed to nominate as coastal Ramsar site in 2006. In 31/05/2007, Vietnamese Prime Minister approved the “National Action Plan for Biodiversity to 2010 and Strategy to Implement Biodiversity Convention to 2020”, inside, Mui Ca Mau is one of critical sites for conservation, development and sustainable use of biodiversity in Vietnam.

The proposed Mui Ca Mau Biosphere Reserve has an area of 369,675 ha with 170,321 people living there. There are three core zones encompassing the stricly protected core zones of Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park and the coastal protected forests in Ca Mau Western. They are typical ecosystems that meet the UNESCO’s criterion such as example mangrove forest ecosystem, peat wetland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.. Each contains abundant biological and geological resources with high conservation, and has been preserved by international natural conservation organizations.

* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

[[File:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg|left|155x240px]]
[[Image:Mekong Delta topography.jpg|center|200x240px]]

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Presentation Seite 06.jpg

2013-12-04T14:15:28Z

Trang23: a water landscape

a water landscape

File:Rainfall.jpg

2013-12-04T14:13:16Z

Trang23: Rainfall

Rainfall

File:Saltinary.jpg

2013-12-04T14:11:24Z

Trang23: Saline intrusion

Saline intrusion

File:Mekong Delta Section.jpg

2013-12-04T14:08:44Z

Trang23: section

section

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-04T14:08:13Z

Trang23: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''AFFORESTATION IN CA MAU, VIETNAM'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Afforestation in Ca Mau, Vietnam''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ca Mau province''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Vietnam''
|-
| '''Author''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=9.183333
|lng=105.15
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Ca Mau, the southernmost province of Vietnam, is one of the lowest land in the world (only 0.5 - 1.3m). During a course of time, this region has been featured by an extraordinary geological movement, historical and economic changes, and nowadays facing climate change as the land is being taken away by the sea level. This area critically belongs to Mekong Delta, which is named as the "rice basket" of Vietnam.''
* ''Afforestation is a strategy to develop scenarios to deal with environmental pollution, changing agricultural system, urbanization...and most of all, using forest urbanism as a scenario coping with flooding, submergence and soil salinity.''
* ''In Vietnam, we address these Mekong Delta provinces as the most agriculturally profitable areas. But this also suffers from poverty, lack of education, pollution and a lot of social/political issues. I spent time in Ca Mau just enough to see massive mangrove forests cover the southern tip of the country. And after taking the online seminar "Climate Change" within Fluswikien framework, I started realising that nature soon takes over our country. I believe cautiously interacting with nature, using plants as critical materials is the right key to solve this problem.''

== Author's perspective ==
I have been practicing architecture profession for five years, few of my old projects happened to related directly to landscape architecture. My interest in landscape design grew through time then I decided to take two year course at IMLA (International Master degree of Landscape Architecture) in Germany. I believe plants should be considered as the major materials for designing nowadays, in the context of climate changing and urban interspace complex. I am now aiming to graduate as a landscape architect and bring plants and green space into my later career, instead of concrete and glass as what I did before.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
To understand Ca Mau's context, it is essential to have an overview of the whole Mekong Delta area. The Mekong Delta is a society where the waters of the Mekong River are present everywhere and in all the aspects of life, serving transportation, communication, fishing, agricultural, and aquacultural needs and all kind of daily domestic uses, often including drinking water. Life in the delta is greatly affected by the floods, rising and falling tides, and saline water intrusion from the sea. Water has always had two-sided effects in the delta. On one hand, the Mekong alluvium-rich waters bring many benefits to the area, such as soil fertility and productivity. On the other hand, the delta has been exposed to permanent threat of water disasters in the form of floods in the wet season and water scarcity and saline intrusion in the dry season. Attitudes toward the changing flow regime of the Mekong and the delta’s environment have been twofold, they have been characterized by human interventions and control but also by adaptation.

The conversion of marshes and forests of the delta into a landscape dominated by highly productive rice paddies did not happen without major human interventions. In 200 years, the delta has undergone dramatic ecological and economical transformation through major engineering and other public works, and its marshes, swamps, and forests have been turned into one of the main rice production and export areas of the whole world. Still, the society has had to learn how to live with the changing flow regime of the Mekong River caused by the monsoon climate and with the changing periods of both too much and too little water. For a long time, livelihoods and farming systems were characterized by adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. In upper parts of the delta, floating rice suited to the local flood and tidal regime
grew along with rising flood water, and was thus fed by it, and was harvested after the flood receded. In areas near the coast, the period with brackish water was avoided, and rain-fed rice was sown when the rains started and harvested before the intrusion of brackish water.

However, especially in the last decades, actions toward the environment have shifted strongly from adaptation to control and, at the same time, from decisions made at the farm level to centralized decisions on greater scales. The large-scale hydraulic control structures have targeted mainly the floods in the upper part of the delta and saline intrusion in the coastal areas. Thus, the Vietnamese Mekong Delta is
currently one of the most human-regulated water regimes of the basin and has much more flow-independent farming systems than, for example, the floodplains of Cambodia.The combination of the hydraulic control structures and agricultural modernization in terms of high-yield rice varieties and agrochemicals has made the delta an incredibly productive rice area, but along with higher yields and production goals,
there have also been such environmental consequences as worsening of the water quality, diminishing biodiversity, increased demand for water, and increased saline water intrusion. The modified distribution of water has also changed the distribution of risks: new canals and new control structures bring floods and saline intrusion to new areas. The costs and drawbacks of the engineering works have not been distributed
evenly. As is often the case, it seems that the most disadvantaged group is that of the poorest farmers and landless people.

In that context, Ca Mau with its southest location and longest coastline, is the most vulnerable area. Along with geological movement, this area expereriences adaptation as well as human control, at the same time exposes all complex demographic matter. Yet, this contains the most colourful biodiversity, many spieces are now in red list. Mui Ca Mau’s wetland was listed in Recommendation of National Marine Priority by Ministry of Aquiculture in 2005. It was also listed to nominate as coastal Ramsar site in 2006. In 31/05/2007, Vietnamese Prime Minister approved the “National Action Plan for Biodiversity to 2010 and Strategy to Implement Biodiversity Convention to 2020”, inside, Mui Ca Mau is one of critical sites for conservation, development and sustainable use of biodiversity in Vietnam.

The proposed Mui Ca Mau Biosphere Reserve has an area of 369,675 ha with 170,321 people living there. There are three core zones encompassing the stricly protected core zones of Mui Ca Mau National Park, U Minh Ha National Park and the coastal protected forests in Ca Mau Western. They are typical ecosystems that meet the UNESCO’s criterion such as example mangrove forest ecosystem, peat wetland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, etc.. Each contains abundant biological and geological resources with high conservation, and has been preserved by international natural conservation organizations.

* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

[[File:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg|left|155x240px]]

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Presentation Seite 12.jpg

2013-12-04T14:05:12Z

Trang23: colourful biodiversity

colourful biodiversity

File:Ca mau (3).jpg

2013-12-04T14:03:06Z

Trang23:

File:Flooded area.jpg

2013-12-04T13:57:08Z

Trang23: Flooded areas

Flooded areas

File:Channel system.jpg

2013-12-04T13:46:44Z

Trang23: Dense canal system

Dense canal system

File:Mekong Delta topography.jpg

2013-12-04T13:43:54Z

Trang23: Mekong Delta topography

Mekong Delta topography

File:MRB Mekong River Basin Dams.jpg

2013-12-04T12:22:40Z

Trang23:

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-04T11:51:42Z

Trang23: /* Author's perspective */

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-12-04T11:18:19Z

Trang23:

Planting Design 2013 - Working Group 24

2013-12-03T14:10:39Z

Trang23: /* Assignment 2 - Lecture Concept Map */

--> Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_International_Perspectives_Planting_Design_2013|working group overview]]

''Dear working group members. This is your group page and you will be completing the template gradually as we move through the seminar. Each member has an individual page for documenting his/her personal case. Good luck and enjoy your collaboration!
''

== Assignment 2 - Lecture Concept Map ==

<gallery caption=" " widths="1250px" heights="750px" perrow="3">
File:Online Seminar Session Nov 20th Group 24.jpg|''Prof. Kristin Faurest's lecture on November 20th on topic "Nature and Nation: the ecology, culture and identity of using native plants''
</gallery>

== Assignment 3 - Images of Nature in your Environment ==

*'''Assigned: Wednesday, October 30'''
*'''Due: Tuesday, December 3'''

''An 'image of nature' can be any planting design or vegetation structure. It might be on a local scale in your direct vicinity or be a part of a wider landscape structure. Each group member finds an individual page here that links to a template. You can use this template for documenting your case.''

=== [[Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A|Case Study A]] ===
=== [[Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study B|Case Study B]] ===
=== [[Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study C|Case Study C]] ===

== Assignment 4 - Collaborative Planting Design ==

*'''Assigned: Wednesday, December 4'''
*'''Due: Tuesday, January 21'''
''The template for the collaborative part will be added soon''

----

[[Category: Planting Design 2013 Working Group]]

File:Online Seminar Session Nov 20th Group 24.jpg

2013-12-03T14:04:35Z

Trang23:

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-11-17T22:13:17Z

Trang23: /* Rationale: Why is this case interesting? */

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-11-17T21:38:47Z

Trang23:

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 24 - Case Study A

2013-11-17T20:10:07Z

Trang23:

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_24|working group 24]]

'''''Please add the title of your case study here, adjust the map coordinates and replace the moa image with a characteristic image of your site'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' add name''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''add location''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''add country''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''add author''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=71.295556
|lng=-156.766389
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please give a short introduction to the site you have selected (not more than 150 words)
* ''Why did you select it?''
* ''Is it exemplary for a specific theme or a problem?''
* ''In how far does it relate to your life?''

== Author's perspective ==
''From which professional background/perspective are your documenting this case?''

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Mekong delta.jpg

2013-11-17T17:08:31Z

Trang23:

File:Mekong Delta, An Giang Province, Vietnam.jpg

2013-11-17T17:07:58Z

Trang23:

Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2013-01-29T07:12:39Z

Trang23: /* Concept Map */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Designing the Urban Climate / Dr.Dipl.Ing. MA(AA) Sanda Lenzholzer ==

== Concept Map ==

[[File:Group O Seminar Concept Map.jpg|800x600px]]]

== Discussion ==
I think we need more methods to analysis the climate change, not just on wind,ventilation,heat issues, etc. Probably we can from the entire solar system and geothermy to analysis or predict.---Jiang

Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2013-01-29T07:11:39Z

Trang23: /* Concept Map */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Designing the Urban Climate / Dr.Dipl.Ing. MA(AA) Sanda Lenzholzer ==

== Concept Map ==

[[File:Group O Seminar Concept Map.jpg]]

== Discussion ==
I think we need more methods to analysis the climate change, not just on wind,ventilation,heat issues, etc. Probably we can from the entire solar system and geothermy to analysis or predict.---Jiang

File:Group O Seminar Concept Map.jpg

2013-01-29T07:10:59Z

Trang23:

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-15T02:49:33Z

Trang23: /* Urban context */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

* At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. Situated in the region of northern Alps, the winter in Bavaria is comparatively harsh.

There is only partial evidence for an increase in climate extremes, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls and storms. Extreme heat events, such as heat days (T>30ºC) or
heat waves (intervals of more than three days during which the maximum daily temperature lies above a certain high threshold, relative to the specific temperature
standard of the weather station) exhibit a definite trend. For example, the probability of occurrence of heat days in the months of July and August has risen over the last
one hundred, and especially markedly during the last twenty years at almost all weather stations in Germany. The intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme
rainfall events have increased especially during the last forty years of the 20th century.

There is also a tendency of increased probability of occurrence of extremely high daily wind speed maxima (Bft>8) during winter. (13)

'''''Expected changing'''''

* Long-term weather recording shows that Germany is already affected by climate change. Regarding temperature development, the 1990s were observed to be the warmest decade in Germany during the 20th century, in accordance to the global observation. The annual average temperature increased by ca. 0.8 to 1ºC between 1900 and 2000. However, this warming did not occur linearly. A strong warming up to 1911 was followed by a heterogeneous period. The 1940s were exceptionally warm. After a cooling trend up to the 1970s we now observe a continuous and rapid temperature increase that still continues today. There is strong regional variation. In the last decade (1990s), the temperature rise in southern and south-western Germany was exceptionally strong (13). Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average (14).

The range of warming of the long-term annual average temperatures up to the year 2080 is forecasted to increase +1.6 to +3.8ºC. Many scenarios show a particularly strong warming in the south-west. The scenarios exhibit heterogeneous seasonal changes. The trend of stronger warming during winter, observed in the past, cannot be found in the future scenarios.

* Precipitation in Germany is characterised by strong regional and seasonal variations. In the long term, neither the average values nor the seasonal or regional distribution
show significant trends. During the last 100 years there has been a small trend towards increased winter precipitation, but this trend is not significant. In the last 30 years, however, there was indeed a definite increase in winter precipitation. Summer precipitation in contrast showed little change. Changes in the duration of snow cover are also relevant. Since 1950, a decrease by 30-40% in the duration of snow cover has been observed in altitudes below 300m in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

All climate scenarios show very small changes in annual precipitation, which lie mostly below 10% up to the year 2080. Stronger trends can be found in winter and summer
precipitation. An especially pronounced increase in winter precipitation was projected for Southern Germany (13).

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="6">
Image:European climate change.jpg|European climate change
Image:Air temperature-Germany.png|Temperature changing in Germany
Image:Ground temperature-Germany.jpg|Ground temperature changing in Germany
Image:Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance.jpg |Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance
Image:Klima-parsberg-bei-muenchen-sonnenstunden-regentage.gif|Sunny and rainy hours in Munich
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* The southern Germany will be especially suffered from high temperature. This region, where the highest temperatures are measured today, is expected to show the strongest warming in Germany in the future. This causes high vulnerability without further adaptation in the health sector. Furthermore, agriculture and forestry are highly vulnerable to rapid warming.

* The risk of flooding in the early spring increases (in 1996 and 2005, Munich confronted the floods from the river Isar) owing to a shift of precipitation from summer to winter, as
well as an increase in extreme rainfall events. This was caused partly by the rapid industrialisation an increasing sealed ground in the past, since then the city of Munich has adjusted its policy and carried on several plans to prevent floods and also created more green space for people along the river.

* In Bavaria’s first ever glacier report, it found that the total area of the state’s five glaciers has dropped from four square kilometers in 1820 to 0.7 square kilometers today, and that the anticipated warming of the region will cause even more melting. The only glacier that is expected to survive after 30 years is the famous Höllentalferner Glacier, which is protected from sunshine by high cliffs. During a presentation of the report in Munich, Bavarian Environment Minister Marcel Huber announced that Bavaria would spend more than $1.3
billion on climate protection and on Germany's planned nuclear energy phase-out to combat rising temperatures (15).

* Also in the Alps area, especially in the nature conservation sector, the habitats are very vulnerable, because they are characterised by many endemic plant and
animal species, which hardly have any migratory alternatives when climate changes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Drying plants.jpg|Drying plant rate in Germany
Image:Munich-Isar-1613.jpg|Isar river in 1613 was much larger than today
Image:Isar water levels.jpg|Isar's water levels in recent 10 years
Image:Isar flood.jpg|The flood in 2005
Image:Media.media.29c6b0a1-290b-4606-9d87-b9754d7354e1.normalized.jpeg|The flood in 2005
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:Pascu Slide.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) Climate Change in Germany. Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Climate-Sensitive Sectors (ENVIORNMENTAL RESEARCH PLAN OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION, AND NUCLEAR SAFETY. Research Report 201 41 253. UBA-FB 000844)

(14) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

(15) http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/bavarian-glaciers-to-melt-within-the-next-30-years-a-842298.html

Konversion am Ackermannbogen - Städtebauliches Konzept und Freiraumplanung am Beispiel Waldmann-Stetten-Kaserne, München (Verena Rommel und Klaus Sörensen)

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T04:37:22Z

Trang23: /* References */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south. 1991
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

* At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. Situated in the region of northern Alps, the winter in Bavaria is comparatively harsh.

There is only partial evidence for an increase in climate extremes, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls and storms. Extreme heat events, such as heat days (T>30ºC) or
heat waves (intervals of more than three days during which the maximum daily temperature lies above a certain high threshold, relative to the specific temperature
standard of the weather station) exhibit a definite trend. For example, the probability of occurrence of heat days in the months of July and August has risen over the last
one hundred, and especially markedly during the last twenty years at almost all weather stations in Germany. The intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme
rainfall events have increased especially during the last forty years of the 20th century.

There is also a tendency of increased probability of occurrence of extremely high daily wind speed maxima (Bft>8) during winter. (13)

'''''Expected changing'''''

* Long-term weather recording shows that Germany is already affected by climate change. Regarding temperature development, the 1990s were observed to be the warmest decade in Germany during the 20th century, in accordance to the global observation. The annual average temperature increased by ca. 0.8 to 1ºC between 1900 and 2000. However, this warming did not occur linearly. A strong warming up to 1911 was followed by a heterogeneous period. The 1940s were exceptionally warm. After a cooling trend up to the 1970s we now observe a continuous and rapid temperature increase that still continues today. There is strong regional variation. In the last decade (1990s), the temperature rise in southern and south-western Germany was exceptionally strong (13). Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average (14).

The range of warming of the long-term annual average temperatures up to the year 2080 is forecasted to increase +1.6 to +3.8ºC. Many scenarios show a particularly strong warming in the south-west. The scenarios exhibit heterogeneous seasonal changes. The trend of stronger warming during winter, observed in the past, cannot be found in the future scenarios.

* Precipitation in Germany is characterised by strong regional and seasonal variations. In the long term, neither the average values nor the seasonal or regional distribution
show significant trends. During the last 100 years there has been a small trend towards increased winter precipitation, but this trend is not significant. In the last 30 years, however, there was indeed a definite increase in winter precipitation. Summer precipitation in contrast showed little change. Changes in the duration of snow cover are also relevant. Since 1950, a decrease by 30-40% in the duration of snow cover has been observed in altitudes below 300m in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

All climate scenarios show very small changes in annual precipitation, which lie mostly below 10% up to the year 2080. Stronger trends can be found in winter and summer
precipitation. An especially pronounced increase in winter precipitation was projected for Southern Germany (13).

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="6">
Image:European climate change.jpg|European climate change
Image:Air temperature-Germany.png|Temperature changing in Germany
Image:Ground temperature-Germany.jpg|Ground temperature changing in Germany
Image:Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance.jpg |Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance
Image:Klima-parsberg-bei-muenchen-sonnenstunden-regentage.gif|Sunny and rainy hours in Munich
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* The southern Germany will be especially suffered from high temperature. This region, where the highest temperatures are measured today, is expected to show the strongest warming in Germany in the future. This causes high vulnerability without further adaptation in the health sector. Furthermore, agriculture and forestry are highly vulnerable to rapid warming.

* The risk of flooding in the early spring increases (in 1996 and 2005, Munich confronted the floods from the river Isar) owing to a shift of precipitation from summer to winter, as
well as an increase in extreme rainfall events. This was caused partly by the rapid industrialisation an increasing sealed ground in the past, since then the city of Munich has adjusted its policy and carried on several plans to prevent floods and also created more green space for people along the river.

* In Bavaria’s first ever glacier report, it found that the total area of the state’s five glaciers has dropped from four square kilometers in 1820 to 0.7 square kilometers today, and that the anticipated warming of the region will cause even more melting. The only glacier that is expected to survive after 30 years is the famous Höllentalferner Glacier, which is protected from sunshine by high cliffs. During a presentation of the report in Munich, Bavarian Environment Minister Marcel Huber announced that Bavaria would spend more than $1.3
billion on climate protection and on Germany's planned nuclear energy phase-out to combat rising temperatures (15).

* Also in the Alps area, especially in the nature conservation sector, the habitats are very vulnerable, because they are characterised by many endemic plant and
animal species, which hardly have any migratory alternatives when climate changes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Drying plants.jpg|Drying plant rate in Germany
Image:Munich-Isar-1613.jpg|Isar river in 1613 was much larger than today
Image:Isar water levels.jpg|Isar's water levels in recent 10 years
Image:Isar flood.jpg|The flood in 2005
Image:Media.media.29c6b0a1-290b-4606-9d87-b9754d7354e1.normalized.jpeg|The flood in 2005
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:addnewimagename.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) Climate Change in Germany. Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Climate-Sensitive Sectors (ENVIORNMENTAL RESEARCH PLAN OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION, AND NUCLEAR SAFETY. Research Report 201 41 253. UBA-FB 000844)

(14) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

(15) http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/bavarian-glaciers-to-melt-within-the-next-30-years-a-842298.html

Konversion am Ackermannbogen - Städtebauliches Konzept und Freiraumplanung am Beispiel Waldmann-Stetten-Kaserne, München (Verena Rommel und Klaus Sörensen)

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T04:28:18Z

Trang23: /* Analysis of vulnerability */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south. 1991
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

* At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. Situated in the region of northern Alps, the winter in Bavaria is comparatively harsh.

There is only partial evidence for an increase in climate extremes, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls and storms. Extreme heat events, such as heat days (T>30ºC) or
heat waves (intervals of more than three days during which the maximum daily temperature lies above a certain high threshold, relative to the specific temperature
standard of the weather station) exhibit a definite trend. For example, the probability of occurrence of heat days in the months of July and August has risen over the last
one hundred, and especially markedly during the last twenty years at almost all weather stations in Germany. The intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme
rainfall events have increased especially during the last forty years of the 20th century.

There is also a tendency of increased probability of occurrence of extremely high daily wind speed maxima (Bft>8) during winter. (13)

'''''Expected changing'''''

* Long-term weather recording shows that Germany is already affected by climate change. Regarding temperature development, the 1990s were observed to be the warmest decade in Germany during the 20th century, in accordance to the global observation. The annual average temperature increased by ca. 0.8 to 1ºC between 1900 and 2000. However, this warming did not occur linearly. A strong warming up to 1911 was followed by a heterogeneous period. The 1940s were exceptionally warm. After a cooling trend up to the 1970s we now observe a continuous and rapid temperature increase that still continues today. There is strong regional variation. In the last decade (1990s), the temperature rise in southern and south-western Germany was exceptionally strong (13). Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average (14).

The range of warming of the long-term annual average temperatures up to the year 2080 is forecasted to increase +1.6 to +3.8ºC. Many scenarios show a particularly strong warming in the south-west. The scenarios exhibit heterogeneous seasonal changes. The trend of stronger warming during winter, observed in the past, cannot be found in the future scenarios.

* Precipitation in Germany is characterised by strong regional and seasonal variations. In the long term, neither the average values nor the seasonal or regional distribution
show significant trends. During the last 100 years there has been a small trend towards increased winter precipitation, but this trend is not significant. In the last 30 years, however, there was indeed a definite increase in winter precipitation. Summer precipitation in contrast showed little change. Changes in the duration of snow cover are also relevant. Since 1950, a decrease by 30-40% in the duration of snow cover has been observed in altitudes below 300m in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

All climate scenarios show very small changes in annual precipitation, which lie mostly below 10% up to the year 2080. Stronger trends can be found in winter and summer
precipitation. An especially pronounced increase in winter precipitation was projected for Southern Germany (13).

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="6">
Image:European climate change.jpg|European climate change
Image:Air temperature-Germany.png|Temperature changing in Germany
Image:Ground temperature-Germany.jpg|Ground temperature changing in Germany
Image:Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance.jpg |Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance
Image:Klima-parsberg-bei-muenchen-sonnenstunden-regentage.gif|Sunny and rainy hours in Munich
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* The southern Germany will be especially suffered from high temperature. This region, where the highest temperatures are measured today, is expected to show the strongest warming in Germany in the future. This causes high vulnerability without further adaptation in the health sector. Furthermore, agriculture and forestry are highly vulnerable to rapid warming.

* The risk of flooding in the early spring increases (in 1996 and 2005, Munich confronted the floods from the river Isar) owing to a shift of precipitation from summer to winter, as
well as an increase in extreme rainfall events. This was caused partly by the rapid industrialisation an increasing sealed ground in the past, since then the city of Munich has adjusted its policy and carried on several plans to prevent floods and also created more green space for people along the river.

* In Bavaria’s first ever glacier report, it found that the total area of the state’s five glaciers has dropped from four square kilometers in 1820 to 0.7 square kilometers today, and that the anticipated warming of the region will cause even more melting. The only glacier that is expected to survive after 30 years is the famous Höllentalferner Glacier, which is protected from sunshine by high cliffs. During a presentation of the report in Munich, Bavarian Environment Minister Marcel Huber announced that Bavaria would spend more than $1.3
billion on climate protection and on Germany's planned nuclear energy phase-out to combat rising temperatures (15).

* Also in the Alps area, especially in the nature conservation sector, the habitats are very vulnerable, because they are characterised by many endemic plant and
animal species, which hardly have any migratory alternatives when climate changes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Drying plants.jpg|Drying plant rate in Germany
Image:Munich-Isar-1613.jpg|Isar river in 1613 was much larger than today
Image:Isar water levels.jpg|Isar's water levels in recent 10 years
Image:Isar flood.jpg|The flood in 2005
Image:Media.media.29c6b0a1-290b-4606-9d87-b9754d7354e1.normalized.jpeg|The flood in 2005
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:addnewimagename.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) Climate Change in Germany. Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Climate-Sensitive Sectors (ENVIORNMENTAL RESEARCH PLAN OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION, AND NUCLEAR SAFETY. Research Report 201 41 253. UBA-FB 000844)

(14) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

(15) http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/bavarian-glaciers-to-melt-within-the-next-30-years-a-842298.html

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T04:20:32Z

Trang23: /* References */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south. 1991
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

* At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. Situated in the region of northern Alps, the winter in Bavaria is comparatively harsh.

There is only partial evidence for an increase in climate extremes, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls and storms. Extreme heat events, such as heat days (T>30ºC) or
heat waves (intervals of more than three days during which the maximum daily temperature lies above a certain high threshold, relative to the specific temperature
standard of the weather station) exhibit a definite trend. For example, the probability of occurrence of heat days in the months of July and August has risen over the last
one hundred, and especially markedly during the last twenty years at almost all weather stations in Germany. The intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme
rainfall events have increased especially during the last forty years of the 20th century.

There is also a tendency of increased probability of occurrence of extremely high daily wind speed maxima (Bft>8) during winter. (13)

'''''Expected changing'''''

* Long-term weather recording shows that Germany is already affected by climate change. Regarding temperature development, the 1990s were observed to be the warmest decade in Germany during the 20th century, in accordance to the global observation. The annual average temperature increased by ca. 0.8 to 1ºC between 1900 and 2000. However, this warming did not occur linearly. A strong warming up to 1911 was followed by a heterogeneous period. The 1940s were exceptionally warm. After a cooling trend up to the 1970s we now observe a continuous and rapid temperature increase that still continues today. There is strong regional variation. In the last decade (1990s), the temperature rise in southern and south-western Germany was exceptionally strong (13). Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average (14).

The range of warming of the long-term annual average temperatures up to the year 2080 is forecasted to increase +1.6 to +3.8ºC. Many scenarios show a particularly strong warming in the south-west. The scenarios exhibit heterogeneous seasonal changes. The trend of stronger warming during winter, observed in the past, cannot be found in the future scenarios.

* Precipitation in Germany is characterised by strong regional and seasonal variations. In the long term, neither the average values nor the seasonal or regional distribution
show significant trends. During the last 100 years there has been a small trend towards increased winter precipitation, but this trend is not significant. In the last 30 years, however, there was indeed a definite increase in winter precipitation. Summer precipitation in contrast showed little change. Changes in the duration of snow cover are also relevant. Since 1950, a decrease by 30-40% in the duration of snow cover has been observed in altitudes below 300m in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

All climate scenarios show very small changes in annual precipitation, which lie mostly below 10% up to the year 2080. Stronger trends can be found in winter and summer
precipitation. An especially pronounced increase in winter precipitation was projected for Southern Germany (13).

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="6">
Image:European climate change.jpg|European climate change
Image:Air temperature-Germany.png|Temperature changing in Germany
Image:Ground temperature-Germany.jpg|Ground temperature changing in Germany
Image:Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance.jpg |Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance
Image:Klima-parsberg-bei-muenchen-sonnenstunden-regentage.gif|Sunny and rainy hours in Munich
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

—and the south German state of Bavaria says most of its glaciers will disappear over the next few decades as a result. In Bavaria’s first ever glacier report, it found that the total area of the state’s five glaciers has dropped from four square kilometers in 1820 to 0.7 square kilometers today, and that the anticipated warming of the region will cause even more melting. The only glacier that is expected to survive after 30 years is the famous Höllentalferner Glacier, which is protected from sunshine by high cliffs. During a presentation of the report in Munich, Bavarian Environment Minister Marcel Huber announced that Bavaria would spend more than $1.3 billion on climate protection and on Germany's planned nuclear energy phase-out to combat rising temperatures.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:addnewimagename.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) Climate Change in Germany. Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Climate-Sensitive Sectors (ENVIORNMENTAL RESEARCH PLAN OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION, AND NUCLEAR SAFETY. Research Report 201 41 253. UBA-FB 000844)

(14) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

(15) http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/bavarian-glaciers-to-melt-within-the-next-30-years-a-842298.html

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T04:04:45Z

Trang23: /* References */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south. 1991
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

* At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. Situated in the region of northern Alps, the winter in Bavaria is comparatively harsh.

There is only partial evidence for an increase in climate extremes, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls and storms. Extreme heat events, such as heat days (T>30ºC) or
heat waves (intervals of more than three days during which the maximum daily temperature lies above a certain high threshold, relative to the specific temperature
standard of the weather station) exhibit a definite trend. For example, the probability of occurrence of heat days in the months of July and August has risen over the last
one hundred, and especially markedly during the last twenty years at almost all weather stations in Germany. The intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme
rainfall events have increased especially during the last forty years of the 20th century.

There is also a tendency of increased probability of occurrence of extremely high daily wind speed maxima (Bft>8) during winter. (13)

'''''Expected changing'''''

* Long-term weather recording shows that Germany is already affected by climate change. Regarding temperature development, the 1990s were observed to be the warmest decade in Germany during the 20th century, in accordance to the global observation. The annual average temperature increased by ca. 0.8 to 1ºC between 1900 and 2000. However, this warming did not occur linearly. A strong warming up to 1911 was followed by a heterogeneous period. The 1940s were exceptionally warm. After a cooling trend up to the 1970s we now observe a continuous and rapid temperature increase that still continues today. There is strong regional variation. In the last decade (1990s), the temperature rise in southern and south-western Germany was exceptionally strong (13). Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average (14).

The range of warming of the long-term annual average temperatures up to the year 2080 is forecasted to increase +1.6 to +3.8ºC. Many scenarios show a particularly strong warming in the south-west. The scenarios exhibit heterogeneous seasonal changes. The trend of stronger warming during winter, observed in the past, cannot be found in the future scenarios.

* Precipitation in Germany is characterised by strong regional and seasonal variations. In the long term, neither the average values nor the seasonal or regional distribution
show significant trends. During the last 100 years there has been a small trend towards increased winter precipitation, but this trend is not significant. In the last 30 years, however, there was indeed a definite increase in winter precipitation. Summer precipitation in contrast showed little change. Changes in the duration of snow cover are also relevant. Since 1950, a decrease by 30-40% in the duration of snow cover has been observed in altitudes below 300m in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

All climate scenarios show very small changes in annual precipitation, which lie mostly below 10% up to the year 2080. Stronger trends can be found in winter and summer
precipitation. An especially pronounced increase in winter precipitation was projected for Southern Germany (13).

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="6">
Image:European climate change.jpg|European climate change
Image:Air temperature-Germany.png|Temperature changing in Germany
Image:Ground temperature-Germany.jpg|Ground temperature changing in Germany
Image:Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance.jpg |Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance
Image:Klima-parsberg-bei-muenchen-sonnenstunden-regentage.gif|Sunny and rainy hours in Munich
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

—and the south German state of Bavaria says most of its glaciers will disappear over the next few decades as a result. In Bavaria’s first ever glacier report, it found that the total area of the state’s five glaciers has dropped from four square kilometers in 1820 to 0.7 square kilometers today, and that the anticipated warming of the region will cause even more melting. The only glacier that is expected to survive after 30 years is the famous Höllentalferner Glacier, which is protected from sunshine by high cliffs. During a presentation of the report in Munich, Bavarian Environment Minister Marcel Huber announced that Bavaria would spend more than $1.3 billion on climate protection and on Germany's planned nuclear energy phase-out to combat rising temperatures.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:addnewimagename.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) Climate Change in Germany. Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Climate-Sensitive Sectors (ENVIORNMENTAL RESEARCH PLAN OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION, AND NUCLEAR SAFETY. Research Report 201 41 253. UBA-FB 000844)

(14) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T04:02:21Z

Trang23: /* Local Climate */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
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=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south. 1991
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

* At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. Situated in the region of northern Alps, the winter in Bavaria is comparatively harsh.

There is only partial evidence for an increase in climate extremes, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls and storms. Extreme heat events, such as heat days (T>30ºC) or
heat waves (intervals of more than three days during which the maximum daily temperature lies above a certain high threshold, relative to the specific temperature
standard of the weather station) exhibit a definite trend. For example, the probability of occurrence of heat days in the months of July and August has risen over the last
one hundred, and especially markedly during the last twenty years at almost all weather stations in Germany. The intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme
rainfall events have increased especially during the last forty years of the 20th century.

There is also a tendency of increased probability of occurrence of extremely high daily wind speed maxima (Bft>8) during winter. (13)

'''''Expected changing'''''

* Long-term weather recording shows that Germany is already affected by climate change. Regarding temperature development, the 1990s were observed to be the warmest decade in Germany during the 20th century, in accordance to the global observation. The annual average temperature increased by ca. 0.8 to 1ºC between 1900 and 2000. However, this warming did not occur linearly. A strong warming up to 1911 was followed by a heterogeneous period. The 1940s were exceptionally warm. After a cooling trend up to the 1970s we now observe a continuous and rapid temperature increase that still continues today. There is strong regional variation. In the last decade (1990s), the temperature rise in southern and south-western Germany was exceptionally strong (13). Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average (14).

The range of warming of the long-term annual average temperatures up to the year 2080 is forecasted to increase +1.6 to +3.8ºC. Many scenarios show a particularly strong warming in the south-west. The scenarios exhibit heterogeneous seasonal changes. The trend of stronger warming during winter, observed in the past, cannot be found in the future scenarios.

* Precipitation in Germany is characterised by strong regional and seasonal variations. In the long term, neither the average values nor the seasonal or regional distribution
show significant trends. During the last 100 years there has been a small trend towards increased winter precipitation, but this trend is not significant. In the last 30 years, however, there was indeed a definite increase in winter precipitation. Summer precipitation in contrast showed little change. Changes in the duration of snow cover are also relevant. Since 1950, a decrease by 30-40% in the duration of snow cover has been observed in altitudes below 300m in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

All climate scenarios show very small changes in annual precipitation, which lie mostly below 10% up to the year 2080. Stronger trends can be found in winter and summer
precipitation. An especially pronounced increase in winter precipitation was projected for Southern Germany (13).

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="6">
Image:European climate change.jpg|European climate change
Image:Air temperature-Germany.png|Temperature changing in Germany
Image:Ground temperature-Germany.jpg|Ground temperature changing in Germany
Image:Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance.jpg |Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance
Image:Klima-parsberg-bei-muenchen-sonnenstunden-regentage.gif|Sunny and rainy hours in Munich
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

—and the south German state of Bavaria says most of its glaciers will disappear over the next few decades as a result. In Bavaria’s first ever glacier report, it found that the total area of the state’s five glaciers has dropped from four square kilometers in 1820 to 0.7 square kilometers today, and that the anticipated warming of the region will cause even more melting. The only glacier that is expected to survive after 30 years is the famous Höllentalferner Glacier, which is protected from sunshine by high cliffs. During a presentation of the report in Munich, Bavarian Environment Minister Marcel Huber announced that Bavaria would spend more than $1.3 billion on climate protection and on Germany's planned nuclear energy phase-out to combat rising temperatures.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:addnewimagename.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T04:00:44Z

Trang23: /* Local Climate */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south. 1991
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

* At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. Situated in the region of northern Alps, the winter in Bavaria is comparatively harsh.

There is only partial evidence for an increase in climate extremes, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls and storms. Extreme heat events, such as heat days (T>30ºC) or
heat waves (intervals of more than three days during which the maximum daily temperature lies above a certain high threshold, relative to the specific temperature
standard of the weather station) exhibit a definite trend. For example, the probability of occurrence of heat days in the months of July and August has risen over the last
one hundred, and especially markedly during the last twenty years at almost all weather stations in Germany. The intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme
rainfall events have increased especially during the last forty years of the 20th century.

There is also a tendency of increased probability of occurrence of extremely high daily wind speed maxima (Bft>8) during winter. (13)

'''''Expected changing'''''

* Long-term weather recording shows that Germany is already affected by climate change. Regarding temperature development, the 1990s were observed to be the warmest decade in Germany during the 20th century, in accordance to the global observation. The annual average temperature increased by ca. 0.8 to 1ºC between 1900 and 2000. However, this warming did not occur linearly. A strong warming up to 1911 was followed by a heterogeneous period. The 1940s were exceptionally warm. After a cooling trend up to the 1970s we now observe a continuous and rapid temperature increase that still continues today. There is strong regional variation. In the last decade (1990s), the temperature rise in southern and south-western Germany was exceptionally strong (13). Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average (14).

The range of warming of the long-term annual average temperatures up to the year 2080 is forecasted to increase +1.6 to +3.8ºC. Many scenarios show a particularly strong warming in the south-west. The scenarios exhibit heterogeneous seasonal changes. The trend of stronger warming during winter, observed in the past, cannot be found in the future scenarios.

* Precipitation in Germany is characterised by strong regional and seasonal variations. In the long term, neither the average values nor the seasonal or regional distribution
show significant trends. During the last 100 years there has been a small trend towards increased winter precipitation, but this trend is not significant. In the last 30 years, however, there was indeed a definite increase in winter precipitation. Summer precipitation in contrast showed little change. Changes in the duration of snow cover are also relevant. Since 1950, a decrease by 30-40% in the duration of snow cover has been observed in altitudes below 300m in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

All climate scenarios show very small changes in annual precipitation, which lie mostly below 10% up to the year 2080. Stronger trends can be found in winter and summer
precipitation. An especially pronounced increase in winter precipitation was projected for Southern Germany (13).

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:European climate change.jpg|European climate change
Image:Air temperature-Germany.png|Temperature changing in Germany
Image:Ground temperature-Germany.jpg|Ground temperature changing in Germany
Image:Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance.jpg |Increase in Mean Temperature and Variance
Image:Klima-parsberg-bei-muenchen-sonnenstunden-regentage.gif|Sunny and rainy hours in Munich
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

—and the south German state of Bavaria says most of its glaciers will disappear over the next few decades as a result. In Bavaria’s first ever glacier report, it found that the total area of the state’s five glaciers has dropped from four square kilometers in 1820 to 0.7 square kilometers today, and that the anticipated warming of the region will cause even more melting. The only glacier that is expected to survive after 30 years is the famous Höllentalferner Glacier, which is protected from sunshine by high cliffs. During a presentation of the report in Munich, Bavarian Environment Minister Marcel Huber announced that Bavaria would spend more than $1.3 billion on climate protection and on Germany's planned nuclear energy phase-out to combat rising temperatures.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:addnewimagename.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T03:52:51Z

Trang23: /* Analysis of vulnerability */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
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|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south. 1991
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

* At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. Situated in the region of northern Alps, the winter in Bavaria is comparatively harsh.

There is only partial evidence for an increase in climate extremes, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls and storms. Extreme heat events, such as heat days (T>30ºC) or
heat waves (intervals of more than three days during which the maximum daily temperature lies above a certain high threshold, relative to the specific temperature
standard of the weather station) exhibit a definite trend. For example, the probability of occurrence of heat days in the months of July and August has risen over the last
one hundred, and especially markedly during the last twenty years at almost all weather stations in Germany. The intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme
rainfall events have increased especially during the last forty years of the 20th century.

There is also a tendency of increased probability of occurrence of extremely high daily wind speed maxima (Bft>8) during winter. (13)

* In 2005 and 2010, the city of Munich confronted with flood from the river Isar. Several plans have been outlined and carried on to protect the city from flood and also re-create a riverside relaxation area.

'''''Expected changing'''''

* Long-term weather recording shows that Germany is already affected by climate change. Regarding temperature development, the 1990s were observed to be the warmest decade in Germany during the 20th century, in accordance to the global observation. The annual average temperature increased by ca. 0.8 to 1ºC between 1900 and 2000. However, this warming did not occur linearly. A strong warming up to 1911 was followed by a heterogeneous period. The 1940s were exceptionally warm. After a cooling trend up to the 1970s we now observe a continuous and rapid temperature increase that still continues today. There is strong regional variation. In the last decade (1990s), the temperature rise in southern and south-western Germany was exceptionally strong (13). Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average (14).

The range of warming of the long-term annual average temperatures up to the year 2080 is forecasted to increase +1.6 to +3.8ºC. Many scenarios show a particularly strong warming in the south-west. The scenarios exhibit heterogeneous seasonal changes. The trend of stronger warming during winter, observed in the past, cannot be found in the future scenarios.

* Precipitation in Germany is characterised by strong regional and seasonal variations. In the long term, neither the average values nor the seasonal or regional distribution
show significant trends. During the last 100 years there has been a small trend towards increased winter precipitation, but this trend is not significant. In the last 30 years, however, there was indeed a definite increase in winter precipitation. Summer precipitation in contrast showed little change. Changes in the duration of snow cover are also relevant. Since 1950, a decrease by 30-40% in the duration of snow cover has been observed in altitudes below 300m in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

All climate scenarios show very small changes in annual precipitation, which lie mostly below 10% up to the year 2080. Stronger trends can be found in winter and summer
precipitation. An especially pronounced increase in winter precipitation was projected for Southern Germany (13).

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

—and the south German state of Bavaria says most of its glaciers will disappear over the next few decades as a result. In Bavaria’s first ever glacier report, it found that the total area of the state’s five glaciers has dropped from four square kilometers in 1820 to 0.7 square kilometers today, and that the anticipated warming of the region will cause even more melting. The only glacier that is expected to survive after 30 years is the famous Höllentalferner Glacier, which is protected from sunshine by high cliffs. During a presentation of the report in Munich, Bavarian Environment Minister Marcel Huber announced that Bavaria would spend more than $1.3 billion on climate protection and on Germany's planned nuclear energy phase-out to combat rising temperatures.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:addnewimagename.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T03:51:23Z

Trang23: /* Local Climate */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south. 1991
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

* At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. Situated in the region of northern Alps, the winter in Bavaria is comparatively harsh.

There is only partial evidence for an increase in climate extremes, such as heat waves, extreme rainfalls and storms. Extreme heat events, such as heat days (T>30ºC) or
heat waves (intervals of more than three days during which the maximum daily temperature lies above a certain high threshold, relative to the specific temperature
standard of the weather station) exhibit a definite trend. For example, the probability of occurrence of heat days in the months of July and August has risen over the last
one hundred, and especially markedly during the last twenty years at almost all weather stations in Germany. The intensity and frequency of occurrence of extreme
rainfall events have increased especially during the last forty years of the 20th century.

There is also a tendency of increased probability of occurrence of extremely high daily wind speed maxima (Bft>8) during winter. (13)

* In 2005 and 2010, the city of Munich confronted with flood from the river Isar. Several plans have been outlined and carried on to protect the city from flood and also re-create a riverside relaxation area.

'''''Expected changing'''''

* Long-term weather recording shows that Germany is already affected by climate change. Regarding temperature development, the 1990s were observed to be the warmest decade in Germany during the 20th century, in accordance to the global observation. The annual average temperature increased by ca. 0.8 to 1ºC between 1900 and 2000. However, this warming did not occur linearly. A strong warming up to 1911 was followed by a heterogeneous period. The 1940s were exceptionally warm. After a cooling trend up to the 1970s we now observe a continuous and rapid temperature increase that still continues today. There is strong regional variation. In the last decade (1990s), the temperature rise in southern and south-western Germany was exceptionally strong (13). Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average (14).

The range of warming of the long-term annual average temperatures up to the year 2080 is forecasted to increase +1.6 to +3.8ºC. Many scenarios show a particularly strong warming in the south-west. The scenarios exhibit heterogeneous seasonal changes. The trend of stronger warming during winter, observed in the past, cannot be found in the future scenarios.

* Precipitation in Germany is characterised by strong regional and seasonal variations. In the long term, neither the average values nor the seasonal or regional distribution
show significant trends. During the last 100 years there has been a small trend towards increased winter precipitation, but this trend is not significant. In the last 30 years, however, there was indeed a definite increase in winter precipitation. Summer precipitation in contrast showed little change. Changes in the duration of snow cover are also relevant. Since 1950, a decrease by 30-40% in the duration of snow cover has been observed in altitudes below 300m in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.

All climate scenarios show very small changes in annual precipitation, which lie mostly below 10% up to the year 2080. Stronger trends can be found in winter and summer
precipitation. An especially pronounced increase in winter precipitation was projected for Southern Germany (13).

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:addnewimagename.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T03:28:51Z

Trang23: /* References */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Munich''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ackermannbogen''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Germany''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''renewable energy application''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Cenke Jiang, Andreea Pascu, Le Trang Nguyen''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Ackermannbogen_overall_pic.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
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|lat=48.136607
|lng=11.577085
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
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=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*[http://www.muenchen.de/ Munich] is the capital city of Bavaria, one of Germany's three largest cities with the population of 1.42 million people and has the strongest economy of the whole country. This is a globally cosmopolitan city and also has the leading renewable energy policy.
*Ackermannbogen is a district of Munich particularly planned to be one of the front-runners of solar district heating. This is a part of the city's aim: 100% renewable energy for Munich in 2015. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.
*The scale of the area is large enough to reflect the changing of climate upon it, but not too immense to propose detailed and practical solutions. Also although our seminar platform is international, at least two of us can approach the site in Germany and German resources; the result of our research can be then directly re-confirmed and feedbacked by a large group of German participants.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* One interesting feature of urban development history of Germany are the areas called "Conversion areas". Since the beginning of 1990s the troops of Germany’s Federal Armed Forces had been significantly reduced, that consequently led to the free land use from military in many German cities. The conversion started from the high urban needs, then soon realized its ecological potential. Many areas were converted into residential or public areas in the sense of climate changing awareness and became living model area (e.g: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg Vauban in Freiburg], [http://www2.geog.uni-heidelberg.de/media/personen/sachs_halle.pdf Halles in Saale], [http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/show/1215378/us_pdf_konversion_dokumentation_1B%FCrgerforum_07Juni2011.pdf Patrick-Henry village in Heidelberg]...etc). Ackermannbogen is maybe one of the most well-known and well-done conversions due to its scale and perspective, and still in "adapting" progress. In our opinion, this type of conversion is the right attitude and action connecting history-presence-future of an area.

* We all come from different backgrounds (architecture and landscape architecture), but our aspirations meet where the climate is actually changing and we believe renewable energy and mitigation is the key solution for the future. We chose Ackermannbogen as a project-case study, more than a reality-case study, because it is a great project which was designed and currently being built and continually adjusted for the future. Our aim is to learn from such massive plan and to make our own proposals in the context of pre-designed but considering the factor of climate changing.

===Urban context===

In the late eighties, the city of Munich laid the foundation stone for a [http://www.reneuer.com/upload/RENEUER-ClHouse-006.PDF municipal policy] committed to promoting renewable sources of energy by emphasising energy saving. As early as 1991, the Munich municipal council decided to concentrate on lowering CO2 emissions by 30% in 2005 and by 50% in 2010. So far, the City of Munich's climate protection policy has respected [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto protocol] objectives even though this was not the case before they were defined.

Ackermannbogen district, or the former [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Milit%C3%A4r-Kasernen_in_M%C3%BCnchen Waldmann Stetten barracks] was planned at that time. In a very attractive location next to the [http://www.olympiapark.de/ Olympic Park] and adjacent to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabing Schwabing] area, it offers the ability to resolve arisen urban deficiency and to make an important contribution for housing in Munich. In May 1992, the first step toward redevelopment of the site was already done. The city of Munich took the "decision to initiate urban development action on the area of the Waldmann Stetten barracks". This was followed in June 1994, a structure plan for the area of the barracks was made and a year later the consequent establishment of a comprehensive site report, created by the architects [http://www.dragomir.de/ Dragomir]and landscape architects [http://www.branchenbuchsuche.de/stahr-gerrit-haberland-heinz-landschaftsarchitekten-in-muenchen_2166510 Stahr + Haberland]. As part of this opinion, urban and landscape planning conditions and the state of civil structures were investigated and evaluated.

In February 1995, the decision of the Ministerial Council of the Free State of Bavaria followed, the Waldmann-Stetten barracks was carried on in the program "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], settlement models - new ways to economical, ecological and social housing in Germany". Based on these foundations, in July 1996, the City Planning Department in Munich announced an urban design and landscape design [https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDYQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muenchen.de%2Frathaus%2Fdms%2FHome%2FStadtverwaltung%2FReferat-fuer-Stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung%2FPublikationen%2FLHM_30Jahre_Referat_fuer_Stadtplanung_und_Bauordnung.pdf&ei=NP7wULSTBOeM4ATH6IGQDg&usg=AFQjCNFZZuzVOgR7uC6Awk7EK48ebvXHYw idea competition] for building and landscape architects.

In 1998, the architect [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and landscape architect [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers] won the first prize. The central design idea of the community planning was to create a wide range of different housing types - from double or terraced houses to apartment buildings. In the same year, for the development of the area planning, the city of Munich set all properties on the site for sale and appropriately restricted to private investor purchase.

[[File:Urban development in Munich.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Urban develoment in Munich through time]][[File:Former military barracks in Munich.jpg|none|300px|thumb|Former military barracks in Munich]]

'''Overall character''' [[File:Ackermannbogen location.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen location in Munich]][[File:Ackermannbogen Lageplan.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Ackermannbogen area map]]

The project area is located in the northern part of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberwiesenfeld Neuhausen-Oberwiesenfeld] district in the north of Munich, close to the southern edge of the Olympic site and connects directly to the Schwabing district. It is bounded by the Ackermann Road to the west, the Deidesheimer to the north, Saar and Winzererstraße the east and Schwere–Reichter Road in the south.

To the south from the Schwere–Reichter Road, there is another smaller and still-in-used barracks ([http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/LuitpoldKaserne Luitpold barracks]); another small, self-contained residential subdivision and several gas stations. Extended from this area are official buildings and public facilities (located on Infantry Road, Hess Road, Loth Road and Dachauer Road).

In the east side of the project area is the Schwabing-West district with a dense block-buliding structure.
Further to the north, the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_2_R Middle Ring], Frankfurter Ring create a business and industrial belt, making an urban barrier from the available landscape freedom.

This area is not far from surrounding significant areas, easily reached by trains, buses and tram system:
* approx. 3km from the City centre
* approx. 2km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Freiheit München Freiheit]
* approx. 1,5km from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpoldpark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Luitpold Park]
* approx. 3km from [http://www.muenchen.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/orte/120242.html English Garden]

This convenient location therefore requires an attractive planning for both residents and visitors, which is quite challenging due to the expected high-used pressure.

'''Land use'''[[File:Overview of buildings and land distribution.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Overview of buildings and land distribution]]

The range of the Waldmann Stetten barracks' development planning covers an area of 39.5 hectares, of which the ownership approx. is distributed:
* 16.4 hectares as former Stetten barracks, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany
* 5.6 hectares owned by the city of Munich
* 4.5 hectares belong to Deutsche Post AG
* 2.3 ha the state of Bavaria (1)
* 1 ha of the Students'adminstration (Studentwerk)
* the rest belongs to settlement owners

The area's land-use was planned:
* 13,3 ha generally for residential area with approx. 2,200 dwellings
* 3,7 ha mixed-use area with aprrox. 1000 jobs
* 2,3 ha central area
* 3,0 ha community space
* 6,6 ha traffic space
* 10,6 ha green space (2)
[[File:Land-use pie.jpg |none|500px|none|Land-use chart]]

'''Biogeography'''

The planning area is located on the Munich gravel plain, on the terraces of the Würm glaciation. It is flat and inclined slightly from 514m in the north to 513m in the south. According to the site report by Dragomir, Stahr + Naberland are (1995), natural environment of Ackermannbogen can be summerised:

• Ground

There is no statements about the ground conditions of this city area (such as land-map)because the soils was mostly formed by dumping of strange substances and building materials which are no longer in its natural state.

• Groundwater

The ground in the planning area, as well as the entire Munich gravel plain, is very porous and therefore has significant groundwater resources, including drinking water supply. The depth to the upper aquifer (depth to groundwater) is specified from 8 to 12 m, flowing from south-east to north-west. From the built-over and paved surfaces, the surface water flows through sewerage drains, whilst the river Isar supplies and directs water from the urban area . It is therefore very important to keep in newly developed areas the soil sealing as little as possible.

• Climate

There is low weather exchange from the south and the east due to weak winds, since the planning area is bordered by densely built-up and busy streets. Only the meadows of the Olympic mountain can be seen as the original area of unpolluted cold air. Especially in weak-wind radiation nights, fresh air can flow from the Olympic mountains towards the site center.

A climate-ecological balance function also exerts from the meadows and the richly textured mature trees on the site plan.

• Potential natural vegetation

The potential natural vegetation of oak-horn-beam forests could grow without human influence on the Munich gravel plain. Originally, the gravel layer consisted primarily of oak forests, which were mixed with lime and horn-beam (3).

• Trees

In the planning area, there are valuable trees, which mainly consists of about 60-80 year old sycamore and Norwegian maples and lime trees. The trees have mostly good vigor and a magnificent disposition, most are under the Munich Tree Protection Ordinance (trunk circumference> 80 cm, height> 1m). There is a particularly noticeable band of woodland trees across the barrack area and Saars Road, forming a backbone for path and open space connection.

• Meadows and lawn

The meadows in the planning area consist mainly of relatively thin, ruderal oat-fields, due to lack of care for minor species protection. In some areas of the site there are intensively mowed lawns with little specie features. Also in the area of forest belts no ecologically valuable plants are to be found.

• Habitats

There is a former heliport in the planning area. It consists of a gravel surface on which a dry vegetation has developed over the years, bordered by woodland nursery. In 1981 this area was mapped as a 0.7 ha legitimate habitat. Since then the habitat has expanded twice large.

In the south of the Olympic Park there are poor grassland habitats on former railway land and extensive sand hill areas. Through the narrow neighborhood of the former helipad, there is a floristic and faunal exchange among habitats. The area of the helipad has therefore the ecological value of a stepping-stone habitat.

• Fauna

The birdlife is conspicuously in the planning area, which is mainly due to the old trees with its richly structured tree groups adjacent to Olympic Park. Among others it is possible to spot species of blackbirds, chickadees, spotted woodpeckers, pheasants, ducks and hawks. Rare animals can be found primarily in the area of the former helipad. The animal varies from various ants, butterflies and grasshoppers.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Bild-1 Ackermannbogen Lücke.jpg|Natural meadow in the area
Image:Wildthymian Ackermann1.jpg|Wild thyme carpet of the habitat
Image:Ackermann1.jpg|Retreat for animal and plant species - Waterlogged trough, pond, dwarf rush corridor
Image:Idasblaeulinge US.jpg|The Ida-blue butterfly is in the red list of high risk category.
</gallery>
'''History and dynamics'''

[[File:Stadtplan Muenchen 1930 Prinz Leopold Kaserne.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Prinz Leopold barracks, 1930]][[File:Kasernen Neuhausen 1.JPG|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Korpsnachrichten Kaserne Munich.jpg|200px|right|thumb]][[File:Ackermann-old.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Fence and outer surfaces of the barracks now form the Deiesheimer Road]]
'''''The barracks in Oberwiesenfeld'''''

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the late 18th century, city's barracks had been dismissed, or replaced in northwest Munich, the military then focused in Oberwiesenfeld, at that time covered an area which corresponds roughly to the present Dachauer Road in the west, Moosacher Road in the north and Schleißheimer Road in the east. (4)

The history of the whole area comes from the land named Oberwiesenfeld. Since the end of the 19th century, Oberwiesenfeld area had been the landing for balloons and airships, both military and civilian. Till 1902 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitpold,_Prince_Regent_of_Bavaria Prince Luitpold] established the Prinz Leopold barracks extending from Infanterie Road to Schwere-Reiter Road, which forms today the southern tip of the planning area. By the corner of Schwere-Reiter Road and Winzerer Road are the preserved historical buildings, including the Department of Transportation (Straßenbauamt), the State Archives (Staatsarchiv) and a cafetaria was located.

Adjacent to the planning area to the north of the Dachauer Road was the area of the railway company since 1890, on which the buildings of Munich’s Military Adminstration and Site Management are currently erected, together with the district recruiting office . Since 1896, a new barrack was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at the corner of Heß Road and an airship department was located, which was later expanded to Luitpold barracks by the Nazis. In 1909, a small condominium for army officials was built in the south of Schwere-Reiter Road, at Barbara Road and still preserved till today. Also under the Nazis time the military had added to existing military building regulations: in 1933, the first part of the "motorcycle-shooters-barracks" (Kraftrad-Schützen-Kaserne) was built in the west of existing Prinz-Leopold barrack. Since 1935 the New-corps barrack errected, today known as Waldmann barrack. Here till the 2nd World War was the accommodation of infantries, pioneers, signal corps and drivers. After the end of the 2nd World War, the planning area was only slightly damaged and some facilities as emergency shelters for refugees and expellees were installed; they also have been used temporarily for commercial purposes.

The barracks were occupied by U.S. forces from 1945 to the late 50s and then claimed against the Federal Army Force. New supplemental buildings were added gradually to the site of the Stetten barracks in 1960s: Auditorium buildings, dorm and gymnasiums. In the same period there was a central heating plant with brick chimney in the middle of the site, to reflect similar architectural style of the whole area. The Waldmann barracks were removed from the grounds for that reason.

'''''The further development of Oberwiesenfeld'''''

After the World War II, in 1951, a 40-meter high pile of rubble from the war’s ruins was dumped in the south of the [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner_Kanal Nymphenburg Biederstain-canal]. This separated the south-eastern part of the Oberwiesenfeld; the spatial connection between this area (nowadays planning area) and the rest of Oberwiesenfeld was lost.

In April 1966, Munich was decided to host the Olympic Summer Games '72. The rubble pile was used as an element in the landscaping concept of the Olympic facilities (5). The Olympic Park was completed in June 1972. Since 1972, the northern (and largest) part of the Oberwiesenfeld was merged into Munich Olympic Park.

'''''The present Ackermannbogen''''

Many from different participating groups suggested the planning area of "Waldmann barracks" renamed to "Ackermannbogen" as an advance from the past, from the negative image of the barracks. This proposal was welcomed by citizens and officially used since then. Based on the design of [http://www.christianvogel-architekten.de/ Christian Vogel] and [http://www.lex-kerfers.de/ Rita Lex Kerfers], an urban contract and development agreement between the property owners and the city of Munich was completed.

In the fall of 2002, the first phase of the construction started from the north-east section. This part was carried on under the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future], a residential funding program of the Free State of Bavaria, as a "model settlement" to try new ways of affordable, environmental and social living in Bavaria. Here approximately 630 households, a mixture of various types of houses and apartments, and a nursery were implemented. Another building on the north end of the large lawn with an integrated cooperative system for children was expected to be ready in spring 2007.

The third phase of construction (north-west section) is the model project which implemented solar local heating system using solar thermal energy. With three large [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building-integrated_photovoltaics solar roofs] it can store energy in the underground reservoir under artificial hills, which is enough to supply approx. 300 housing units. To the end of 2006, 400 apartments, a nursery and an integrated infant daycare were built.

In the south section (second phase), particularly along Schwere-Reiter Road and in the northern part of the Adams-Lehmann Road, next to social housing and public service and high-priced condominiums, a health clinic and a day care center were planned.

In the southwest section (fourth phase), there is a "market square" where the shops and stores are grouped to serve the new district correspondingly. In this area there will be sheltered housing for the arising elderly people. An existing building on the Schwere-Reiter Road was converted into a dormitory. The development plan for the fourth section is still being considered and not decided yet. (6)

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="5">
Image:Ackermannbogen Luftbild von 1990.JPG|Ackermannbogen from above, 1990
Image:Ackermannbogen 3D Darstellung.JPG|3D illustrations of Ackermannbogen planning project
Image:Baugruppengrundstuecke.png|Planning design
Image:Ackermannbogen development plans.jpg|Development plan
Image:Ackermannbogen-View from the south.png|Aearal view from the south. 1991
Image:View from Olympic park.jpg|View from Olympic park
Image:Ackermannbogen-living units.jpg|Living units
Image:Ackermannbogen01.jpg|Last section under construction
</gallery>

'''Ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas'''[[File:Green-blue_ratio.jpg‎|right]]

'''''Green/blue ratio'''''

The planning area is primarily within the scope of protection of good water from groundwater. Surface water does not exist. It benefits directly from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiapark_(M%C3%BCnchen) Olympic Park]'s Life Sea, or Olympia Lake. This water area covers 8,6 ha and led water from Nymphenburg Biedersteiner channel, which makes a blue/green ratio of approx. 1:14. Within the site itself, this ratio is 0:1 due to no surface water.

The green space aims to cover 30% of the planning area, including 9,2 ha in total, of which 3,3 ha is newly built:

* North hill:

This part takes 1.2 ha green space along the Ackermann Road, modelled like the shape of the Olympic hills on the opposite side and is divided into four areas

• Orchard with local apple varieties (about 8 types of apple trees)

• Sun terrace: The eastern part of the hill is for sun-seeking residents and visitors.

• [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magerrasen Calcareous grassland]: on the sunny south side of the slope, between the terraces, accommodates current red-list species (e.g the Ida Blue butterfly and partridge)

• Integrated playground: a paved patio area with an integrated playground offering equipments for school children and children with disabilities (including wheelchair users).

* Great meadow: about 1.3 ha, a green axis between Ackermann Road and the high-rise Dawo building runs through the new neighborhood in north-south direction. There are quiet lounge areas, lawns, and opportunities for free playing.

* Deidesheimer yard: located between the Deidesheimer Road and north-east section. The green tree strip hosts several local games. In the south, a chess area is built into the seats. There are also mature trees and benches. The fence is kept to date back to the time of the barracks.

* Sledge hills: The horticulture department asks to keep the sledding hills (under which the solar district heating system is hidden) on the new football field at the Elisabeth-Kohn-Road, but not to use as a sledding hill even in winter, otherwise it will damage the vegetation cover.

* City forest: is considered to be not enough. It is the green zone between Saar Road and the square.

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="120px" perrow="4">
Image:Ackermannbogen-overview.jpg |Overview of green/blue areas
Image:Ackermannbogen-North hill.jpg|North hill design section
Image:Integrated Playground.jpg|Integrated playground design
Image:PanoramaGrosseWiese.jpg|Great meadow in construction
Image:Ackermannbogen-Great meadow.jpg |Great meadow
Image:Stadtwald-Ost-Google-Maps.jpg|City's forest
Image:Legitimate protest or damage.jpg|Legtitimate protest or damage?
</gallery>

'''''Sealed/unsealed ground ratio'''''

According to the [http://www.ackermannbogen.de/attach/Bebauungsplaene/MilGeo-Bauleitplanung-Auslegung-2010_textteil.pdf Construction plan with Green structure no. 2010], the sealed area rate is approx. 50%

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''''Social context'''''

The conversion has started for fifteen years, for that the inhabitants of the first section needed great imagination and pioneering spirit. Although many hopes and wishes were pinned on the emerging new city district, hardly anyone could imagine at first how it might turn out in the future. After the difficult early years when planning deficiencies emerged, such as a lack of schools, the overall concept of the city is now back on track, not least through civic involvement. Various municipal funding measures that awarded grants subsidising home ownership and rents led to the emergence of a new urban district with affordable housing at Ackermannbogen. Young and old, and in particular families who would have been forced out of Munich’s city centre to the periphery on account of the high rents, found a new home in the many new buildings.

There is still evidence of gentrification problems in many parts of Munich, however. There is a general housing shortage in the city on the River Isar, affordable rented housing is generally scarce, especially in the city centre. Admittedly, in view of the growing need, Ackermannbogen with its 2,200 apartments is just a drop in the ocean. But the new district at least shows ways in which cities can counter the trend towards dying city centres and the expansion of urban commuter belts around the city. Planning is now under way for the site’s fourth and final construction phase. At last, the district is also going to get a supermarket. The site’s last southern tip will be lively, that is for sure. Some 40% of the planned apartments are being developed by building cooperatives and community building groups. Such private house-building cooperatives have obvious advantages over profit-orientated property developers. The future inhabitants are already involved at the planning stage, discuss their future district with the city and want to achieve their ambitions with regard to the quality of their homes and their lives. (7)

'''''Population of Munich''''' [[File:800px-Muc population.svg.png|thumb|right|250px|Population Growth in Munich]]
* Population growth
The population of Munich was only 24,000 in 1700, but it doubled every 30 years, and in 1852 the population exceeded 100,000, qualifying it a big city (Großstadt) by German administrative standards. By 1883, Munich had a population of 250,000; this doubled to 500,000 in 1901, making Munich the third largest city in the Deutsches Reich after Berlin and Hamburg. The population is forecast to rise by 7.8% between 2003 and 2020 (96,988 persons).
Projected population growth 2003-2020 for Munich (principal residences) (8):
{|
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Date
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitants
|-
| 31 December 2010 || align="right" | 1,314,947
|-
| 31 December 2015 || align="right" | 1,340,514
|-
| 31 December 2020 || align="right" | 1,344,861
|}

* Population structure
In December 2005, the proportion of foreigners was 23.3% or 300,129 persons in absolute figures. The largest groups of these are Turks (43.309), Croatians (24,866), Serbians (24,439), Greeks (22,486), Austrians (21,411) and Italians (20,847). 37% of foreigners in Munich come from countries within the European Union (9).

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" | As of 31 December 2005
|-----
| Legitimate Population || align="right" | 1,436,725
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 707,047
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 729,678
|-----
| Inhabitants with principal residence || align="right" | 1,288,307
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 623,920
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 664,387
|-----
| Inhabitants with secondary residence || align="right" | 148,418
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 83,127
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 65,291
|-----
| Germans with principal residence ||align="right" | 988,178
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 466,400
|-----
| female ||align="right" | 521,778
|-----
| Foreigners with principal residence || align="right" | 300,129
|-----
| of which male || align="right" | 157,520
|-----
| female || align="right" | 142,609
|-----
| Foreigner proportion in % || align="right" | 23.3
|}

* Age distribution
The following shows the age distribution from the 31 December 2005 (principal residences) (10). [[File:Munichers' age pyramid.png|thumb|right|250px|Munichers'age pyramid]]

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | Age from - to
! style="background:#efefef;" | Inhabitant Count
! style="background:#efefef;" | Proportion in %
|-----
|align="center" | 0 - 5 ||align="right" | 68,853 || align="right" | 5.3
|-----
|align="center" | 6 - 14 ||align="right" | 88,518 || align="right" | 6.9
|-----
|align="center" | 15 - 44 ||align="right" | 575,131 || align="right" | 44.6
|-----
|align="center" | 45 - 64 ||align="right" | 330,516 || align="right" | 25.7
|-----
|align="center" | over 65 ||align="right" | 225,289 || align="right" | 17.5
|-----
|align="center" | '''Total''' ||align="right" | '''1,288,307''' || align="right" | '''100.0'''
|}

'''''Political context'''''

Ackermannbogen is part of two significant model programs of Munich: the "[http://www.verwaltung.bayern.de/egov-portlets/xview/Anlage/2976304/Kuturfonds%202006.pdf Bavarian Future]" and "[http://www.solites.de/download/literatur/AB-SUN%20VI%20FKZ%200329607L.pdf Solar Local Heating]". It is also in the framework of the city's policy for green energy development. In the [http://eusew.eu/energy-week-brussels EUSEW conference in Brussels], on March 29th 2010, the Department of Health and Environment, city of Munich declared its decision towards municipal climate protection:

Self-imposed obligation:

- 10 % CO2 every 5 years

- 50 % CO2 by 2030

- All households in Munich supplied with renewable electric power by 2015 by the public utilities company

- All households and commercial customers supplied with renewable electric power by 2025 (11)

=== Local Climate ===

'''''Present climate conditions''''' [[File:Climate Munich.jpg|right|300px|thumb]]
The city of Munich is classified in the Köppen classification as Cfb (Oceanic). It is almost directly on the edge of two classifications, however, with the Dfb (Humid Continental Warm Summer Subtype) climate zone just to the east of the city.

The warmest month of the year, on average, is July. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January.

Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation totals in late spring and throughout the summer. June, on average, records the most precipitation of any month. The winter months tend to bring lower precipitation, on average, and February averages the least amount of monthly precipitation for the year.

The higher elevation of Munich and the proximity of the Alps play a significant role on the climate, causing the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways, as well, including a warm downhill wind from the Alps (föhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours, even in the winter.

The location of Munich at the center of Europe dictates that many climatic factors impact the city, making for fluctuating weather conditions more often than in other locations on the continent, particularly compared with areas further west and those south of the Alps.

At Munich's official weather station, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.1 C˚, on August 13, 2003, and -30.5 C˚, on January 21, 1942. (12)

'''''Extreme weather conditions'''''

The city of Munich has recently been confronted with flood in 2005 and 2010. Winters are harsh.

'''''Expected changing'''''

Temperatures in the Bavarian Alps have risen by 2 degrees Celsius over the last 150 years—nearly double the world average—and the south German state of Bavaria says most of its glaciers will disappear over the next few decades as a result. In Bavaria’s first ever glacier report, it found that the total area of the state’s five glaciers has dropped from four square kilometers in 1820 to 0.7 square kilometers today, and that the anticipated warming of the region will cause even more melting. The only glacier that is expected to survive after 30 years is the famous Höllentalferner Glacier, which is protected from sunshine by high cliffs. During a presentation of the report in Munich, Bavarian Environment Minister Marcel Huber announced that Bavaria would spend more than $1.3 billion on climate protection and on Germany's planned nuclear energy phase-out to combat rising temperatures.
(13)

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
— Designing to create an environment that is robust and flexible to climate change, by developing a strong green infrastructure, install green roofs, sustainable urban drainage system (SUDs), planting native species, incorporating recycling systems for waste water.

* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
Green infrastructure represents a holistic approach to the natural and built environment which
recognises the important, multifunctional role it has to play in providing benefits for
the economy, biodiversity, wider communities and individuals as well as playing an
important part in climate change adaptation. Components of green infrastructure can
include:

— street trees and hedgerows

— parks

— playgrounds

' A network of spaces and natural elements that are present in and interconnect our landscapes.
Green spaces and corridors help to cool our urban environments, improve air quality and ameliorate surface run-off. A green infrastructure planning approach will reduce flood risk, protect building integrity and improve human health and comfort in the face of more intense rainfall and higher temperatures. Well-connected green infrastructure also provides wildlife corridors for
species migration in the face of climate change as well as wider benefits for recreation,community development, biodiversity, food provision and place shaping.

' Green roofs, roofs which are covered with vegetation and soil, reduce run-off and subsequently relieve the pressure on drainage systems, particularly at times of high intensity rainfall. Additionally, the benefits afforded to biodiversity are significant by providing wildlife habitats, particularly in urban areas. They also enhance the thermal performance of buildings and have an important role to play in reducing the urban heat island effect. Green roofs also have the potential to contribute to wider
landscape character in a particular location.

' Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) reduce the negative impacts of development on surface water drainage. SUDS minimise the risk of flooding and pollution via attenuation and storage with additional benefits including improvements to local environmental quality, the creation of habitats for biodiversity and general improvement to the quality of life for local communities.

' Understanding what species to plant, where to plant them and the conditions different species require in order to thrive a sustainable environment can be created. This knowledge is invaluable in the face of changing climatic conditions, particularly arising from the impacts on the quality and availability of water and the potential increase in pests and disease.

' Incorporating grey water (domestic waste water) recycling systems into the design process can assist in adapting to hotter drier summers when pressure on conventional supplies is likely to be greatest. Grey water can be used in place of these conventional supplies in, for example, irrigation and toilet systems.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
There are various aspects of the park which help adapt to climate change.
These include:

— Local district heating from renewable solar energy.
Two hills were built from the material that was removed during construction of
the site. One of these, the West Hill, incorporates an innovative and experimental
concept in sustainable energy; a 6000m3 hot water tank beneath its surface in
which solar energy is stored. This provides 50% of heating energy for the 320
homes of building phase 2.

— Sustainable use of resources.
Modelling the open space design with approximately 20,000m3 of gravel from the
construction of the adjacent buildings. Providing sustainable drainage structures
which allow rainwater to seep directly into the ground water through layers
containing microbiotic organisms.

— Reducing the carbon footprint of individuals.
Providing necessary infrastructure within walking or cycling distance. Creating
attractive cycling paths and pedestrian ways thus encouraging uptake of
sustainable forms of transport.

— Creating urban carbon sinks and reducing the urban heat island effect.
Using green roofs to cover the water tank and energy control centre. Adding to the
total biomass in the town by planting native trees and creating lawns.

— Supporting biodiversity.
Providing habitats for biodiversity migration.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
Through our discussion，we consider that climate change mitigation in our case study area depends not only on the application of solar energy, but also on any possible details of measures on sustainable use of resources, reducing the carbon footprint of individuals, creating urban carbon sinks, reducing the urban heat island effect and supporting biodiversity.

* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
Fundamentally a city is established by inhabitants and infrastructure. The whole production and consumption needs energy to transform, reserve and produce. Therefore, energy theme is first and foremost and long-term question to solve. Only through applying methods as energy-consumption, reduction and self sufficiency, we can achieve sustainable developed areas, while the question of energy is always existing .

* Please describe 2-3 measures

'In Ackermannbogen, inhabitants don't need one car, and if you ever do, there is a car-sharing station right in the district. You can live in a leafy green area in the city center, free of exhaust fumes, traffic and noise. This is a model that may turn out to be a blueprint for the future if the inhabitants do their bit.

'Rainwater collection device installed on each building connected to the watering system of the urban green space，at the same time in the direction of the sun construct the plant wall. As much as possible do not waste any little resource, as well as make most use of it.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060? [[Image:heat.png|right|320x234px|frame]]
By 2060 Ackermannbogen will turn into a vibrant energy self-sufficient ZEROcarbon city, which is access to balance between energy demand and request. At same time it will create a optimized status among the quantity of inhabitants and houses and the job opportunities.
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account
The future development of climate change in this area will probably emphasize on maximized natural oxygen bar. What's more, according to the biodiversity is totally large increasing, it will become a excellent habitat for animal and vegetation. Furthermore, people live in a harmonious and sustainable environment, not to mention natural disasters.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
Ecological Evaluation

equivalent CO2-emission of solar installation 222 t/a

reduction related to condensing boiler system 213 t/a

reduction related to conventional district heating 150 t/a

*Which research questions does it generate?
'Public acceptance: This case would need to develop a well communicated strategy to convince stakeholders of the option of 100%. Citizen should feel they are rewarded financially. A zero loan subsidy was suggested as an option for retrofitting households with energy efficiency and renewable measures.

'The financing tools: to take public&private partnerships between the city,banks, energy service companies and households to engaging

'The relationship between with other districts and regions is hardly balance, it will more and more people come Ackermannbogen working, there will be a large number of commuter. But you can not restrict the growth of the urban economy, so it must long-term consider the development city and neighborhood.

*Short statement plus background notes
This case focuses on seasonal storage of the heat collected with solar panels and was lauched in 2007 after almost 10 years of preparation. This area is a perfect practical example of building a green energy system and an innovative concept of integrating solar heating machines with green space.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 1.jpg|Slide One
Image:addnewimagename.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Group O Case Study Slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

(1) according to DRAGOMIR report, 1995

(2) Fachexkursion: Stadtentwicklung aktuell - München am 20/6/2005 und 21/6/2005 in München (Institut für Städtebau und Wohnungswesen München der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung)

(3) according to [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Troll Carl Troll], 1926

(4) Richard Bauer and Eva Graf, 1986, in "Stadt im Überblick München im Luftbild 1889 - 1935

(5) Gernot Brauer and Dirk Reinartz, 1991, in "Milbertshofen. Ein Portrait aus dem Münchener Norden. Munich off the beaten track von Gernot Brauer und Dirk Reinartz"

(6) http://www.ackermannbogen.de/wiki/Geschichte

(7) http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/zds/en6791858.htm

(8) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Foundation Bertelsmann Foundation]

(9) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(10) Munich Statistical Office (Statistisches Amt der Landeshauptstadt München)

(11) Solare Nahwärme und Langezeit-Wärmespeicher (Forschungbericht zum BMU Vorhaben 0329607L. Solites)

(12) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich

(13) CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE ALPS. Facts - Impacts - Adaptation (Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

http://www.zaharias.net/wb-ackwohn.php?lg=en

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/46703256/Planning-Implementing-and-Monitoring-of-Large-Solar-Projects

http://www.eubia.org/uploads/media/EUSEW_CA-EUBIA_event-_summary.pdf

File:Isar bank section.jpg

2013-01-14T03:21:54Z

Trang23: (source: Stadt und Fluss - Innerstädtischer Isarraum. Bestandsaufnahme, Dokumentation und Ergebnisse der Workshopveranstaltung am 11.11.2010 (Landeshauptstadt München. Referat für Stadtplanung und Bauordnung))

(source: Stadt und Fluss - Innerstädtischer Isarraum. Bestandsaufnahme, Dokumentation und Ergebnisse der Workshopveranstaltung am 11.11.2010 (Landeshauptstadt München. Referat für Stadtplanung und Bauordnung))

File:Munich-Isar-1613.jpg

2013-01-14T03:21:11Z

Trang23: source: Stadt und Fluss - Innerstädtischer Isarraum. Bestandsaufnahme, Dokumentation und Ergebnisse der Workshopveranstaltung am 11.11.2010 (Landeshauptstadt München. Referat für Stadtplanung und Bauordnung)

source: Stadt und Fluss - Innerstädtischer Isarraum. Bestandsaufnahme, Dokumentation und Ergebnisse der Workshopveranstaltung
am 11.11.2010 (Landeshauptstadt München. Referat für Stadtplanung und Bauordnung)

File:Ground temperature-Germany.jpg

2013-01-14T03:18:20Z

Trang23: source: http://www.dwd.de/klimawandel

source: http://www.dwd.de/klimawandel

File:Drying plants.jpg

2013-01-14T03:13:50Z

Trang23: source: http://www.dwd.de/klimawandel

source: http://www.dwd.de/klimawandel

File:Air temperature-Germany.png

2013-01-14T03:12:41Z

Trang23: source: http://www.dwd.de/klimawandel

source: http://www.dwd.de/klimawandel

File:Munich-temperature.jpg

2013-01-14T03:04:49Z

Trang23: source: http://www.dwd.de

source: http://www.dwd.de

File:Klima-parsberg-bei-muenchen-sonnenstunden-regentage.gif

2013-01-14T03:02:50Z

Trang23: source: http://www.urlaubplanen.org/europa/deutschland/klima/klima-M%C3%BCnchen/

source: http://www.urlaubplanen.org/europa/deutschland/klima/klima-M%C3%BCnchen/