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Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F

2015-01-27T08:54:50Z

Shamim:

--> Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Green_Infrastructure_2014|working group overview]]

''Dear working group members. This is your group page and you will be completing the template gradually as we move through the seminar. Each member has an individual page for documenting his/her personal case. You can also access your template for assignment 4 (the joint design) from here. Good luck and enjoy your collaboration!
''

== Assignment 2 - Lecture Concept Map ==
*''The list with the group distribution shows you which lecture your group is supposed to document in the concept map format.''
*''Please add your collaborative concept map here by replacing the dummy image. Your map needs to have a new file name:''

<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="3">
Image:GI_Toolkit_CMap_GroupF_final.jpg|''Green Infrastructure Valuation Toolkit Lecture - Tom Butlin''
</gallery>

== Assignment 3 - Green infrastructure potential in your environment ==

*'''Assigned: Tuesday, October 28'''
*'''Due: Monday, December 1'''

''There is one template page for each group member. The case could be a specific site in direct vicinity or a larger area in your region. The objective is to identify structures that have the potential to become elements of a green infrastructure strategy. ''

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge|Abdali Bridge]] ===
=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - The Darsena Area|The Darsena Area]] ===

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 3| Promontory Hill Development]] ===

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4|Hashemie Mountain Area]] ===

=== Presentation Slides Assignment 3 ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="5">
Image:Group_F_Slide_1.JPG|slide 1
Image:Group_F_Slide_2.JPG|slide 2
Image:Group_F_Slide_3.JPG|slide 3
Image:Group_F_Slide_4.JPG|slide 4
Image:Group_F_Slide_5.JPG|slide 5
Image:Group_F_Slide_6.JPG|slide 6
Image:Group_F_Slide_7.JPG|slide 7
Image:Group_F_Slide_8.JPG|slide 8
Image:Group_F_Slide_9.JPG|slide 9
</gallery>

== Assignment 4 - Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design ==

*'''Assigned: Tuesday, December 2'''
*'''Due: Tuesday, January 26'''

==='''[[Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F|Collaborative Design Working Group F]]'''===

=== Presentation Slides Collaborative Design ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="4">
Image:Slide1_Darsena.JPG|Analytical Drawings
Image:Slide2_Darsena.JPG|Projective Drawings
Image:Slide3_Darsena.JPG|Design Synthesis
</gallery>

----

[[Category: Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group]]

File:Slide3 Darsena.JPG

2015-01-27T08:50:35Z

Shamim:

File:Slide2 Darsena.JPG

2015-01-27T08:50:16Z

Shamim:

File:Slide1 Darsena.JPG

2015-01-27T08:49:53Z

Shamim:

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-25T15:09:48Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
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|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity. For the long-term, a futuristic solution for vehicular traffic is envisioned by channeling vehicular traffic to underground roads thus leaving the open-air paths as pedestrian zones. Another vision involves reopening the old canals and reconnecting the Darsena Basin to the Naviglio della Martesana, which means that the water network in Milan will be connected to Lake Como and Lake Maggiore.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:tahlil 2.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (Maliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="3">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Short_Term_Pedestrian_Intervention_copy.jpg|'''Short-Term Pedestrian Interventions in the Surrounding Streets''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:J1.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Creating Pedestrian Routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:J2.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Long-Term Vision of Underground Streets ''' (Maliheh)
Image:Darsena_Long_Term.jpg| '''Long Term Projection - Reopening of the old city canals''' (Elena)
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="3">
Image:Projections.jpg|Synthesis Map
Image:Design_Visualization_Darsena.jpg|Sketch
Image:SWOT_Darsena.jpg|SWOT Analysis

</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
Working in a group with international members has been an interesting experience. Elena, who is most familiar with the case, provided us with the information needed in order to comprehend the current situation. She also provided us with additional information that we needed during the process since most references were Italian. All members of the group have interacted fully during all stages of the project and the vision for the site was conceived together which is why the projective drawings each focus on one theme of the holistic vision we have for the area. Since the members of the group come from similar backgrounds it was easy to communicate the ideas within the group. Fortunately , there were no conflicts of interests and therefore the design process flowed smoothly. Overall, it was a collaborative effort in which each member brought in different ideas and presented the drawings in her own unique style of representation.

== Image Gallery ==

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:IMG_4251.JPG| Degradation around Darsena area - January 2015
Image:IMG_4252.JPG| Problems of parking and spaces - January 2015
Image:IMG_4265.JPG| Darsena basin -January 2015
Image:IMG_4272.JPG| Darsena basin - January 2015
Image:IMG_4273.JPG| Darsena basin - January 2015

Image:Navigli Paint.png| A. Inganni (1835) Milano, a City Water <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=a+inganni+navigli&client=ubuntu&hs=wi1&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=rft1VOmnK4T6ywPcj4HgDQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1600&bih=686#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=dTjE9w3MoYgciM%253A%3BLw4SC5MBcYXegM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fwikipedia%252Fcommons%252F4%252F43%252FAngelo_Inganni%252C_Veduta_del_Naviglio_e_della_chiesa_di_San_Marco_in_Milano.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fcommons.wikimedia.org%252Fwiki%252FFile%253AAngelo_Inganni%252C_Veduta_del_Naviglio_e_della_chiesa_di_San_Marco_in_Milano.jpg%3B746%3B600> </ref>
Image:Artgate Fondazione Cariplo - Karpoff Ivan, Naviglio d'inverno.jpg|I.Karpoff, Naviglio d'Inverno <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=a+inganni+navigli&client=ubuntu&hs=wi1&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=rft1VOmnK4T6ywPcj4HgDQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1600&bih=686#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=karpoff+naviglio+d%27inverno&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=dUP8oWQoysgmAM%253A%3BzCh4B0hOaIaV5M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.edixxon.com%252Ffondcariplo%252Farte_900%252Fimg%252Fimg5%252F1158.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.edixxon.com%252Ffondcariplo%252Farte_900%252F02_opere%252F1158.html%3B540%3B406> </ref>
Image:Navigli_copertura_01.jpg|Canals covering <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=navigli&client=ubuntu&hs=gng&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=0Pd1VMrVFoWBywOt0IGABg&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1600&bih=686#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=copertura+navigli&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=l-WVpS9EoNWM0M%253A%3Bsdu9dzaIoAqbLM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fwikipedia%252Fit%252F9%252F9f%252FNavigli_copertura_01.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fit.wikipedia.org%252Fwiki%252FNavigli_%28Milano%29%3B800%3B600> </ref>
Image: 1280px-Navigli di Milano Naviglio Grande03.jpg| Boat tour at the end of XIX Century <ref> <http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviglio_Grande#mediaviewer/File:Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande03.jpg> </ref>
Image:navigli-10.jpg|Summer Aperitivo on Navigli side <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=navigli&client=ubuntu&hs=gng&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=0Pd1VMrVFoWBywOt0IGABg&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1600&bih=686#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=OudUeBqNmHvtaM%253A%3BgWQAXZ0nhs2b0M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fd1xejl9xcsndu9.cloudfront.net%252Fwp-content%252Fuploads%252F2010%252F12%252Fnavigli-10.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fdevirnomadeviagem.blogspot.com%252F2012%252F09%252Fos-canais-de-milao-o-navigli.html%3B630%3B460> </ref>
Image:naviglio-grande-canal.jpg| Naviglio Grande <ref> <http://www.essentialtravel.co.uk/magazine/24-hour-guides/milan.asp> </ref>
Image:Naviglio_Grande_am_Abend.jpg| Naviglio Grande evening <ref> <http://www.milano24ore.net/images/cityinfo/naviglio/Naviglio_Grande_am_Abend.jpg> </ref>
Image:Index.jpeg|Graffiti on a building in the Darsena area <ref> <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/4057_-_Milano_-_Graffiti_su_casa_occupata_alla_Darsena_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_7-July-2007.jpg> </ref>
Image:Mercatino.jpg| sunday flea markt <ref> <https://www.flickr.com/photos/7501678@N03/2195499650/> </ref>
Image: Martesana.jpeg| Naviglio Martesana <ref> <http://www.naviglilombardi.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/It_Martesana-624x398.jpg> </ref>
Image:Gaggiano.jpg| The Naviglio Grande in Gaggiano town <ref> <http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviglio_Grande#mediaviewer/File:Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg> </ref>
Image:nuoto triathlon friesian team twitter-2.jpg| Swimming competition in Naviglio Grande <ref> <http://www.milanotoday.it/sport/triathlon-milano-28-luglio-2013.html> </ref>
Image: antica.jpg| The oldest representation of the city (XIV Century) <ref> <http://www.storiadimilano.it/citta/mappe/mappe.htm> </ref>
Image:provincia_plis_2006_p.gif| Green area system map of the Milan province <ref> <http://www.provincia.milano.it/export/sites/default/pianificazione_territoriale/img/provincia_plis_2006_p.gif> </ref>
Image: lombardySimple.jpg| Lombardy waterways <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=navigli+natura+milano&client=ubuntu&hs=UzC&channel=fs&biw=1600&bih=722&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=dRF5VJ7cMMPPaK_7gMgN&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAg#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=navigli+lombardi&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=Bdmv2Bb-vW8AkM%253A%3Ba0iRmSPVIWT5YM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fblog.inlandwaterwaysinternational.org%252Fwp-content%252Fuploads%252F2012%252F05%252FlombardySimple.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fblog.inlandwaterwaysinternational.org%252F%253Ftag%253Dnavigli-lombardi%3B550%3B599> </ref>
Image:mappa_fluviale.jpg|Waterways map for the EXPO 2015 <ref> <http://www.expo2015.org/it/cos-e/perche-milano-/vie-d-acqua> </ref>
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

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Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-25T15:07:22Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
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|lng=9.1779829
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== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity. For the long-term, a futuristic solution for vehicular traffic is envisioned by channeling vehicular traffic to underground roads thus leaving the open-air paths as pedestrian zones. Another vision involves reopening the old canals and reconnecting the Darsena Basin to the Naviglio della Martesana, which means that the water network in Milan will be connected to Lake Como and Lake Maggiore.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:tahlil 2.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (Maliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="3">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Short_Term_Pedestrian_Intervention_copy.jpg|'''Short-Term Pedestrian Interventions in the Surrounding Streets''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:J1.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Creating Pedestrian Routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:J2.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Long-Term Vision of Underground Streets ''' (Maliheh)
Image:Darsena_Long_Term.jpg| '''Long Term Projection - Reopening of the old city canals" (Elena)
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="3">
Image:Projections.jpg|Synthesis Map
Image:Design_Visualisation_Darsena.jpg|Sketch
Image:SWOT_Darsena.jpg|SWOT Analysis

</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
Working in a group with international members has been an interesting experience. Elena, who is most familiar with the case, provided us with the information needed in order to comprehend the current situation. She also provided us with additional information that we needed during the process since most references were Italian. All members of the group have interacted fully during all stages of the project and the vision for the site was conceived together which is why the projective drawings each focus on one theme of the holistic vision we have for the area. Since the members of the group come from similar backgrounds it was easy to communicate the ideas within the group. Fortunately , there were no conflicts of interests and therefore the design process flowed smoothly. Overall, it was a collaborative effort in which each member brought in different ideas and presented the drawings in her own unique style of representation.

== Image Gallery ==

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:IMG_4251.JPG| Degradation around Darsena area - January 2015
Image:IMG_4252.JPG| Problems of parking and spaces - January 2015
Image:IMG_4265.JPG| Darsena basin -January 2015
Image:IMG_4272.JPG| Darsena basin - January 2015
Image:IMG_4273.JPG| Darsena basin - January 2015

Image:Navigli Paint.png| A. Inganni (1835) Milano, a City Water <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=a+inganni+navigli&client=ubuntu&hs=wi1&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=rft1VOmnK4T6ywPcj4HgDQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1600&bih=686#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=dTjE9w3MoYgciM%253A%3BLw4SC5MBcYXegM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fwikipedia%252Fcommons%252F4%252F43%252FAngelo_Inganni%252C_Veduta_del_Naviglio_e_della_chiesa_di_San_Marco_in_Milano.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fcommons.wikimedia.org%252Fwiki%252FFile%253AAngelo_Inganni%252C_Veduta_del_Naviglio_e_della_chiesa_di_San_Marco_in_Milano.jpg%3B746%3B600> </ref>
Image:Artgate Fondazione Cariplo - Karpoff Ivan, Naviglio d'inverno.jpg|I.Karpoff, Naviglio d'Inverno <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=a+inganni+navigli&client=ubuntu&hs=wi1&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=rft1VOmnK4T6ywPcj4HgDQ&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1600&bih=686#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=karpoff+naviglio+d%27inverno&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=dUP8oWQoysgmAM%253A%3BzCh4B0hOaIaV5M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.edixxon.com%252Ffondcariplo%252Farte_900%252Fimg%252Fimg5%252F1158.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.edixxon.com%252Ffondcariplo%252Farte_900%252F02_opere%252F1158.html%3B540%3B406> </ref>
Image:Navigli_copertura_01.jpg|Canals covering <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=navigli&client=ubuntu&hs=gng&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=0Pd1VMrVFoWBywOt0IGABg&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1600&bih=686#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=copertura+navigli&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=l-WVpS9EoNWM0M%253A%3Bsdu9dzaIoAqbLM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fwikipedia%252Fit%252F9%252F9f%252FNavigli_copertura_01.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fit.wikipedia.org%252Fwiki%252FNavigli_%28Milano%29%3B800%3B600> </ref>
Image: 1280px-Navigli di Milano Naviglio Grande03.jpg| Boat tour at the end of XIX Century <ref> <http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviglio_Grande#mediaviewer/File:Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande03.jpg> </ref>
Image:navigli-10.jpg|Summer Aperitivo on Navigli side <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=navigli&client=ubuntu&hs=gng&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=0Pd1VMrVFoWBywOt0IGABg&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAg&biw=1600&bih=686#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=OudUeBqNmHvtaM%253A%3BgWQAXZ0nhs2b0M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fd1xejl9xcsndu9.cloudfront.net%252Fwp-content%252Fuploads%252F2010%252F12%252Fnavigli-10.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fdevirnomadeviagem.blogspot.com%252F2012%252F09%252Fos-canais-de-milao-o-navigli.html%3B630%3B460> </ref>
Image:naviglio-grande-canal.jpg| Naviglio Grande <ref> <http://www.essentialtravel.co.uk/magazine/24-hour-guides/milan.asp> </ref>
Image:Naviglio_Grande_am_Abend.jpg| Naviglio Grande evening <ref> <http://www.milano24ore.net/images/cityinfo/naviglio/Naviglio_Grande_am_Abend.jpg> </ref>
Image:Index.jpeg|Graffiti on a building in the Darsena area <ref> <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/4057_-_Milano_-_Graffiti_su_casa_occupata_alla_Darsena_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_7-July-2007.jpg> </ref>
Image:Mercatino.jpg| sunday flea markt <ref> <https://www.flickr.com/photos/7501678@N03/2195499650/> </ref>
Image: Martesana.jpeg| Naviglio Martesana <ref> <http://www.naviglilombardi.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/It_Martesana-624x398.jpg> </ref>
Image:Gaggiano.jpg| The Naviglio Grande in Gaggiano town <ref> <http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviglio_Grande#mediaviewer/File:Navigli_di_Milano_Naviglio_Grande_a_Gaggiano01.jpg> </ref>
Image:nuoto triathlon friesian team twitter-2.jpg| Swimming competition in Naviglio Grande <ref> <http://www.milanotoday.it/sport/triathlon-milano-28-luglio-2013.html> </ref>
Image: antica.jpg| The oldest representation of the city (XIV Century) <ref> <http://www.storiadimilano.it/citta/mappe/mappe.htm> </ref>
Image:provincia_plis_2006_p.gif| Green area system map of the Milan province <ref> <http://www.provincia.milano.it/export/sites/default/pianificazione_territoriale/img/provincia_plis_2006_p.gif> </ref>
Image: lombardySimple.jpg| Lombardy waterways <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=navigli+natura+milano&client=ubuntu&hs=UzC&channel=fs&biw=1600&bih=722&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=dRF5VJ7cMMPPaK_7gMgN&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAg#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=navigli+lombardi&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=Bdmv2Bb-vW8AkM%253A%3Ba0iRmSPVIWT5YM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fblog.inlandwaterwaysinternational.org%252Fwp-content%252Fuploads%252F2012%252F05%252FlombardySimple.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fblog.inlandwaterwaysinternational.org%252F%253Ftag%253Dnavigli-lombardi%3B550%3B599> </ref>
Image:mappa_fluviale.jpg|Waterways map for the EXPO 2015 <ref> <http://www.expo2015.org/it/cos-e/perche-milano-/vie-d-acqua> </ref>
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:SWOT Darsena.jpg

2015-01-25T15:00:24Z

Shamim:

File:Design Visualization Darsena.jpg

2015-01-25T14:59:59Z

Shamim:

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-17T17:45:43Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:tahlil 2.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (Maliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Short_Term_Pedestrian_Intervention_copy.jpg|'''Short-Term Pedestrian Interventions in the Surrounding Streets''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:link green spaces 11.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Creating Pedestrian Routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:link green spaces 22.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Long-Term Vision of Underground Streets ''' (Maliheh)
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Short Term Pedestrian Intervention copy.jpg

2015-01-17T17:42:07Z

Shamim:

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-10T16:16:52Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-10T16:16:05Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

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|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
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}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin (Maroula)
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-10T16:15:12Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Vertical Interventions Darsena.jpg

2015-01-10T16:13:55Z

Shamim:

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-10T14:50:10Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-10T14:47:30Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

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|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
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|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
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|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''
<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2014-12-16T18:52:52Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

''Please give a short written argumentation (not more than 150 words). It is ok if you have different or even contradicting objectives within your group. Just make it explicit at the beginning of your process ''

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing.''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes), of course with an emphasis on green infrastructure aspects. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing representing his/her individual ideas.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''
<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2014-12-14T20:24:42Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

''Please give a short written argumentation (not more than 150 words). It is ok if you have different or even contradicting objectives within your group. Just make it explicit at the beginning of your process ''

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing.''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="250px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|Building Uses Analysis
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|Transportation Analysis
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|Schematic Sections
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes), of course with an emphasis on green infrastructure aspects. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing representing his/her individual ideas.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''
<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2014-12-14T20:23:29Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

''Please give a short written argumentation (not more than 150 words). It is ok if you have different or even contradicting objectives within your group. Just make it explicit at the beginning of your process ''

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing.''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|Building Uses Analysis
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|Transportation Analysis
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|Schematic Sections
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes), of course with an emphasis on green infrastructure aspects. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing representing his/her individual ideas.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''
<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Darsena Sections.jpg

2014-12-14T20:22:59Z

Shamim:

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2014-12-08T18:42:56Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

''Please give a short written argumentation (not more than 150 words). It is ok if you have different or even contradicting objectives within your group. Just make it explicit at the beginning of your process ''

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing.''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes), of course with an emphasis on green infrastructure aspects. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing representing his/her individual ideas.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''
<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2014-12-08T18:39:58Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. an other important potential is the POSITION of the site, in the middel of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the draw above to a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

''Please give a short written argumentation (not more than 150 words). It is ok if you have different or even contradicting objectives within your group. Just make it explicit at the beginning of your process ''

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing.''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes), of course with an emphasis on green infrastructure aspects. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing representing his/her individual ideas.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''
<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2014-12-08T18:37:09Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. oday one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. an other important potential is the POSITION of the site, in the middel of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the draw above to a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

''Please give a short written argumentation (not more than 150 words). It is ok if you have different or even contradicting objectives within your group. Just make it explicit at the beginning of your process ''

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing.''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes), of course with an emphasis on green infrastructure aspects. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing representing his/her individual ideas.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''
<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2014-12-08T18:29:08Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with winters getting wet and cold, while summers are humid and hot. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today remember the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals is connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many painting especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan hasn’t a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks of the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long and served as export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio is filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman housesthat that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. oday one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. an other important potential is the POSITION of the site, in the middel of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the draw above to a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

''Please give a short written argumentation (not more than 150 words). It is ok if you have different or even contradicting objectives within your group. Just make it explicit at the beginning of your process ''

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing.''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes), of course with an emphasis on green infrastructure aspects. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing representing his/her individual ideas.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''
<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2014-12-08T18:25:42Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with winters getting wet and cold, while summers are sweaty and hot. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than in normality due to the urban heat island syndrome. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up in between 15 to 28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common happening in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could pendulum between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today remember the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals is connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many painting especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan hasn’t a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks of the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long and served as export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio is filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman housesthat that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. oday one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. an other important potential is the POSITION of the site, in the middel of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the draw above to a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

''Please give a short written argumentation (not more than 150 words). It is ok if you have different or even contradicting objectives within your group. Just make it explicit at the beginning of your process ''

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing.''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|analytical drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|analytical drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|analytical drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes), of course with an emphasis on green infrastructure aspects. Every group member needs to contribute at least one drawing representing his/her individual ideas.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''
<references> </references>

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[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F

2014-12-03T19:00:24Z

Shamim: /* Presentation Slides Assignment 3 */

--> Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Green_Infrastructure_2014|working group overview]]

''Dear working group members. This is your group page and you will be completing the template gradually as we move through the seminar. Each member has an individual page for documenting his/her personal case. You can also access your template for assignment 4 (the joint design) from here. Good luck and enjoy your collaboration!
''

== Assignment 2 - Lecture Concept Map ==
*''The list with the group distribution shows you which lecture your group is supposed to document in the concept map format.''
*''Please add your collaborative concept map here by replacing the dummy image. Your map needs to have a new file name:''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourfilename.jpg|''add your lecture title here by replacing this text''
</gallery>

== Assignment 3 - Green infrastructure potential in your environment ==

*'''Assigned: Tuesday, October 28'''
*'''Due: Monday, December 1'''

''There is one template page for each group member. The case could be a specific site in direct vicinity or a larger area in your region. The objective is to identify structures that have the potential to become elements of a green infrastructure strategy. ''

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge|Abdali Bridge]] ===
=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - The Darsena Area|The Darsena Area]] ===

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 3| Promontory Hill Development]] ===

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4|Hashemie Mountain Area]] ===

=== Presentation Slides Assignment 3 ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
Image:Group_F_Slide_1.JPG|slide 1
Image:Group_F_Slide_2.JPG|slide 2
Image:Group_F_Slide_3.JPG|slide 3
Image:Group_F_Slide_4.JPG|slide 4
Image:Group_F_Slide_5.JPG|slide 5
Image:Group_F_Slide_6.JPG|slide 6
Image:Group_F_Slide_7.JPG|slide 7
Image:Group_F_Slide_8.JPG|slide 8
Image:Group_F_Slide_9.JPG|slide 9
</gallery>

== Assignment 4 - Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design ==

*'''Assigned: Tuesday, December 2'''
*'''Due: Tuesday, January 26'''

==='''[[Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F|Collaborative Design Working Group F]]'''===

=== Presentation Slides Collaborative Design ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass4_slide1.jpg|Analytical Drawings
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass4_slide2.jpg|Projective Drawings
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass4_slide3.jpg|Design Synthesis
</gallery>

----

[[Category: Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group]]

File:Group F Slide 9.JPG

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File:Group F Slide 5.JPG

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File:Group F Slide 4.JPG

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Shamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge

2014-11-26T18:08:45Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''Implementing Green Infrastructure in the Abdali Bridge Area'''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Abdali Bridge
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Jordan
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|Amman
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|Maroula Shami
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Abdali_Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Bridge during Rain<ref>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1>.</ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=31.964479255696848
|lng=35.9003335811401
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

Due to climate change, Jordan has been experiencing a change in rainfall patterns. The current grey infrastructure is not capable of draining the storm-water properly as it has not been designed to receive such large quantities. Also, the fact that it is not maintained properly further amplifies the problem. It is therefore worth considering the introduction of a layer of green infrastructure which would assist the existing grey infrastructure to avoid flooding in the future.

The Abdali area underwent a radical change in the past years, the aim of which was to create a new downtown for the city of Amman. The massive mixed-used development project included the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Changes were made to the road network surrounding this project which included the construction of the Abdali Bridge. This bridge (with the roundabout below it) connects the Ministry of Interior Affairs circle (north), the Abdali project (north-east), the Abdali area (east), the Third Circle (south-east), the Fourth Circle (south), and the Shmesani area (west). During the heavy rainfall that Jordan has experienced in the beginning of November 2014, slight flooding occurred in this area, and it is speculated that an introduction of proper green infrastructure would prevent this problem from reoccurring in the future.

== Author's perspective ==
Today, Amman is a highly urbanized city, which was sadly designed for the automobile and lacks a pedestrian, as well as cycling, transportation network. The only natural body that used to flow in the city in the '''Ras Al-Ain''' area (to the east of the chosen site) has dried a long time ago. Amman also lacks a properly designed and implemented green infrastructure. Although street trees are planted on all major roads, these cannot perform their role alone, and should work as a part of an extensive network of green infrastructure implemented in the city. The absence of this network is having adverse effects on stormwater management in the last couple of years. Due to '''Climate Change''', Amman is experiencing instances of heavy rainfall as mentioned before. As a result, flooding has been occuring in the streets, especially in roads where bridges are present, as is the case with the newly constructed '''Abdali Bridge'''.

== Landscape and/or urban context of the Abdali Bridge ==

[[Image:3d_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|3d Showing the Topography <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</ref>]]
[[Image:Topography_Abdali.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Abdali Topography (Abdali Bridge Highlighted) <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print. </ref> ]]

===Biogeography===

Amman is situated on multiple hills, called '''Jabal(s)''' in arabic, which can be seen in the names of several areas like ''Jabal Amman'', ''Jabal Al-Weibdeh'', ''Jabal Al-Nadeef''... etc. Originally, Amman was located on 7 hills (represented by the 7-pointed start on the Jordanian flag). The settlement on these hills, like many others, started next to a water body as these hills surrounded '''Wadi Ras Al-Ain''' which roughly translates into ''the valley from which the fountain springs''. Since then, Amman has expanded westwards, despite the unevenness of the topography. Flat areas are a rarity in Amman, and before the automobile was used extensively, several staricases were used to connect the people. However, once the automobile became the most common mode of transportation, roads were constructed parallel to the topography of the hills in order to abide by the inclination guidelines stipulated for vehicular traffic. The altitude of Amman varies from 700-1100m above street level.

Since settlement in Abdali area has started a really long time ago, today there are no traces of what the area looked like before urbanization. There is no native vegetation. In fact, the only plants present in the area are those planted in private gardens or as street trees. There are no animals as well, and there is no available data on the habitats that existed in the area before it was urbanized. Today, the only animals that could be seen are stray cats (which are somewhat common in Amman), and birds that build nests in garden trees or rest on electricity lines.

===Cultural Features===

The Abdali area is one of the ''older'' parts of the city and contains several important religious and civic buildings. The Palace of Justice, Ministry of Education, King Abdullah I Mosque, Church of the Annunciation, and the Coptic Patriarchate are all located on ''Suleyman Al-Nabulsi Street''. The Jordanian Parliament and House of Senate and Representatives is located on the ''King Hussein Street'' and in the same block as the Palace of Justice. The Abdali area has been chosen for a development project on a former military site to create the New Downtown.
[[Image:Map_copy.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Map of Points of Interest:1) Abdali Development Area 2) Abdali Pedestrian Boulevard 3) Palace of Justice 4) Parliament 4') House of Senates and Representatives 5) King Abdullah I Mosque 6) Ministry of Education 7) Coptic Patriarchate 8) The Church of the Annunciation ]]

<gallery caption="Points of Interest" mode=packed widths="180px" heights="180px">
Image:Palace_of_Justice.jpg|Palace of Justice: the major courthouse in Amman<ref>Palace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </ref>
Image:Parliament.jpg|Jordanian Parliament <ref> Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</ref>
Image:Coptic_Patriarchate.jpg|Coptic Patriarchate in Amman<ref>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</ref>
Image:Church_of_the_Annunciation.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation <ref>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:King_Abdullah_I_Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King Abdullah I Mosque<ref>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</ref>]]
*'''King Abdullah I Mosque''' <ref> "معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</ref>
It is one of the monumental mosques in Amman and was built to commemorate King Abdullah the first in 1982. It is built on a 12 000 square meter land which was later expanded to 18 000 square meters. The mosque's major components are:
# central prayer hall: octagonal in shape and accommodates 3000 men
# Women's Prayer Hall: accommodates 500 women
# Conference Hall
# Library
# Qur'an Teaching School
# Islamic Museum

*'''The New Downtown''' <ref> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, n.d. Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Abdali_Site_Plan.PNG| Abdali Master Plan <ref>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</ref>
Image:Abdali_Boulevard.PNG| Abdali Boulevard <ref>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
Image: Abdali_Cover.PNG| Abdali Image <ref> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
</gallery>
The Abdali development project covers a 384000 square meters area. It is a mixed-use development project which is composed of residential and commercial buildings in a pedestrian-friendly setting. It offers
# prestigious residential buildings (both serviced and unserviced)
# a central business district that attracts foreign investors
# a variety of leisure opportunities
# hotels

Pedestrians are kept in mind throughout the design of the entire project, but they can especially enjoy the ''Boulevard'' at the center which consists of 12 buildings (6 on either side) surrounding a 340 m ''pedestrian promenade''. To make use of the slope in the site, this Boulevard is divided into 3 platforms that are connected by different means of vertical circulation to provide the visitors with a unique experience as they strolls through it. Overall, there are 60,000 square meters of pedestrian roads, piazzas and landscaped parks in the project.

The project aims at being sustainable, and that is applied by the implication of a grey-water collecting and treatment system, energy efficient heating and cooling provided by Jordan District Energy, and encouraging developers to attain LEED certification for their buildings.

===Overall Character===
<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Amman_Districts.jpg|Amman Districts
Image:Density_Map.PNG|Density Map <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:Landuse_plan_abdali_area.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Landuse Plan]]Aside from the new development, the character of the Abdali area is similar to any neighborhood in Amman. Buildings are mostly constructed of stone and have a cubic form (with the exception of a few houses with pitched roofs). Houses are surrounded by gardens, the size of which depends on the land use category (residential categories stipulate minimum plot size and setbacks among other determinants). Roads can be divided into two categories; major and minor roads. The difference between the two is in street width and sidewalk width (which is dependent on the width of the street). Wherever width permits, planters are present on sidewalks and mid-road islands. Outdoor interaction among residents is limited to private settings (gardens) and the very few public parks which are mostly visited by children and their parents since they are the target users of these parks.
Due to the presence of the Palace of Justice in the vicinity, there is a large number of lawyers' office scattered around between homes in the residential areas as well as offices in general on the sides of major streets. Commercial functions are also mostly concentrated along major roads, except for small grocery stores which are built on plots that are categorized as residential. This implies that major roads of the area experience heavy traffic during working hours, a problem which was partially solved by the construction of the Abdali bridge. Another problem is the insufficient number of parking spaces, since most Jordanians area accustomed to drive their car to most places in the absence of an efficient public transportation system.

===History and Dynamics===

[[Image:Amman_timeline.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Amman Timeline <ref> Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print.</ref> ]]

'''Jordan'''<ref>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</ref>

Being located in the heart of the Middle East, and on several trade routes, Jordan had a strategic location throughout history which explains why it has hosted many different civilizations; Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Crusaders. One of the world's first cities ''Al-Beidha'' was situated in Jordan, close to modern day Petra. During the Iron Age, three kingdoms emerged in Jordan; the Edomites, the Moabites, and the Ammonites.

'''Amman'''<ref> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</ref>

Settlement in Amman began as early as the Bronze Age, and it was chosen as the capital of the Ammonites Kingdom during the Iron Age but was know as ''Rabbath Ammon''. Amman, since then, has witnessed a sequence of civilizations; Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. It was renamed Philadelphia during the Hellenistic Period, and was ruled by the Ptolemies (301-198BC) followed by the Seleucids (198-63BC). During the Roman reign,still know as Philadelphia, was part of the Decapolis League. The Roman period was followed by the Byzantine period which ended in the early 7th century and after which the Umayyad Empire began. Since then, Jordan has been ruled by Muslim Caliphates; the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Ayyubid and Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans. The Ottoman reign lasted for four centuries (1516-1918 AD), and ended with the Arab Revolt which led to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan which is the modern day Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Amman as its capital.

<gallery caption= "History of the Site" mode=packed heights="200px">
Image:Abdali_2003.jpg|2003
Image:Abdali_2007.jpg|2007
Image:Abdali_2009.jpg|2009
Image:Abdali_2010.jpg|2010
Image:Abdali_2011.jpg|2011
Image:Abdali_2014.jpg|2014
Image:Abdali_Changes.jpg| Areas Experiencing Major Changes
</gallery>

The images above show that the only major changes to the Abdali area in the past 10 years have been the development project and the road network that surrounds it. The Abdali area had very few empty plots of land as far back as the year 2000. Expansion by demolishing old low-rise building and replacing them with ones that have more floors has started occurring since the beginning of the development project, [[Image:Fleemarket_Abdali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Abdali Friday Market <ref>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</ref>]]however, these occurrences are limited in number and restricted to the buildings across the street from it. This was done to extract the maximum value of land by imitating the high-rise buildings within the project. Sadly, no attempts at imitating the attention to pedestrians and green areas have been made in the surrounding neighborhoods.

'''Friday Market'''
Since 1988, a Thursday night- Friday morning Flee market used to take place on a plot of land which had been a former bus stop for intercity buses in the Abdali area. The flee market was visited by a lot of customers every weekend, especially those leaving the mosque after Friday prayer. The flee market used to sell different things ranging from secondhand clothes to fruits and vegetables. In the beginning of October 2014, the flee market has been moved to the Ras Al-Ain area. This has double benefits, on the one hand the site in Abdali will be used as a much-needed parking for automobiles connected to a new public transportation mode which would carry passengers around the Abdali and Shmeisani area. On the other hand, the new site chosen for the flee market has adequate parking and would thus not cause the traffic congestion which is associated with the market in the Abdali location.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:SWOT_Abdali.jpg| SWOT Analysis
Image:Natural_Drainage.jpg|Natural Drainage according to Topography
Image:Abdali_bridge_drainage.jpg| Rain Drainage from the Bridge
Image:Abdali_Splitter_Islands.jpg|Existing Splitter Islands
Image: Abadli_overflow.jpg| Overflow Problem
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==

*'''Environmental Benefits'''
The environmental benefits gained from the use of green infrastructure are not restricted to flood alleviation (despite its importance in the area). The air quality would improve as a result of the "greening" activities which is associated with the production of more oxygen and carbon sequestration. The collected storm-water would be filtered making it pollutant-free and thus suitable for groundwater recharging. Added to that, vegetation would reduce the heat island effect resultant from large areas of impervious covering which is essential in an area with a hot climate like Jordan.

*'''Economic Benefits'''
Grey infrastructure is typically expensive to install and to maintain. One of its majors downfalls is that it degrades with age, unlike green infrastructure which actually improves in efficiency as time passes by. Grey infrastructure also has some operational costs associated with water pumping which requires energy, while the green alternative does not consume any energy. An additional benefit is the increase of property values in the area.

*'''Social Benefits'''
Improved air quality would translate into better health for the residents of the area. The vegetation planted for grey infrastructure would also enhance the aesthetic value and thus have a positive psychological impact.

*'''Enhanced Connectivity'''
By implementing a layer of green infrastructure, sidewalks in the area would be redesigned which would give the opportunity to convert the streets into ''pedestrian-friendly'' street. Also, this may result in considering the introduction of cycling pathways in the areas, thus providing residents with a wider variety of transportation modes.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==

*'''At the Street Level'''
Street networks are normally multifunctional in their nature as they carry traffic of different types, however, this is not the case in the Abdali area. Existing sidewalks do not encourage pedestrians to go out on walks, and are only used by people due to a need rather than an opportunity. The enhancement of the street structure, by the addition of properly designed sidewalks with bio-swales, would create an interest in the people to use them, and will be reflected on the health of the citizens due to exercise. The implicit proper rainwater drainage would mean that citizens would be able to use them year-round, even during rain events. The introduction of a rain garden(s), would also enhance the visual appearance of the area as a whole, and is translated into an increase in the citizens' access to green spaces.

*'''At the Skyline Level'''
Rooftops in Amman, despite being flat, are rarely used by the owners for leisure. Usually, water tanks, satellite dishes, and other "service" elements are placed there which creates an unpleasant skyline. By converting the roofs of residential and commercial buildings to green-roofs, an enhancement to the skyline occurs, along with an increase in the open spaces that are accessible to the residents or workers in the building. This also means that the footprint of buildings would be reduced, due to the transformation of the surface of the roof from impervious to water-permeable.

== Projective drawings ==
* '''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years)'''
** In the coming two years, significant progress will have taken place in the Abdali Project development, which could mean the appearance of green roofs and an appealing skyline. "Greening" could also be seen in the sidewalks which will be fitted with bio-swales and encounter heavy foot-traffic.

* '''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years)'''
** A complete transformation of the area could occur, along with the completion of the development projects. The buildings on the opposite side of the project, that were intended to be rebuilt, would be rebuilt while considering the amount of impervious surfaces created. Rainwater collection techniques would be implemented by all of the buildings in the vicinity. The plants on the green roofs and in the bio-swales and rain gardens would have grown creating an aesthetically pleasing environment.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="250px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Short_Term_Abdali_1_copy.jpg|Short Term Projection
Image:Short_Term_Abdali_2.jpg|Short Term Aerial View
Image:Long_Term_Abdali_1.jpg|Long Term Projection
Image:Long_Term_Abdali_2.jpg|Long Term Aerial View
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==

Since the Abdali area is already undergoing a redevelopment process, it is strongly advised to introduce a layer of green infrastructure at this stage due to its feasibility and the multitude of benefits which could be gained by it. The development project itself already has sustainability considerations taken into account, but those could be further enhanced by the application of green infrastructure elements (green roofs, bioswales, rain gardens). The area across the street from the project is expected to undergo a transformation as well, in the long term future, and affords the possibility of "greening" . The Suleyman Al-Nabulsi street (which lies between these two areas) hosts many important buildings (Palace of Jutsice, Iconic Mosque, Governmental Functions) so the improvement to this street's structure would make it an exemplary street that reflects a positive image of the city of Amman.

== References ==

<references>"معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</references>
<references> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1></references>
<references>alace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </references>
<references>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</references>
<references>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</references>
<references>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</references>
<references>Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</references>
<references>Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print. </references>
<references>Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print.</references>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</reference>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</references>
<references>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</reference>
<references>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</references>
<references>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</references>
<references> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Long Term Abdali 2.jpg

2014-11-26T18:07:59Z

Shamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge

2014-11-26T15:01:32Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''Implementing Green Infrastructure in the Abdali Bridge Area'''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Abdali Bridge
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Jordan
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|Amman
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|Maroula Shami
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Abdali_Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Bridge during Rain<ref>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1>.</ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=31.964479255696848
|lng=35.9003335811401
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

Due to climate change, Jordan has been experiencing a change in rainfall patterns. The current grey infrastructure is not capable of draining the storm-water properly as it has not been designed to receive such large quantities. Also, the fact that it is not maintained properly further amplifies the problem. It is therefore worth considering the introduction of a layer of green infrastructure which would assist the existing grey infrastructure to avoid flooding in the future.

The Abdali area underwent a radical change in the past years, the aim of which was to create a new downtown for the city of Amman. The massive mixed-used development project included the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Changes were made to the road network surrounding this project which included the construction of the Abdali Bridge. This bridge (with the roundabout below it) connects the Ministry of Interior Affairs circle (north), the Abdali project (north-east), the Abdali area (east), the Third Circle (south-east), the Fourth Circle (south), and the Shmesani area (west). During the heavy rainfall that Jordan has experienced in the beginning of November 2014, slight flooding occurred in this area, and it is speculated that an introduction of proper green infrastructure would prevent this problem from reoccurring in the future.

== Author's perspective ==
Today, Amman is a highly urbanized city, which was sadly designed for the automobile and lacks a pedestrian, as well as cycling, transportation network. The only natural body that used to flow in the city in the '''Ras Al-Ain''' area (to the east of the chosen site) has dried a long time ago. Amman also lacks a properly designed and implemented green infrastructure. Although street trees are planted on all major roads, these cannot perform their role alone, and should work as a part of an extensive network of green infrastructure implemented in the city. The absence of this network is having adverse effects on stormwater management in the last couple of years. Due to '''Climate Change''', Amman is experiencing instances of heavy rainfall as mentioned before. As a result, flooding has been occuring in the streets, especially in roads where bridges are present, as is the case with the newly constructed '''Abdali Bridge'''.

== Landscape and/or urban context of the Abdali Bridge ==

[[Image:3d_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|3d Showing the Topography <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</ref>]]
[[Image:Topography_Abdali.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Abdali Topography (Abdali Bridge Highlighted) <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print. </ref> ]]

===Biogeography===

Amman is situated on multiple hills, called '''Jabal(s)''' in arabic, which can be seen in the names of several areas like ''Jabal Amman'', ''Jabal Al-Weibdeh'', ''Jabal Al-Nadeef''... etc. Originally, Amman was located on 7 hills (represented by the 7-pointed start on the Jordanian flag). The settlement on these hills, like many others, started next to a water body as these hills surrounded '''Wadi Ras Al-Ain''' which roughly translates into ''the valley from which the fountain springs''. Since then, Amman has expanded westwards, despite the unevenness of the topography. Flat areas are a rarity in Amman, and before the automobile was used extensively, several staricases were used to connect the people. However, once the automobile became the most common mode of transportation, roads were constructed parallel to the topography of the hills in order to abide by the inclination guidelines stipulated for vehicular traffic. The altitude of Amman varies from 700-1100m above street level.

Since settlement in Abdali area has started a really long time ago, today there are no traces of what the area looked like before urbanization. There is no native vegetation. In fact, the only plants present in the area are those planted in private gardens or as street trees. There are no animals as well, and there is no available data on the habitats that existed in the area before it was urbanized. Today, the only animals that could be seen are stray cats (which are somewhat common in Amman), and birds that build nests in garden trees or rest on electricity lines.

===Cultural Features===

The Abdali area is one of the ''older'' parts of the city and contains several important religious and civic buildings. The Palace of Justice, Ministry of Education, King Abdullah I Mosque, Church of the Annunciation, and the Coptic Patriarchate are all located on ''Suleyman Al-Nabulsi Street''. The Jordanian Parliament and House of Senate and Representatives is located on the ''King Hussein Street'' and in the same block as the Palace of Justice. The Abdali area has been chosen for a development project on a former military site to create the New Downtown.
[[Image:Map_copy.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Map of Points of Interest:1) Abdali Development Area 2) Abdali Pedestrian Boulevard 3) Palace of Justice 4) Parliament 4') House of Senates and Representatives 5) King Abdullah I Mosque 6) Ministry of Education 7) Coptic Patriarchate 8) The Church of the Annunciation ]]

<gallery caption="Points of Interest" mode=packed widths="180px" heights="180px">
Image:Palace_of_Justice.jpg|Palace of Justice: the major courthouse in Amman<ref>Palace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </ref>
Image:Parliament.jpg|Jordanian Parliament <ref> Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</ref>
Image:Coptic_Patriarchate.jpg|Coptic Patriarchate in Amman<ref>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</ref>
Image:Church_of_the_Annunciation.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation <ref>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:King_Abdullah_I_Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King Abdullah I Mosque<ref>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</ref>]]
*'''King Abdullah I Mosque''' <ref> "معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</ref>
It is one of the monumental mosques in Amman and was built to commemorate King Abdullah the first in 1982. It is built on a 12 000 square meter land which was later expanded to 18 000 square meters. The mosque's major components are:
# central prayer hall: octagonal in shape and accommodates 3000 men
# Women's Prayer Hall: accommodates 500 women
# Conference Hall
# Library
# Qur'an Teaching School
# Islamic Museum

*'''The New Downtown''' <ref> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, n.d. Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Abdali_Site_Plan.PNG| Abdali Master Plan <ref>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</ref>
Image:Abdali_Boulevard.PNG| Abdali Boulevard <ref>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
Image: Abdali_Cover.PNG| Abdali Image <ref> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
</gallery>
The Abdali development project covers a 384000 square meters area. It is a mixed-use development project which is composed of residential and commercial buildings in a pedestrian-friendly setting. It offers
# prestigious residential buildings (both serviced and unserviced)
# a central business district that attracts foreign investors
# a variety of leisure opportunities
# hotels

Pedestrians are kept in mind throughout the design of the entire project, but they can especially enjoy the ''Boulevard'' at the center which consists of 12 buildings (6 on either side) surrounding a 340 m ''pedestrian promenade''. To make use of the slope in the site, this Boulevard is divided into 3 platforms that are connected by different means of vertical circulation to provide the visitors with a unique experience as they strolls through it. Overall, there are 60,000 square meters of pedestrian roads, piazzas and landscaped parks in the project.

The project aims at being sustainable, and that is applied by the implication of a grey-water collecting and treatment system, energy efficient heating and cooling provided by Jordan District Energy, and encouraging developers to attain LEED certification for their buildings.

===Overall Character===
<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Amman_Districts.jpg|Amman Districts
Image:Density_Map.PNG|Density Map <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:Landuse_plan_abdali_area.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Landuse Plan]]Aside from the new development, the character of the Abdali area is similar to any neighborhood in Amman. Buildings are mostly constructed of stone and have a cubic form (with the exception of a few houses with pitched roofs). Houses are surrounded by gardens, the size of which depends on the land use category (residential categories stipulate minimum plot size and setbacks among other determinants). Roads can be divided into two categories; major and minor roads. The difference between the two is in street width and sidewalk width (which is dependent on the width of the street). Wherever width permits, planters are present on sidewalks and mid-road islands. Outdoor interaction among residents is limited to private settings (gardens) and the very few public parks which are mostly visited by children and their parents since they are the target users of these parks.
Due to the presence of the Palace of Justice in the vicinity, there is a large number of lawyers' office scattered around between homes in the residential areas as well as offices in general on the sides of major streets. Commercial functions are also mostly concentrated along major roads, except for small grocery stores which are built on plots that are categorized as residential. This implies that major roads of the area experience heavy traffic during working hours, a problem which was partially solved by the construction of the Abdali bridge. Another problem is the insufficient number of parking spaces, since most Jordanians area accustomed to drive their car to most places in the absence of an efficient public transportation system.

===History and Dynamics===

[[Image:Amman_timeline.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Amman Timeline <ref> Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print.</ref> ]]

'''Jordan'''<ref>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</ref>

Being located in the heart of the Middle East, and on several trade routes, Jordan had a strategic location throughout history which explains why it has hosted many different civilizations; Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Crusaders. One of the world's first cities ''Al-Beidha'' was situated in Jordan, close to modern day Petra. During the Iron Age, three kingdoms emerged in Jordan; the Edomites, the Moabites, and the Ammonites.

'''Amman'''<ref> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</ref>

Settlement in Amman began as early as the Bronze Age, and it was chosen as the capital of the Ammonites Kingdom during the Iron Age but was know as ''Rabbath Ammon''. Amman, since then, has witnessed a sequence of civilizations; Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. It was renamed Philadelphia during the Hellenistic Period, and was ruled by the Ptolemies (301-198BC) followed by the Seleucids (198-63BC). During the Roman reign,still know as Philadelphia, was part of the Decapolis League. The Roman period was followed by the Byzantine period which ended in the early 7th century and after which the Umayyad Empire began. Since then, Jordan has been ruled by Muslim Caliphates; the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Ayyubid and Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans. The Ottoman reign lasted for four centuries (1516-1918 AD), and ended with the Arab Revolt which led to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan which is the modern day Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Amman as its capital.

<gallery caption= "History of the Site" mode=packed heights="200px">
Image:Abdali_2003.jpg|2003
Image:Abdali_2007.jpg|2007
Image:Abdali_2009.jpg|2009
Image:Abdali_2010.jpg|2010
Image:Abdali_2011.jpg|2011
Image:Abdali_2014.jpg|2014
Image:Abdali_Changes.jpg| Areas Experiencing Major Changes
</gallery>

The images above show that the only major changes to the Abdali area in the past 10 years have been the development project and the road network that surrounds it. The Abdali area had very few empty plots of land as far back as the year 2000. Expansion by demolishing old low-rise building and replacing them with ones that have more floors has started occurring since the beginning of the development project, [[Image:Fleemarket_Abdali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Abdali Friday Market <ref>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</ref>]]however, these occurrences are limited in number and restricted to the buildings across the street from it. This was done to extract the maximum value of land by imitating the high-rise buildings within the project. Sadly, no attempts at imitating the attention to pedestrians and green areas have been made in the surrounding neighborhoods.

'''Friday Market'''
Since 1988, a Thursday night- Friday morning Flee market used to take place on a plot of land which had been a former bus stop for intercity buses in the Abdali area. The flee market was visited by a lot of customers every weekend, especially those leaving the mosque after Friday prayer. The flee market used to sell different things ranging from secondhand clothes to fruits and vegetables. In the beginning of October 2014, the flee market has been moved to the Ras Al-Ain area. This has double benefits, on the one hand the site in Abdali will be used as a much-needed parking for automobiles connected to a new public transportation mode which would carry passengers around the Abdali and Shmeisani area. On the other hand, the new site chosen for the flee market has adequate parking and would thus not cause the traffic congestion which is associated with the market in the Abdali location.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:SWOT_Abdali.jpg| SWOT Analysis
Image:Natural_Drainage.jpg|Natural Drainage according to Topography
Image:Abdali_bridge_drainage.jpg| Rain Drainage from the Bridge
Image:Abdali_Splitter_Islands.jpg|Existing Splitter Islands
Image: Abadli_overflow.jpg| Overflow Problem
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==

*'''Environmental Benefits'''
The environmental benefits gained from the use of green infrastructure are not restricted to flood alleviation (despite its importance in the area). The air quality would improve as a result of the "greening" activities which is associated with the production of more oxygen and carbon sequestration. The collected storm-water would be filtered making it pollutant-free and thus suitable for groundwater recharging. Added to that, vegetation would reduce the heat island effect resultant from large areas of impervious covering which is essential in an area with a hot climate like Jordan.

*'''Economic Benefits'''
Grey infrastructure is typically expensive to install and to maintain. One of its majors downfalls is that it degrades with age, unlike green infrastructure which actually improves in efficiency as time passes by. Grey infrastructure also has some operational costs associated with water pumping which requires energy, while the green alternative does not consume any energy. An additional benefit is the increase of property values in the area.

*'''Social Benefits'''
Improved air quality would translate into better health for the residents of the area. The vegetation planted for grey infrastructure would also enhance the aesthetic value and thus have a positive psychological impact.

*'''Enhanced Connectivity'''
By implementing a layer of green infrastructure, sidewalks in the area would be redesigned which would give the opportunity to convert the streets into ''pedestrian-friendly'' street. Also, this may result in considering the introduction of cycling pathways in the areas, thus providing residents with a wider variety of transportation modes.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==

*'''At the Street Level'''
Street networks are normally multifunctional in their nature as they carry traffic of different types, however, this is not the case in the Abdali area. Existing sidewalks do not encourage pedestrians to go out on walks, and are only used by people due to a need rather than an opportunity. The enhancement of the street structure, by the addition of properly designed sidewalks with bio-swales, would create an interest in the people to use them, and will be reflected on the health of the citizens due to exercise. The implicit proper rainwater drainage would mean that citizens would be able to use them year-round, even during rain events. The introduction of a rain garden(s), would also enhance the visual appearance of the area as a whole, and is translated into an increase in the citizens' access to green spaces.

*'''At the Skyline Level'''
Rooftops in Amman, despite being flat, are rarely used by the owners for leisure. Usually, water tanks, satellite dishes, and other "service" elements are placed there which creates an unpleasant skyline. By converting the roofs of residential and commercial buildings to green-roofs, an enhancement to the skyline occurs, along with an increase in the open spaces that are accessible to the residents or workers in the building. This also means that the footprint of buildings would be reduced, due to the transformation of the surface of the roof from impervious to water-permeable.

== Projective drawings ==
* '''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years)'''
** In the coming two years, significant progress will have taken place in the Abdali Project development, which could mean the appearance of green roofs and an appealing skyline. "Greening" could also be seen in the sidewalks which will be fitted with bio-swales and encounter heavy foot-traffic.

* '''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years)'''
** A complete transformation of the area could occur, along with the completion of the development projects. The buildings on the opposite side of the project, that were intended to be rebuilt, would be rebuilt while considering the amount of impervious surfaces created. Rainwater collection techniques would be implemented by all of the buildings in the vicinity. The plants on the green roofs and in the bio-swales and rain gardens would have grown creating an aesthetically pleasing environment.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="250px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Short_Term_Abdali_1_copy.jpg|Short Term Projection
Image:Short_Term_Abdali_2.jpg|Short Term Aerial View
Image:Long_Term_Abdali_1.jpg|Long Term Projection
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==

Since the Abdali area is already undergoing a redevelopment process, it is strongly advised to introduce a layer of green infrastructure at this stage due to its feasibility and the multitude of benefits which could be gained by it. The development project itself already has sustainability considerations taken into account, but those could be further enhanced by the application of green infrastructure elements (green roofs, bioswales, rain gardens). The area across the street from the project is expected to undergo a transformation as well, in the long term future, and affords the possibility of "greening" . The Suleyman Al-Nabulsi street (which lies between these two areas) hosts many important buildings (Palace of Jutsice, Iconic Mosque, Governmental Functions) so the improvement to this street's structure would make it an exemplary street that reflects a positive image of the city of Amman.

== References ==

<references>"معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</references>
<references> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1></references>
<references>alace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </references>
<references>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</references>
<references>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</references>
<references>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</references>
<references>Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</references>
<references>Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print. </references>
<references>Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print.</references>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</reference>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</references>
<references>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</reference>
<references>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</references>
<references>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</references>
<references> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Short Term Abdali 2.jpg

2014-11-26T15:00:09Z

Shamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge

2014-11-26T13:12:34Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''Implementing Green Infrastructure in the Abdali Bridge Area'''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Abdali Bridge
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Jordan
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|Amman
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|Maroula Shami
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Abdali_Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Bridge during Rain<ref>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1>.</ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=31.964479255696848
|lng=35.9003335811401
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

Due to climate change, Jordan has been experiencing a change in rainfall patterns. The current grey infrastructure is not capable of draining the storm-water properly as it has not been designed to receive such large quantities. Also, the fact that it is not maintained properly further amplifies the problem. It is therefore worth considering the introduction of a layer of green infrastructure which would assist the existing grey infrastructure to avoid flooding in the future.

The Abdali area underwent a radical change in the past years, the aim of which was to create a new downtown for the city of Amman. The massive mixed-used development project included the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Changes were made to the road network surrounding this project which included the construction of the Abdali Bridge. This bridge (with the roundabout below it) connects the Ministry of Interior Affairs circle (north), the Abdali project (north-east), the Abdali area (east), the Third Circle (south-east), the Fourth Circle (south), and the Shmesani area (west). During the heavy rainfall that Jordan has experienced in the beginning of November 2014, slight flooding occurred in this area, and it is speculated that an introduction of proper green infrastructure would prevent this problem from reoccurring in the future.

== Author's perspective ==
Today, Amman is a highly urbanized city, which was sadly designed for the automobile and lacks a pedestrian, as well as cycling, transportation network. The only natural body that used to flow in the city in the '''Ras Al-Ain''' area (to the east of the chosen site) has dried a long time ago. Amman also lacks a properly designed and implemented green infrastructure. Although street trees are planted on all major roads, these cannot perform their role alone, and should work as a part of an extensive network of green infrastructure implemented in the city. The absence of this network is having adverse effects on stormwater management in the last couple of years. Due to '''Climate Change''', Amman is experiencing instances of heavy rainfall as mentioned before. As a result, flooding has been occuring in the streets, especially in roads where bridges are present, as is the case with the newly constructed '''Abdali Bridge'''.

== Landscape and/or urban context of the Abdali Bridge ==

[[Image:3d_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|3d Showing the Topography <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</ref>]]
[[Image:Topography_Abdali.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Abdali Topography (Abdali Bridge Highlighted) <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print. </ref> ]]

===Biogeography===

Amman is situated on multiple hills, called '''Jabal(s)''' in arabic, which can be seen in the names of several areas like ''Jabal Amman'', ''Jabal Al-Weibdeh'', ''Jabal Al-Nadeef''... etc. Originally, Amman was located on 7 hills (represented by the 7-pointed start on the Jordanian flag). The settlement on these hills, like many others, started next to a water body as these hills surrounded '''Wadi Ras Al-Ain''' which roughly translates into ''the valley from which the fountain springs''. Since then, Amman has expanded westwards, despite the unevenness of the topography. Flat areas are a rarity in Amman, and before the automobile was used extensively, several staricases were used to connect the people. However, once the automobile became the most common mode of transportation, roads were constructed parallel to the topography of the hills in order to abide by the inclination guidelines stipulated for vehicular traffic. The altitude of Amman varies from 700-1100m above street level.

Since settlement in Abdali area has started a really long time ago, today there are no traces of what the area looked like before urbanization. There is no native vegetation. In fact, the only plants present in the area are those planted in private gardens or as street trees. There are no animals as well, and there is no available data on the habitats that existed in the area before it was urbanized. Today, the only animals that could be seen are stray cats (which are somewhat common in Amman), and birds that build nests in garden trees or rest on electricity lines.

===Cultural Features===

The Abdali area is one of the ''older'' parts of the city and contains several important religious and civic buildings. The Palace of Justice, Ministry of Education, King Abdullah I Mosque, Church of the Annunciation, and the Coptic Patriarchate are all located on ''Suleyman Al-Nabulsi Street''. The Jordanian Parliament and House of Senate and Representatives is located on the ''King Hussein Street'' and in the same block as the Palace of Justice. The Abdali area has been chosen for a development project on a former military site to create the New Downtown.
[[Image:Map_copy.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Map of Points of Interest:1) Abdali Development Area 2) Abdali Pedestrian Boulevard 3) Palace of Justice 4) Parliament 4') House of Senates and Representatives 5) King Abdullah I Mosque 6) Ministry of Education 7) Coptic Patriarchate 8) The Church of the Annunciation ]]

<gallery caption="Points of Interest" mode=packed widths="180px" heights="180px">
Image:Palace_of_Justice.jpg|Palace of Justice: the major courthouse in Amman<ref>Palace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </ref>
Image:Parliament.jpg|Jordanian Parliament <ref> Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</ref>
Image:Coptic_Patriarchate.jpg|Coptic Patriarchate in Amman<ref>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</ref>
Image:Church_of_the_Annunciation.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation <ref>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:King_Abdullah_I_Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King Abdullah I Mosque<ref>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</ref>]]
*'''King Abdullah I Mosque''' <ref> "معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</ref>
It is one of the monumental mosques in Amman and was built to commemorate King Abdullah the first in 1982. It is built on a 12 000 square meter land which was later expanded to 18 000 square meters. The mosque's major components are:
# central prayer hall: octagonal in shape and accommodates 3000 men
# Women's Prayer Hall: accommodates 500 women
# Conference Hall
# Library
# Qur'an Teaching School
# Islamic Museum

*'''The New Downtown''' <ref> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, n.d. Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Abdali_Site_Plan.PNG| Abdali Master Plan <ref>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</ref>
Image:Abdali_Boulevard.PNG| Abdali Boulevard <ref>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
Image: Abdali_Cover.PNG| Abdali Image <ref> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
</gallery>
The Abdali development project covers a 384000 square meters area. It is a mixed-use development project which is composed of residential and commercial buildings in a pedestrian-friendly setting. It offers
# prestigious residential buildings (both serviced and unserviced)
# a central business district that attracts foreign investors
# a variety of leisure opportunities
# hotels

Pedestrians are kept in mind throughout the design of the entire project, but they can especially enjoy the ''Boulevard'' at the center which consists of 12 buildings (6 on either side) surrounding a 340 m ''pedestrian promenade''. To make use of the slope in the site, this Boulevard is divided into 3 platforms that are connected by different means of vertical circulation to provide the visitors with a unique experience as they strolls through it. Overall, there are 60,000 square meters of pedestrian roads, piazzas and landscaped parks in the project.

The project aims at being sustainable, and that is applied by the implication of a grey-water collecting and treatment system, energy efficient heating and cooling provided by Jordan District Energy, and encouraging developers to attain LEED certification for their buildings.

===Overall Character===
<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Amman_Districts.jpg|Amman Districts
Image:Density_Map.PNG|Density Map <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:Landuse_plan_abdali_area.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Landuse Plan]]Aside from the new development, the character of the Abdali area is similar to any neighborhood in Amman. Buildings are mostly constructed of stone and have a cubic form (with the exception of a few houses with pitched roofs). Houses are surrounded by gardens, the size of which depends on the land use category (residential categories stipulate minimum plot size and setbacks among other determinants). Roads can be divided into two categories; major and minor roads. The difference between the two is in street width and sidewalk width (which is dependent on the width of the street). Wherever width permits, planters are present on sidewalks and mid-road islands. Outdoor interaction among residents is limited to private settings (gardens) and the very few public parks which are mostly visited by children and their parents since they are the target users of these parks.
Due to the presence of the Palace of Justice in the vicinity, there is a large number of lawyers' office scattered around between homes in the residential areas as well as offices in general on the sides of major streets. Commercial functions are also mostly concentrated along major roads, except for small grocery stores which are built on plots that are categorized as residential. This implies that major roads of the area experience heavy traffic during working hours, a problem which was partially solved by the construction of the Abdali bridge. Another problem is the insufficient number of parking spaces, since most Jordanians area accustomed to drive their car to most places in the absence of an efficient public transportation system.

===History and Dynamics===

[[Image:Amman_timeline.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Amman Timeline <ref> Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print.</ref> ]]

'''Jordan'''<ref>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</ref>

Being located in the heart of the Middle East, and on several trade routes, Jordan had a strategic location throughout history which explains why it has hosted many different civilizations; Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Crusaders. One of the world's first cities ''Al-Beidha'' was situated in Jordan, close to modern day Petra. During the Iron Age, three kingdoms emerged in Jordan; the Edomites, the Moabites, and the Ammonites.

'''Amman'''<ref> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</ref>

Settlement in Amman began as early as the Bronze Age, and it was chosen as the capital of the Ammonites Kingdom during the Iron Age but was know as ''Rabbath Ammon''. Amman, since then, has witnessed a sequence of civilizations; Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. It was renamed Philadelphia during the Hellenistic Period, and was ruled by the Ptolemies (301-198BC) followed by the Seleucids (198-63BC). During the Roman reign,still know as Philadelphia, was part of the Decapolis League. The Roman period was followed by the Byzantine period which ended in the early 7th century and after which the Umayyad Empire began. Since then, Jordan has been ruled by Muslim Caliphates; the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Ayyubid and Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans. The Ottoman reign lasted for four centuries (1516-1918 AD), and ended with the Arab Revolt which led to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan which is the modern day Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Amman as its capital.

<gallery caption= "History of the Site" mode=packed heights="200px">
Image:Abdali_2003.jpg|2003
Image:Abdali_2007.jpg|2007
Image:Abdali_2009.jpg|2009
Image:Abdali_2010.jpg|2010
Image:Abdali_2011.jpg|2011
Image:Abdali_2014.jpg|2014
Image:Abdali_Changes.jpg| Areas Experiencing Major Changes
</gallery>

The images above show that the only major changes to the Abdali area in the past 10 years have been the development project and the road network that surrounds it. The Abdali area had very few empty plots of land as far back as the year 2000. Expansion by demolishing old low-rise building and replacing them with ones that have more floors has started occurring since the beginning of the development project, [[Image:Fleemarket_Abdali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Abdali Friday Market <ref>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</ref>]]however, these occurrences are limited in number and restricted to the buildings across the street from it. This was done to extract the maximum value of land by imitating the high-rise buildings within the project. Sadly, no attempts at imitating the attention to pedestrians and green areas have been made in the surrounding neighborhoods.

'''Friday Market'''
Since 1988, a Thursday night- Friday morning Flee market used to take place on a plot of land which had been a former bus stop for intercity buses in the Abdali area. The flee market was visited by a lot of customers every weekend, especially those leaving the mosque after Friday prayer. The flee market used to sell different things ranging from secondhand clothes to fruits and vegetables. In the beginning of October 2014, the flee market has been moved to the Ras Al-Ain area. This has double benefits, on the one hand the site in Abdali will be used as a much-needed parking for automobiles connected to a new public transportation mode which would carry passengers around the Abdali and Shmeisani area. On the other hand, the new site chosen for the flee market has adequate parking and would thus not cause the traffic congestion which is associated with the market in the Abdali location.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:SWOT_Abdali.jpg| SWOT Analysis
Image:Natural_Drainage.jpg|Natural Drainage according to Topography
Image:Abdali_bridge_drainage.jpg| Rain Drainage from the Bridge
Image:Abdali_Splitter_Islands.jpg|Existing Splitter Islands
Image: Abadli_overflow.jpg| Overflow Problem
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==

*'''Environmental Benefits'''
The environmental benefits gained from the use of green infrastructure are not restricted to flood alleviation (despite its importance in the area). The air quality would improve as a result of the "greening" activities which is associated with the production of more oxygen and carbon sequestration. The collected storm-water would be filtered making it pollutant-free and thus suitable for groundwater recharging. Added to that, vegetation would reduce the heat island effect resultant from large areas of impervious covering which is essential in an area with a hot climate like Jordan.

*'''Economic Benefits'''
Grey infrastructure is typically expensive to install and to maintain. One of its majors downfalls is that it degrades with age, unlike green infrastructure which actually improves in efficiency as time passes by. Grey infrastructure also has some operational costs associated with water pumping which requires energy, while the green alternative does not consume any energy. An additional benefit is the increase of property values in the area.

*'''Social Benefits'''
Improved air quality would translate into better health for the residents of the area. The vegetation planted for grey infrastructure would also enhance the aesthetic value and thus have a positive psychological impact.

*'''Enhanced Connectivity'''
By implementing a layer of green infrastructure, sidewalks in the area would be redesigned which would give the opportunity to convert the streets into ''pedestrian-friendly'' street. Also, this may result in considering the introduction of cycling pathways in the areas, thus providing residents with a wider variety of transportation modes.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==

*'''At the Street Level'''
Street networks are normally multifunctional in their nature as they carry traffic of different types, however, this is not the case in the Abdali area. Existing sidewalks do not encourage pedestrians to go out on walks, and are only used by people due to a need rather than an opportunity. The enhancement of the street structure, by the addition of properly designed sidewalks with bio-swales, would create an interest in the people to use them, and will be reflected on the health of the citizens due to exercise. The implicit proper rainwater drainage would mean that citizens would be able to use them year-round, even during rain events. The introduction of a rain garden(s), would also enhance the visual appearance of the area as a whole, and is translated into an increase in the citizens' access to green spaces.

*'''At the Skyline Level'''
Rooftops in Amman, despite being flat, are rarely used by the owners for leisure. Usually, water tanks, satellite dishes, and other "service" elements are placed there which creates an unpleasant skyline. By converting the roofs of residential and commercial buildings to green-roofs, an enhancement to the skyline occurs, along with an increase in the open spaces that are accessible to the residents or workers in the building. This also means that the footprint of buildings would be reduced, due to the transformation of the surface of the roof from impervious to water-permeable.

== Projective drawings ==
* '''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years)'''
** In the coming two years, significant progress will have taken place in the Abdali Project development, which could mean the appearance of green roofs and an appealing skyline. "Greening" could also be seen in the sidewalks which will be fitted with bio-swales and encounter heavy foot-traffic.

* '''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years)'''
** A complete transformation of the area could occur, along with the completion of the development projects. The buildings on the opposite side of the project, that were intended to be rebuilt, would be rebuilt while considering the amount of impervious surfaces created. Rainwater collection techniques would be implemented by all of the buildings in the vicinity. The plants on the green roofs and in the bio-swales and rain gardens would have grown creating an aesthetically pleasing environment.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="250px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Short_Term_Abdali_1_copy.jpg|Short Term Projection
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Long_Term_Abdali_1.jpg|Long Term Projection
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==

Since the Abdali area is already undergoing a redevelopment process, it is strongly advised to introduce a layer of green infrastructure at this stage due to its feasibility and the multitude of benefits which could be gained by it. The development project itself already has sustainability considerations taken into account, but those could be further enhanced by the application of green infrastructure elements (green roofs, bioswales, rain gardens). The area across the street from the project is expected to undergo a transformation as well, in the long term future, and affords the possibility of "greening" . The Suleyman Al-Nabulsi street (which lies between these two areas) hosts many important buildings (Palace of Jutsice, Iconic Mosque, Governmental Functions) so the improvement to this street's structure would make it an exemplary street that reflects a positive image of the city of Amman.

== References ==

<references>"معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</references>
<references> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1></references>
<references>alace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </references>
<references>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</references>
<references>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</references>
<references>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</references>
<references>Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</references>
<references>Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print. </references>
<references>Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print.</references>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</reference>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</references>
<references>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</reference>
<references>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</references>
<references>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</references>
<references> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Long Term Abdali 1.jpg

2014-11-26T13:11:56Z

Shamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge

2014-11-26T12:11:42Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''Implementing Green Infrastructure in the Abdali Bridge Area'''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Abdali Bridge
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Jordan
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|Amman
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|Maroula Shami
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Abdali_Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Bridge during Rain<ref>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1>.</ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=31.964479255696848
|lng=35.9003335811401
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

Due to climate change, Jordan has been experiencing a change in rainfall patterns. The current grey infrastructure is not capable of draining the storm-water properly as it has not been designed to receive such large quantities. Also, the fact that it is not maintained properly further amplifies the problem. It is therefore worth considering the introduction of a layer of green infrastructure which would assist the existing grey infrastructure to avoid flooding in the future.

The Abdali area underwent a radical change in the past years, the aim of which was to create a new downtown for the city of Amman. The massive mixed-used development project included the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Changes were made to the road network surrounding this project which included the construction of the Abdali Bridge. This bridge (with the roundabout below it) connects the Ministry of Interior Affairs circle (north), the Abdali project (north-east), the Abdali area (east), the Third Circle (south-east), the Fourth Circle (south), and the Shmesani area (west). During the heavy rainfall that Jordan has experienced in the beginning of November 2014, slight flooding occurred in this area, and it is speculated that an introduction of proper green infrastructure would prevent this problem from reoccurring in the future.

== Author's perspective ==
Today, Amman is a highly urbanized city, which was sadly designed for the automobile and lacks a pedestrian, as well as cycling, transportation network. The only natural body that used to flow in the city in the '''Ras Al-Ain''' area (to the east of the chosen site) has dried a long time ago. Amman also lacks a properly designed and implemented green infrastructure. Although street trees are planted on all major roads, these cannot perform their role alone, and should work as a part of an extensive network of green infrastructure implemented in the city. The absence of this network is having adverse effects on stormwater management in the last couple of years. Due to '''Climate Change''', Amman is experiencing instances of heavy rainfall as mentioned before. As a result, flooding has been occuring in the streets, especially in roads where bridges are present, as is the case with the newly constructed '''Abdali Bridge'''.

== Landscape and/or urban context of the Abdali Bridge ==

[[Image:3d_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|3d Showing the Topography <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</ref>]]
[[Image:Topography_Abdali.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Abdali Topography (Abdali Bridge Highlighted) <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print. </ref> ]]

===Biogeography===

Amman is situated on multiple hills, called '''Jabal(s)''' in arabic, which can be seen in the names of several areas like ''Jabal Amman'', ''Jabal Al-Weibdeh'', ''Jabal Al-Nadeef''... etc. Originally, Amman was located on 7 hills (represented by the 7-pointed start on the Jordanian flag). The settlement on these hills, like many others, started next to a water body as these hills surrounded '''Wadi Ras Al-Ain''' which roughly translates into ''the valley from which the fountain springs''. Since then, Amman has expanded westwards, despite the unevenness of the topography. Flat areas are a rarity in Amman, and before the automobile was used extensively, several staricases were used to connect the people. However, once the automobile became the most common mode of transportation, roads were constructed parallel to the topography of the hills in order to abide by the inclination guidelines stipulated for vehicular traffic. The altitude of Amman varies from 700-1100m above street level.

Since settlement in Abdali area has started a really long time ago, today there are no traces of what the area looked like before urbanization. There is no native vegetation. In fact, the only plants present in the area are those planted in private gardens or as street trees. There are no animals as well, and there is no available data on the habitats that existed in the area before it was urbanized. Today, the only animals that could be seen are stray cats (which are somewhat common in Amman), and birds that build nests in garden trees or rest on electricity lines.

===Cultural Features===

The Abdali area is one of the ''older'' parts of the city and contains several important religious and civic buildings. The Palace of Justice, Ministry of Education, King Abdullah I Mosque, Church of the Annunciation, and the Coptic Patriarchate are all located on ''Suleyman Al-Nabulsi Street''. The Jordanian Parliament and House of Senate and Representatives is located on the ''King Hussein Street'' and in the same block as the Palace of Justice. The Abdali area has been chosen for a development project on a former military site to create the New Downtown.
[[Image:Map_copy.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Map of Points of Interest:1) Abdali Development Area 2) Abdali Pedestrian Boulevard 3) Palace of Justice 4) Parliament 4') House of Senates and Representatives 5) King Abdullah I Mosque 6) Ministry of Education 7) Coptic Patriarchate 8) The Church of the Annunciation ]]

<gallery caption="Points of Interest" mode=packed widths="180px" heights="180px">
Image:Palace_of_Justice.jpg|Palace of Justice: the major courthouse in Amman<ref>Palace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </ref>
Image:Parliament.jpg|Jordanian Parliament <ref> Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</ref>
Image:Coptic_Patriarchate.jpg|Coptic Patriarchate in Amman<ref>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</ref>
Image:Church_of_the_Annunciation.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation <ref>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:King_Abdullah_I_Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King Abdullah I Mosque<ref>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</ref>]]
*'''King Abdullah I Mosque''' <ref> "معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</ref>
It is one of the monumental mosques in Amman and was built to commemorate King Abdullah the first in 1982. It is built on a 12 000 square meter land which was later expanded to 18 000 square meters. The mosque's major components are:
# central prayer hall: octagonal in shape and accommodates 3000 men
# Women's Prayer Hall: accommodates 500 women
# Conference Hall
# Library
# Qur'an Teaching School
# Islamic Museum

*'''The New Downtown''' <ref> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, n.d. Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Abdali_Site_Plan.PNG| Abdali Master Plan <ref>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</ref>
Image:Abdali_Boulevard.PNG| Abdali Boulevard <ref>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
Image: Abdali_Cover.PNG| Abdali Image <ref> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
</gallery>
The Abdali development project covers a 384000 square meters area. It is a mixed-use development project which is composed of residential and commercial buildings in a pedestrian-friendly setting. It offers
# prestigious residential buildings (both serviced and unserviced)
# a central business district that attracts foreign investors
# a variety of leisure opportunities
# hotels

Pedestrians are kept in mind throughout the design of the entire project, but they can especially enjoy the ''Boulevard'' at the center which consists of 12 buildings (6 on either side) surrounding a 340 m ''pedestrian promenade''. To make use of the slope in the site, this Boulevard is divided into 3 platforms that are connected by different means of vertical circulation to provide the visitors with a unique experience as they strolls through it. Overall, there are 60,000 square meters of pedestrian roads, piazzas and landscaped parks in the project.

The project aims at being sustainable, and that is applied by the implication of a grey-water collecting and treatment system, energy efficient heating and cooling provided by Jordan District Energy, and encouraging developers to attain LEED certification for their buildings.

===Overall Character===
<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Amman_Districts.jpg|Amman Districts
Image:Density_Map.PNG|Density Map <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:Landuse_plan_abdali_area.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Landuse Plan]]Aside from the new development, the character of the Abdali area is similar to any neighborhood in Amman. Buildings are mostly constructed of stone and have a cubic form (with the exception of a few houses with pitched roofs). Houses are surrounded by gardens, the size of which depends on the land use category (residential categories stipulate minimum plot size and setbacks among other determinants). Roads can be divided into two categories; major and minor roads. The difference between the two is in street width and sidewalk width (which is dependent on the width of the street). Wherever width permits, planters are present on sidewalks and mid-road islands. Outdoor interaction among residents is limited to private settings (gardens) and the very few public parks which are mostly visited by children and their parents since they are the target users of these parks.
Due to the presence of the Palace of Justice in the vicinity, there is a large number of lawyers' office scattered around between homes in the residential areas as well as offices in general on the sides of major streets. Commercial functions are also mostly concentrated along major roads, except for small grocery stores which are built on plots that are categorized as residential. This implies that major roads of the area experience heavy traffic during working hours, a problem which was partially solved by the construction of the Abdali bridge. Another problem is the insufficient number of parking spaces, since most Jordanians area accustomed to drive their car to most places in the absence of an efficient public transportation system.

===History and Dynamics===

[[Image:Amman_timeline.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Amman Timeline <ref> Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print.</ref> ]]

'''Jordan'''<ref>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</ref>

Being located in the heart of the Middle East, and on several trade routes, Jordan had a strategic location throughout history which explains why it has hosted many different civilizations; Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Crusaders. One of the world's first cities ''Al-Beidha'' was situated in Jordan, close to modern day Petra. During the Iron Age, three kingdoms emerged in Jordan; the Edomites, the Moabites, and the Ammonites.

'''Amman'''<ref> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</ref>

Settlement in Amman began as early as the Bronze Age, and it was chosen as the capital of the Ammonites Kingdom during the Iron Age but was know as ''Rabbath Ammon''. Amman, since then, has witnessed a sequence of civilizations; Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. It was renamed Philadelphia during the Hellenistic Period, and was ruled by the Ptolemies (301-198BC) followed by the Seleucids (198-63BC). During the Roman reign,still know as Philadelphia, was part of the Decapolis League. The Roman period was followed by the Byzantine period which ended in the early 7th century and after which the Umayyad Empire began. Since then, Jordan has been ruled by Muslim Caliphates; the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Ayyubid and Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans. The Ottoman reign lasted for four centuries (1516-1918 AD), and ended with the Arab Revolt which led to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan which is the modern day Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Amman as its capital.

<gallery caption= "History of the Site" mode=packed heights="200px">
Image:Abdali_2003.jpg|2003
Image:Abdali_2007.jpg|2007
Image:Abdali_2009.jpg|2009
Image:Abdali_2010.jpg|2010
Image:Abdali_2011.jpg|2011
Image:Abdali_2014.jpg|2014
Image:Abdali_Changes.jpg| Areas Experiencing Major Changes
</gallery>

The images above show that the only major changes to the Abdali area in the past 10 years have been the development project and the road network that surrounds it. The Abdali area had very few empty plots of land as far back as the year 2000. Expansion by demolishing old low-rise building and replacing them with ones that have more floors has started occurring since the beginning of the development project, [[Image:Fleemarket_Abdali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Abdali Friday Market <ref>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</ref>]]however, these occurrences are limited in number and restricted to the buildings across the street from it. This was done to extract the maximum value of land by imitating the high-rise buildings within the project. Sadly, no attempts at imitating the attention to pedestrians and green areas have been made in the surrounding neighborhoods.

'''Friday Market'''
Since 1988, a Thursday night- Friday morning Flee market used to take place on a plot of land which had been a former bus stop for intercity buses in the Abdali area. The flee market was visited by a lot of customers every weekend, especially those leaving the mosque after Friday prayer. The flee market used to sell different things ranging from secondhand clothes to fruits and vegetables. In the beginning of October 2014, the flee market has been moved to the Ras Al-Ain area. This has double benefits, on the one hand the site in Abdali will be used as a much-needed parking for automobiles connected to a new public transportation mode which would carry passengers around the Abdali and Shmeisani area. On the other hand, the new site chosen for the flee market has adequate parking and would thus not cause the traffic congestion which is associated with the market in the Abdali location.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:SWOT_Abdali.jpg| SWOT Analysis
Image:Natural_Drainage.jpg|Natural Drainage according to Topography
Image:Abdali_bridge_drainage.jpg| Rain Drainage from the Bridge
Image:Abdali_Splitter_Islands.jpg|Existing Splitter Islands
Image: Abadli_overflow.jpg| Overflow Problem
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==

*'''Environmental Benefits'''
The environmental benefits gained from the use of green infrastructure are not restricted to flood alleviation (despite its importance in the area). The air quality would improve as a result of the "greening" activities which is associated with the production of more oxygen and carbon sequestration. The collected storm-water would be filtered making it pollutant-free and thus suitable for groundwater recharging. Added to that, vegetation would reduce the heat island effect resultant from large areas of impervious covering which is essential in an area with a hot climate like Jordan.

*'''Economic Benefits'''
Grey infrastructure is typically expensive to install and to maintain. One of its majors downfalls is that it degrades with age, unlike green infrastructure which actually improves in efficiency as time passes by. Grey infrastructure also has some operational costs associated with water pumping which requires energy, while the green alternative does not consume any energy. An additional benefit is the increase of property values in the area.

*'''Social Benefits'''
Improved air quality would translate into better health for the residents of the area. The vegetation planted for grey infrastructure would also enhance the aesthetic value and thus have a positive psychological impact.

*'''Enhanced Connectivity'''
By implementing a layer of green infrastructure, sidewalks in the area would be redesigned which would give the opportunity to convert the streets into ''pedestrian-friendly'' street. Also, this may result in considering the introduction of cycling pathways in the areas, thus providing residents with a wider variety of transportation modes.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==

*'''At the Street Level'''
Street networks are normally multifunctional in their nature as they carry traffic of different types, however, this is not the case in the Abdali area. Existing sidewalks do not encourage pedestrians to go out on walks, and are only used by people due to a need rather than an opportunity. The enhancement of the street structure, by the addition of properly designed sidewalks with bio-swales, would create an interest in the people to use them, and will be reflected on the health of the citizens due to exercise. The implicit proper rainwater drainage would mean that citizens would be able to use them year-round, even during rain events. The introduction of a rain garden(s), would also enhance the visual appearance of the area as a whole, and is translated into an increase in the citizens' access to green spaces.

*'''At the Skyline Level'''
Rooftops in Amman, despite being flat, are rarely used by the owners for leisure. Usually, water tanks, satellite dishes, and other "service" elements are placed there which creates an unpleasant skyline. By converting the roofs of residential and commercial buildings to green-roofs, an enhancement to the skyline occurs, along with an increase in the open spaces that are accessible to the residents or workers in the building. This also means that the footprint of buildings would be reduced, due to the transformation of the surface of the roof from impervious to water-permeable.

== Projective drawings ==
* '''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years)'''
** In the coming two years, significant progress will have taken place in the Abdali Project development, which could mean the appearance of green roofs and an appealing skyline. "Greening" could also be seen in the sidewalks which will be fitted with bio-swales and encounter heavy foot-traffic.

* '''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years)'''
** A complete transformation of the area could occur, along with the completion of the development projects. The buildings on the opposite side of the project, that were intended to be rebuilt, would be rebuilt while considering the amount of impervious surfaces created. Rainwater collection techniques would be implemented by all of the buildings in the vicinity. The plants on the green roofs and in the bio-swales and rain gardens would have grown creating an aesthetically pleasing environment.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="250px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Short_Term_Abdali_1_copy.jpg|Short Term Projection
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==

Since the Abdali area is already undergoing a redevelopment process, it is strongly advised to introduce a layer of green infrastructure at this stage due to its feasibility and the multitude of benefits which could be gained by it. The development project itself already has sustainability considerations taken into account, but those could be further enhanced by the application of green infrastructure elements (green roofs, bioswales, rain gardens). The area across the street from the project is expected to undergo a transformation as well, in the long term future, and affords the possibility of "greening" . The Suleyman Al-Nabulsi street (which lies between these two areas) hosts many important buildings (Palace of Jutsice, Iconic Mosque, Governmental Functions) so the improvement to this street's structure would make it an exemplary street that reflects a positive image of the city of Amman.

== References ==

<references>"معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</references>
<references> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1></references>
<references>alace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </references>
<references>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</references>
<references>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</references>
<references>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</references>
<references>Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</references>
<references>Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print. </references>
<references>Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print.</references>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</reference>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</references>
<references>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</reference>
<references>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</references>
<references>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</references>
<references> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge

2014-11-26T12:09:16Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''Implementing Green Infrastructure in the Abdali Bridge Area'''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Abdali Bridge
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Jordan
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|Amman
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|Maroula Shami
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Abdali_Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Bridge during Rain<ref>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1>.</ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=31.964479255696848
|lng=35.9003335811401
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

Due to climate change, Jordan has been experiencing a change in rainfall patterns. The current grey infrastructure is not capable of draining the storm-water properly as it has not been designed to receive such large quantities. Also, the fact that it is not maintained properly further amplifies the problem. It is therefore worth considering the introduction of a layer of green infrastructure which would assist the existing grey infrastructure to avoid flooding in the future.

The Abdali area underwent a radical change in the past years, the aim of which was to create a new downtown for the city of Amman. The massive mixed-used development project included the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Changes were made to the road network surrounding this project which included the construction of the Abdali Bridge. This bridge (with the roundabout below it) connects the Ministry of Interior Affairs circle (north), the Abdali project (north-east), the Abdali area (east), the Third Circle (south-east), the Fourth Circle (south), and the Shmesani area (west). During the heavy rainfall that Jordan has experienced in the beginning of November 2014, slight flooding occurred in this area, and it is speculated that an introduction of proper green infrastructure would prevent this problem from reoccurring in the future.

== Author's perspective ==
Today, Amman is a highly urbanized city, which was sadly designed for the automobile and lacks a pedestrian, as well as cycling, transportation network. The only natural body that used to flow in the city in the '''Ras Al-Ain''' area (to the east of the chosen site) has dried a long time ago. Amman also lacks a properly designed and implemented green infrastructure. Although street trees are planted on all major roads, these cannot perform their role alone, and should work as a part of an extensive network of green infrastructure implemented in the city. The absence of this network is having adverse effects on stormwater management in the last couple of years. Due to '''Climate Change''', Amman is experiencing instances of heavy rainfall as mentioned before. As a result, flooding has been occuring in the streets, especially in roads where bridges are present, as is the case with the newly constructed '''Abdali Bridge'''.

== Landscape and/or urban context of the Abdali Bridge ==

[[Image:3d_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|3d Showing the Topography <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</ref>]]
[[Image:Topography_Abdali.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Abdali Topography (Abdali Bridge Highlighted) <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print. </ref> ]]

===Biogeography===

Amman is situated on multiple hills, called '''Jabal(s)''' in arabic, which can be seen in the names of several areas like ''Jabal Amman'', ''Jabal Al-Weibdeh'', ''Jabal Al-Nadeef''... etc. Originally, Amman was located on 7 hills (represented by the 7-pointed start on the Jordanian flag). The settlement on these hills, like many others, started next to a water body as these hills surrounded '''Wadi Ras Al-Ain''' which roughly translates into ''the valley from which the fountain springs''. Since then, Amman has expanded westwards, despite the unevenness of the topography. Flat areas are a rarity in Amman, and before the automobile was used extensively, several staricases were used to connect the people. However, once the automobile became the most common mode of transportation, roads were constructed parallel to the topography of the hills in order to abide by the inclination guidelines stipulated for vehicular traffic. The altitude of Amman varies from 700-1100m above street level.

Since settlement in Abdali area has started a really long time ago, today there are no traces of what the area looked like before urbanization. There is no native vegetation. In fact, the only plants present in the area are those planted in private gardens or as street trees. There are no animals as well, and there is no available data on the habitats that existed in the area before it was urbanized. Today, the only animals that could be seen are stray cats (which are somewhat common in Amman), and birds that build nests in garden trees or rest on electricity lines.

===Cultural Features===

The Abdali area is one of the ''older'' parts of the city and contains several important religious and civic buildings. The Palace of Justice, Ministry of Education, King Abdullah I Mosque, Church of the Annunciation, and the Coptic Patriarchate are all located on ''Suleyman Al-Nabulsi Street''. The Jordanian Parliament and House of Senate and Representatives is located on the ''King Hussein Street'' and in the same block as the Palace of Justice. The Abdali area has been chosen for a development project on a former military site to create the New Downtown.
[[Image:Map_copy.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Map of Points of Interest:1) Abdali Development Area 2) Abdali Pedestrian Boulevard 3) Palace of Justice 4) Parliament 4') House of Senates and Representatives 5) King Abdullah I Mosque 6) Ministry of Education 7) Coptic Patriarchate 8) The Church of the Annunciation ]]

<gallery caption="Points of Interest" mode=packed widths="180px" heights="180px">
Image:Palace_of_Justice.jpg|Palace of Justice: the major courthouse in Amman<ref>Palace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </ref>
Image:Parliament.jpg|Jordanian Parliament <ref> Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</ref>
Image:Coptic_Patriarchate.jpg|Coptic Patriarchate in Amman<ref>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</ref>
Image:Church_of_the_Annunciation.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation <ref>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:King_Abdullah_I_Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King Abdullah I Mosque<ref>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</ref>]]
*'''King Abdullah I Mosque''' <ref> "معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</ref>
It is one of the monumental mosques in Amman and was built to commemorate King Abdullah the first in 1982. It is built on a 12 000 square meter land which was later expanded to 18 000 square meters. The mosque's major components are:
# central prayer hall: octagonal in shape and accommodates 3000 men
# Women's Prayer Hall: accommodates 500 women
# Conference Hall
# Library
# Qur'an Teaching School
# Islamic Museum

*'''The New Downtown''' <ref> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, n.d. Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Abdali_Site_Plan.PNG| Abdali Master Plan <ref>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</ref>
Image:Abdali_Boulevard.PNG| Abdali Boulevard <ref>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
Image: Abdali_Cover.PNG| Abdali Image <ref> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
</gallery>
The Abdali development project covers a 384000 square meters area. It is a mixed-use development project which is composed of residential and commercial buildings in a pedestrian-friendly setting. It offers
# prestigious residential buildings (both serviced and unserviced)
# a central business district that attracts foreign investors
# a variety of leisure opportunities
# hotels

Pedestrians are kept in mind throughout the design of the entire project, but they can especially enjoy the ''Boulevard'' at the center which consists of 12 buildings (6 on either side) surrounding a 340 m ''pedestrian promenade''. To make use of the slope in the site, this Boulevard is divided into 3 platforms that are connected by different means of vertical circulation to provide the visitors with a unique experience as they strolls through it. Overall, there are 60,000 square meters of pedestrian roads, piazzas and landscaped parks in the project.

The project aims at being sustainable, and that is applied by the implication of a grey-water collecting and treatment system, energy efficient heating and cooling provided by Jordan District Energy, and encouraging developers to attain LEED certification for their buildings.

===Overall Character===
<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Amman_Districts.jpg|Amman Districts
Image:Density_Map.PNG|Density Map <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:Landuse_plan_abdali_area.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Landuse Plan]]Aside from the new development, the character of the Abdali area is similar to any neighborhood in Amman. Buildings are mostly constructed of stone and have a cubic form (with the exception of a few houses with pitched roofs). Houses are surrounded by gardens, the size of which depends on the land use category (residential categories stipulate minimum plot size and setbacks among other determinants). Roads can be divided into two categories; major and minor roads. The difference between the two is in street width and sidewalk width (which is dependent on the width of the street). Wherever width permits, planters are present on sidewalks and mid-road islands. Outdoor interaction among residents is limited to private settings (gardens) and the very few public parks which are mostly visited by children and their parents since they are the target users of these parks.
Due to the presence of the Palace of Justice in the vicinity, there is a large number of lawyers' office scattered around between homes in the residential areas as well as offices in general on the sides of major streets. Commercial functions are also mostly concentrated along major roads, except for small grocery stores which are built on plots that are categorized as residential. This implies that major roads of the area experience heavy traffic during working hours, a problem which was partially solved by the construction of the Abdali bridge. Another problem is the insufficient number of parking spaces, since most Jordanians area accustomed to drive their car to most places in the absence of an efficient public transportation system.

===History and Dynamics===

[[Image:Amman_timeline.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Amman Timeline <ref> Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print.</ref> ]]

'''Jordan'''<ref>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</ref>

Being located in the heart of the Middle East, and on several trade routes, Jordan had a strategic location throughout history which explains why it has hosted many different civilizations; Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Crusaders. One of the world's first cities ''Al-Beidha'' was situated in Jordan, close to modern day Petra. During the Iron Age, three kingdoms emerged in Jordan; the Edomites, the Moabites, and the Ammonites.

'''Amman'''<ref> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</ref>

Settlement in Amman began as early as the Bronze Age, and it was chosen as the capital of the Ammonites Kingdom during the Iron Age but was know as ''Rabbath Ammon''. Amman, since then, has witnessed a sequence of civilizations; Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. It was renamed Philadelphia during the Hellenistic Period, and was ruled by the Ptolemies (301-198BC) followed by the Seleucids (198-63BC). During the Roman reign,still know as Philadelphia, was part of the Decapolis League. The Roman period was followed by the Byzantine period which ended in the early 7th century and after which the Umayyad Empire began. Since then, Jordan has been ruled by Muslim Caliphates; the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Ayyubid and Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans. The Ottoman reign lasted for four centuries (1516-1918 AD), and ended with the Arab Revolt which led to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan which is the modern day Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Amman as its capital.

<gallery caption= "History of the Site" mode=packed heights="200px">
Image:Abdali_2003.jpg|2003
Image:Abdali_2007.jpg|2007
Image:Abdali_2009.jpg|2009
Image:Abdali_2010.jpg|2010
Image:Abdali_2011.jpg|2011
Image:Abdali_2014.jpg|2014
Image:Abdali_Changes.jpg| Areas Experiencing Major Changes
</gallery>

The images above show that the only major changes to the Abdali area in the past 10 years have been the development project and the road network that surrounds it. The Abdali area had very few empty plots of land as far back as the year 2000. Expansion by demolishing old low-rise building and replacing them with ones that have more floors has started occurring since the beginning of the development project, [[Image:Fleemarket_Abdali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Abdali Friday Market <ref>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</ref>]]however, these occurrences are limited in number and restricted to the buildings across the street from it. This was done to extract the maximum value of land by imitating the high-rise buildings within the project. Sadly, no attempts at imitating the attention to pedestrians and green areas have been made in the surrounding neighborhoods.

'''Friday Market'''
Since 1988, a Thursday night- Friday morning Flee market used to take place on a plot of land which had been a former bus stop for intercity buses in the Abdali area. The flee market was visited by a lot of customers every weekend, especially those leaving the mosque after Friday prayer. The flee market used to sell different things ranging from secondhand clothes to fruits and vegetables. In the beginning of October 2014, the flee market has been moved to the Ras Al-Ain area. This has double benefits, on the one hand the site in Abdali will be used as a much-needed parking for automobiles connected to a new public transportation mode which would carry passengers around the Abdali and Shmeisani area. On the other hand, the new site chosen for the flee market has adequate parking and would thus not cause the traffic congestion which is associated with the market in the Abdali location.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:SWOT_Abdali.jpg| SWOT Analysis
Image:Natural_Drainage.jpg|Natural Drainage according to Topography
Image:Abdali_bridge_drainage.jpg| Rain Drainage from the Bridge
Image:Abdali_Splitter_Islands.jpg|Existing Splitter Islands
Image: Abadli_overflow.jpg| Overflow Problem
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==

*'''Environmental Benefits'''
The environmental benefits gained from the use of green infrastructure are not restricted to flood alleviation (despite its importance in the area). The air quality would improve as a result of the "greening" activities which is associated with the production of more oxygen and carbon sequestration. The collected storm-water would be filtered making it pollutant-free and thus suitable for groundwater recharging. Added to that, vegetation would reduce the heat island effect resultant from large areas of impervious covering which is essential in an area with a hot climate like Jordan.

*'''Economic Benefits'''
Grey infrastructure is typically expensive to install and to maintain. One of its majors downfalls is that it degrades with age, unlike green infrastructure which actually improves in efficiency as time passes by. Grey infrastructure also has some operational costs associated with water pumping which requires energy, while the green alternative does not consume any energy. An additional benefit is the increase of property values in the area.

*'''Social Benefits'''
Improved air quality would translate into better health for the residents of the area. The vegetation planted for grey infrastructure would also enhance the aesthetic value and thus have a positive psychological impact.

*'''Enhanced Connectivity'''
By implementing a layer of green infrastructure, sidewalks in the area would be redesigned which would give the opportunity to convert the streets into ''pedestrian-friendly'' street. Also, this may result in considering the introduction of cycling pathways in the areas, thus providing residents with a wider variety of transportation modes.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==

*'''At the Street Level'''
Street networks are normally multifunctional in their nature as they carry traffic of different types, however, this is not the case in the Abdali area. Existing sidewalks do not encourage pedestrians to go out on walks, and are only used by people due to a need rather than an opportunity. The enhancement of the street structure, by the addition of properly designed sidewalks with bio-swales, would create an interest in the people to use them, and will be reflected on the health of the citizens due to exercise. The implicit proper rainwater drainage would mean that citizens would be able to use them year-round, even during rain events. The introduction of a rain garden(s), would also enhance the visual appearance of the area as a whole, and is translated into an increase in the citizens' access to green spaces.

*'''At the Skyline Level'''
Rooftops in Amman, despite being flat, are rarely used by the owners for leisure. Usually, water tanks, satellite dishes, and other "service" elements are placed there which creates an unpleasant skyline. By converting the roofs of residential and commercial buildings to green-roofs, an enhancement to the skyline occurs, along with an increase in the open spaces that are accessible to the residents or workers in the building. This also means that the footprint of buildings would be reduced, due to the transformation of the surface of the roof from impervious to water-permeable.

== Projective drawings ==
* '''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years)'''
** In the coming two years, significant progress will have taken place in the Abdali Project development, which could mean the appearance of green roofs and an appealing skyline. "Greening" could also be seen in the sidewalks which will be fitted with bio-swales and encounter heavy foot-traffic.

* '''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years)'''
** A complete transformation of the area could occur, along with the completion of the development projects. The buildings on the opposite side of the project, that were intended to be rebuilt, would be rebuilt while considering the amount of impervious surfaces created. Rainwater collection techniques would be implemented by all of the buildings in the vicinity. The plants on the green roofs and in the bio-swales and rain gardens would have grown creating an aesthetically pleasing environment.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Short_Term_Abdali_1_copy.jpg|Short Term Projection
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==

Since the Abdali area is already undergoing a redevelopment process, it is strongly advised to introduce a layer of green infrastructure at this stage due to its feasibility and the multitude of benefits which could be gained by it. The development project itself already has sustainability considerations taken into account, but those could be further enhanced by the application of green infrastructure elements (green roofs, bioswales, rain gardens). The area across the street from the project is expected to undergo a transformation as well, in the long term future, and affords the possibility of "greening" . The Suleyman Al-Nabulsi street (which lies between these two areas) hosts many important buildings (Palace of Jutsice, Iconic Mosque, Governmental Functions) so the improvement to this street's structure would make it an exemplary street that reflects a positive image of the city of Amman.

== References ==

<references>"معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</references>
<references> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1></references>
<references>alace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </references>
<references>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</references>
<references>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</references>
<references>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</references>
<references>Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</references>
<references>Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print. </references>
<references>Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print.</references>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</reference>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</references>
<references>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</reference>
<references>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</references>
<references>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</references>
<references> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Short Term Abdali 1 copy.jpg

2014-11-26T12:06:33Z

Shamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge

2014-11-26T10:56:33Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''Implementing Green Infrastructure in the Abdali Bridge Area'''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Abdali Bridge
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Jordan
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|Amman
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|Maroula Shami
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Abdali_Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Bridge during Rain<ref>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1>.</ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=31.964479255696848
|lng=35.9003335811401
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

Due to climate change, Jordan has been experiencing a change in rainfall patterns. The current grey infrastructure is not capable of draining the storm-water properly as it has not been designed to receive such large quantities. Also, the fact that it is not maintained properly further amplifies the problem. It is therefore worth considering the introduction of a layer of green infrastructure which would assist the existing grey infrastructure to avoid flooding in the future.

The Abdali area underwent a radical change in the past years, the aim of which was to create a new downtown for the city of Amman. The massive mixed-used development project included the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Changes were made to the road network surrounding this project which included the construction of the Abdali Bridge. This bridge (with the roundabout below it) connects the Ministry of Interior Affairs circle (north), the Abdali project (north-east), the Abdali area (east), the Third Circle (south-east), the Fourth Circle (south), and the Shmesani area (west). During the heavy rainfall that Jordan has experienced in the beginning of November 2014, slight flooding occurred in this area, and it is speculated that an introduction of proper green infrastructure would prevent this problem from reoccurring in the future.

== Author's perspective ==
Today, Amman is a highly urbanized city, which was sadly designed for the automobile and lacks a pedestrian, as well as cycling, transportation network. The only natural body that used to flow in the city in the '''Ras Al-Ain''' area (to the east of the chosen site) has dried a long time ago. Amman also lacks a properly designed and implemented green infrastructure. Although street trees are planted on all major roads, these cannot perform their role alone, and should work as a part of an extensive network of green infrastructure implemented in the city. The absence of this network is having adverse effects on stormwater management in the last couple of years. Due to '''Climate Change''', Amman is experiencing instances of heavy rainfall as mentioned before. As a result, flooding has been occuring in the streets, especially in roads where bridges are present, as is the case with the newly constructed '''Abdali Bridge'''.

== Landscape and/or urban context of the Abdali Bridge ==

[[Image:3d_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|3d Showing the Topography <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</ref>]]
[[Image:Topography_Abdali.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Abdali Topography (Abdali Bridge Highlighted) <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print. </ref> ]]

===Biogeography===

Amman is situated on multiple hills, called '''Jabal(s)''' in arabic, which can be seen in the names of several areas like ''Jabal Amman'', ''Jabal Al-Weibdeh'', ''Jabal Al-Nadeef''... etc. Originally, Amman was located on 7 hills (represented by the 7-pointed start on the Jordanian flag). The settlement on these hills, like many others, started next to a water body as these hills surrounded '''Wadi Ras Al-Ain''' which roughly translates into ''the valley from which the fountain springs''. Since then, Amman has expanded westwards, despite the unevenness of the topography. Flat areas are a rarity in Amman, and before the automobile was used extensively, several staricases were used to connect the people. However, once the automobile became the most common mode of transportation, roads were constructed parallel to the topography of the hills in order to abide by the inclination guidelines stipulated for vehicular traffic. The altitude of Amman varies from 700-1100m above street level.

Since settlement in Abdali area has started a really long time ago, today there are no traces of what the area looked like before urbanization. There is no native vegetation. In fact, the only plants present in the area are those planted in private gardens or as street trees. There are no animals as well, and there is no available data on the habitats that existed in the area before it was urbanized. Today, the only animals that could be seen are stray cats (which are somewhat common in Amman), and birds that build nests in garden trees or rest on electricity lines.

===Cultural Features===

The Abdali area is one of the ''older'' parts of the city and contains several important religious and civic buildings. The Palace of Justice, Ministry of Education, King Abdullah I Mosque, Church of the Annunciation, and the Coptic Patriarchate are all located on ''Suleyman Al-Nabulsi Street''. The Jordanian Parliament and House of Senate and Representatives is located on the ''King Hussein Street'' and in the same block as the Palace of Justice. The Abdali area has been chosen for a development project on a former military site to create the New Downtown.
[[Image:Map_copy.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Map of Points of Interest:1) Abdali Development Area 2) Abdali Pedestrian Boulevard 3) Palace of Justice 4) Parliament 4') House of Senates and Representatives 5) King Abdullah I Mosque 6) Ministry of Education 7) Coptic Patriarchate 8) The Church of the Annunciation ]]

<gallery caption="Points of Interest" mode=packed widths="180px" heights="180px">
Image:Palace_of_Justice.jpg|Palace of Justice: the major courthouse in Amman<ref>Palace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </ref>
Image:Parliament.jpg|Jordanian Parliament <ref> Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</ref>
Image:Coptic_Patriarchate.jpg|Coptic Patriarchate in Amman<ref>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</ref>
Image:Church_of_the_Annunciation.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation <ref>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:King_Abdullah_I_Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King Abdullah I Mosque<ref>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</ref>]]
*'''King Abdullah I Mosque''' <ref> "معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</ref>
It is one of the monumental mosques in Amman and was built to commemorate King Abdullah the first in 1982. It is built on a 12 000 square meter land which was later expanded to 18 000 square meters. The mosque's major components are:
# central prayer hall: octagonal in shape and accommodates 3000 men
# Women's Prayer Hall: accommodates 500 women
# Conference Hall
# Library
# Qur'an Teaching School
# Islamic Museum

*'''The New Downtown''' <ref> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, n.d. Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Abdali_Site_Plan.PNG| Abdali Master Plan <ref>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</ref>
Image:Abdali_Boulevard.PNG| Abdali Boulevard <ref>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
Image: Abdali_Cover.PNG| Abdali Image <ref> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
</gallery>
The Abdali development project covers a 384000 square meters area. It is a mixed-use development project which is composed of residential and commercial buildings in a pedestrian-friendly setting. It offers
# prestigious residential buildings (both serviced and unserviced)
# a central business district that attracts foreign investors
# a variety of leisure opportunities
# hotels

Pedestrians are kept in mind throughout the design of the entire project, but they can especially enjoy the ''Boulevard'' at the center which consists of 12 buildings (6 on either side) surrounding a 340 m ''pedestrian promenade''. To make use of the slope in the site, this Boulevard is divided into 3 platforms that are connected by different means of vertical circulation to provide the visitors with a unique experience as they strolls through it. Overall, there are 60,000 square meters of pedestrian roads, piazzas and landscaped parks in the project.

The project aims at being sustainable, and that is applied by the implication of a grey-water collecting and treatment system, energy efficient heating and cooling provided by Jordan District Energy, and encouraging developers to attain LEED certification for their buildings.

===Overall Character===
<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Amman_Districts.jpg|Amman Districts
Image:Density_Map.PNG|Density Map <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:Landuse_plan_abdali_area.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Landuse Plan]]Aside from the new development, the character of the Abdali area is similar to any neighborhood in Amman. Buildings are mostly constructed of stone and have a cubic form (with the exception of a few houses with pitched roofs). Houses are surrounded by gardens, the size of which depends on the land use category (residential categories stipulate minimum plot size and setbacks among other determinants). Roads can be divided into two categories; major and minor roads. The difference between the two is in street width and sidewalk width (which is dependent on the width of the street). Wherever width permits, planters are present on sidewalks and mid-road islands. Outdoor interaction among residents is limited to private settings (gardens) and the very few public parks which are mostly visited by children and their parents since they are the target users of these parks.
Due to the presence of the Palace of Justice in the vicinity, there is a large number of lawyers' office scattered around between homes in the residential areas as well as offices in general on the sides of major streets. Commercial functions are also mostly concentrated along major roads, except for small grocery stores which are built on plots that are categorized as residential. This implies that major roads of the area experience heavy traffic during working hours, a problem which was partially solved by the construction of the Abdali bridge. Another problem is the insufficient number of parking spaces, since most Jordanians area accustomed to drive their car to most places in the absence of an efficient public transportation system.

===History and Dynamics===

[[Image:Amman_timeline.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Amman Timeline <ref> Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print.</ref> ]]

'''Jordan'''<ref>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</ref>

Being located in the heart of the Middle East, and on several trade routes, Jordan had a strategic location throughout history which explains why it has hosted many different civilizations; Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Crusaders. One of the world's first cities ''Al-Beidha'' was situated in Jordan, close to modern day Petra. During the Iron Age, three kingdoms emerged in Jordan; the Edomites, the Moabites, and the Ammonites.

'''Amman'''<ref> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</ref>

Settlement in Amman began as early as the Bronze Age, and it was chosen as the capital of the Ammonites Kingdom during the Iron Age but was know as ''Rabbath Ammon''. Amman, since then, has witnessed a sequence of civilizations; Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. It was renamed Philadelphia during the Hellenistic Period, and was ruled by the Ptolemies (301-198BC) followed by the Seleucids (198-63BC). During the Roman reign,still know as Philadelphia, was part of the Decapolis League. The Roman period was followed by the Byzantine period which ended in the early 7th century and after which the Umayyad Empire began. Since then, Jordan has been ruled by Muslim Caliphates; the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Ayyubid and Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans. The Ottoman reign lasted for four centuries (1516-1918 AD), and ended with the Arab Revolt which led to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan which is the modern day Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Amman as its capital.

<gallery caption= "History of the Site" mode=packed heights="200px">
Image:Abdali_2003.jpg|2003
Image:Abdali_2007.jpg|2007
Image:Abdali_2009.jpg|2009
Image:Abdali_2010.jpg|2010
Image:Abdali_2011.jpg|2011
Image:Abdali_2014.jpg|2014
Image:Abdali_Changes.jpg| Areas Experiencing Major Changes
</gallery>

The images above show that the only major changes to the Abdali area in the past 10 years have been the development project and the road network that surrounds it. The Abdali area had very few empty plots of land as far back as the year 2000. Expansion by demolishing old low-rise building and replacing them with ones that have more floors has started occurring since the beginning of the development project, [[Image:Fleemarket_Abdali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Abdali Friday Market <ref>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</ref>]]however, these occurrences are limited in number and restricted to the buildings across the street from it. This was done to extract the maximum value of land by imitating the high-rise buildings within the project. Sadly, no attempts at imitating the attention to pedestrians and green areas have been made in the surrounding neighborhoods.

'''Friday Market'''
Since 1988, a Thursday night- Friday morning Flee market used to take place on a plot of land which had been a former bus stop for intercity buses in the Abdali area. The flee market was visited by a lot of customers every weekend, especially those leaving the mosque after Friday prayer. The flee market used to sell different things ranging from secondhand clothes to fruits and vegetables. In the beginning of October 2014, the flee market has been moved to the Ras Al-Ain area. This has double benefits, on the one hand the site in Abdali will be used as a much-needed parking for automobiles connected to a new public transportation mode which would carry passengers around the Abdali and Shmeisani area. On the other hand, the new site chosen for the flee market has adequate parking and would thus not cause the traffic congestion which is associated with the market in the Abdali location.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:SWOT_Abdali.jpg| SWOT Analysis
Image:Natural_Drainage.jpg|Natural Drainage according to Topography
Image:Abdali_bridge_drainage.jpg| Rain Drainage from the Bridge
Image:Abdali_Splitter_Islands.jpg|Existing Splitter Islands
Image: Abadli_overflow.jpg| Overflow Problem
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==

*'''Environmental Benefits'''
The environmental benefits gained from the use of green infrastructure are not restricted to flood alleviation (despite its importance in the area). The air quality would improve as a result of the "greening" activities which is associated with the production of more oxygen and carbon sequestration. The collected storm-water would be filtered making it pollutant-free and thus suitable for groundwater recharging. Added to that, vegetation would reduce the heat island effect resultant from large areas of impervious covering which is essential in an area with a hot climate like Jordan.

*'''Economic Benefits'''
Grey infrastructure is typically expensive to install and to maintain. One of its majors downfalls is that it degrades with age, unlike green infrastructure which actually improves in efficiency as time passes by. Grey infrastructure also has some operational costs associated with water pumping which requires energy, while the green alternative does not consume any energy. An additional benefit is the increase of property values in the area.

*'''Social Benefits'''
Improved air quality would translate into better health for the residents of the area. The vegetation planted for grey infrastructure would also enhance the aesthetic value and thus have a positive psychological impact.

*'''Enhanced Connectivity'''
By implementing a layer of green infrastructure, sidewalks in the area would be redesigned which would give the opportunity to convert the streets into ''pedestrian-friendly'' street. Also, this may result in considering the introduction of cycling pathways in the areas, thus providing residents with a wider variety of transportation modes.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==

*'''At the Street Level'''
Street networks are normally multifunctional in their nature as they carry traffic of different types, however, this is not the case in the Abdali area. Existing sidewalks do not encourage pedestrians to go out on walks, and are only used by people due to a need rather than an opportunity. The enhancement of the street structure, by the addition of properly designed sidewalks with bio-swales, would create an interest in the people to use them, and will be reflected on the health of the citizens due to exercise. The implicit proper rainwater drainage would mean that citizens would be able to use them year-round, even during rain events. The introduction of a rain garden(s), would also enhance the visual appearance of the area as a whole, and is translated into an increase in the citizens' access to green spaces.

*'''At the Skyline Level'''
Rooftops in Amman, despite being flat, are rarely used by the owners for leisure. Usually, water tanks, satellite dishes, and other "service" elements are placed there which creates an unpleasant skyline. By converting the roofs of residential and commercial buildings to green-roofs, an enhancement to the skyline occurs, along with an increase in the open spaces that are accessible to the residents or workers in the building. This also means that the footprint of buildings would be reduced, due to the transformation of the surface of the roof from impervious to water-permeable.

== Projective drawings ==
* '''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years)'''
** In the coming two years, significant progress will have taken place in the Abdali Project development, which could mean the appearance of green roofs and an appealing skyline. "Greening" could also be seen in the sidewalks which will be fitted with bio-swales and encounter heavy foot-traffic.

* '''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years)'''
** A complete transformation of the area could occur, along with the completion of the development projects. The buildings on the opposite side of the project, that were intended to be rebuilt, would be rebuilt while considering the amount of impervious surfaces created. Rainwater collection techniques would be implemented by all of the buildings in the vicinity. The plants on the green roofs and in the bio-swales and rain gardens would have grown creating an aesthetically pleasing environment.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==

Since the Abdali area is already undergoing a redevelopment process, it is strongly advised to introduce a layer of green infrastructure at this stage due to its feasibility and the multitude of benefits which could be gained by it. The development project itself already has sustainability considerations taken into account, but those could be further enhanced by the application of green infrastructure elements (green roofs, bioswales, rain gardens). The area across the street from the project is expected to undergo a transformation as well, in the long term future, and affords the possibility of "greening" . The Suleyman Al-Nabulsi street (which lies between these two areas) hosts many important buildings (Palace of Jutsice, Iconic Mosque, Governmental Functions) so the improvement to this street's structure would make it an exemplary street that reflects a positive image of the city of Amman.

== References ==

<references>"معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</references>
<references> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1></references>
<references>alace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </references>
<references>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</references>
<references>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</references>
<references>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</references>
<references>Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</references>
<references>Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print. </references>
<references>Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print.</references>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</reference>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</references>
<references>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</reference>
<references>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</references>
<references>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</references>
<references> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge

2014-11-26T10:54:05Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''Implementing Green Infrastructure in the Abdali Bridge Area'''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Abdali Bridge
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Jordan
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|Amman
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|Maroula Shami
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Abdali_Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Bridge during Rain<ref>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1>.</ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=31.964479255696848
|lng=35.9003335811401
|zoom=15
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|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

Due to climate change, Jordan has been experiencing a change in rainfall patterns. The current grey infrastructure is not capable of draining the storm-water properly as it has not been designed to receive such large quantities. Also, the fact that it is not maintained properly further amplifies the problem. It is therefore worth considering the introduction of a layer of green infrastructure which would assist the existing grey infrastructure to avoid flooding in the future.

The Abdali area underwent a radical change in the past years, the aim of which was to create a new downtown for the city of Amman. The massive mixed-used development project included the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Changes were made to the road network surrounding this project which included the construction of the Abdali Bridge. This bridge (with the roundabout below it) connects the Ministry of Interior Affairs circle (north), the Abdali project (north-east), the Abdali area (east), the Third Circle (south-east), the Fourth Circle (south), and the Shmesani area (west). During the heavy rainfall that Jordan has experienced in the beginning of November 2014, slight flooding occurred in this area, and it is speculated that an introduction of proper green infrastructure would prevent this problem from reoccurring in the future.

== Author's perspective ==
Today, Amman is a highly urbanized city, which was sadly designed for the automobile and lacks a pedestrian, as well as cycling, transportation network. The only natural body that used to flow in the city -''Ain''- in the '''Ras Al-Ain''' area (to the east of the chosen site) has dried a long time ago. Amman also lacks a properly designed and implemented green infrastructure. Although street trees are planted on all major roads, these cannot perform their role alone, and should work as a part of an extensive network of green infrastructure implemented in the city. The absence of this network is having adverse effects on stormwater management in the last couple of years. Due to '''Climate Change''', Amman is experiencing instances of heavy rainfall as mentioned before. As a result, flooding has been occuring in the streets, especially in roads where bridges are present, as is the case with the newly constructed '''Abdali Bridge'''.

== Landscape and/or urban context of the Abdali Bridge ==

[[Image:3d_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|3d Showing the Topography <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</ref>]]
[[Image:Topography_Abdali.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Abdali Topography (Abdali Bridge Highlighted) <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print. </ref> ]]

===Biogeography===

Amman is situated on multiple hills, called '''Jabal(s)''' in arabic, which can be seen in the names of several areas like ''Jabal Amman'', ''Jabal Al-Weibdeh'', ''Jabal Al-Nadeef''... etc. Originally, Amman was located on 7 hills (represented by the 7-pointed start on the Jordanian flag). The settlement on these hills, like many others, started next to a water body as these hills surrounded '''Wadi Ras Al-Ain''' which roughly translates into ''the valley from which the fountain springs''. Since then, Amman has expanded westwards, despite the unevenness of the topography. Flat areas are a rarity in Amman, and before the automobile was used extensively, several staricases were used to connect the people. However, once the automobile became the most common mode of transportation, roads were constructed parallel to the topography of the hills in order to abide by the inclination guidelines stipulated for vehicular traffic. The altitude of Amman varies from 700-1100m above street level.

Since settlement in Abdali area has started a really long time ago, today there are no traces of what the area looked like before urbanization. There is no native vegetation. In fact, the only plants present in the area are those planted in private gardens or as street trees. There are no animals as well, and there is no available data on the habitats that existed in the area before it was urbanized. Today, the only animals that could be seen are stray cats (which are somewhat common in Amman), and birds that build nests in garden trees or rest on electricity lines.

===Cultural Features===

The Abdali area is one of the ''older'' parts of the city and contains several important religious and civic buildings. The Palace of Justice, Ministry of Education, King Abdullah I Mosque, Church of the Annunciation, and the Coptic Patriarchate are all located on ''Suleyman Al-Nabulsi Street''. The Jordanian Parliament and House of Senate and Representatives is located on the ''King Hussein Street'' and in the same block as the Palace of Justice. The Abdali area has been chosen for a development project on a former military site to create the New Downtown.
[[Image:Map_copy.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Map of Points of Interest:1) Abdali Development Area 2) Abdali Pedestrian Boulevard 3) Palace of Justice 4) Parliament 4') House of Senates and Representatives 5) King Abdullah I Mosque 6) Ministry of Education 7) Coptic Patriarchate 8) The Church of the Annunciation ]]

<gallery caption="Points of Interest" mode=packed widths="180px" heights="180px">
Image:Palace_of_Justice.jpg|Palace of Justice: the major courthouse in Amman<ref>Palace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </ref>
Image:Parliament.jpg|Jordanian Parliament <ref> Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</ref>
Image:Coptic_Patriarchate.jpg|Coptic Patriarchate in Amman<ref>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</ref>
Image:Church_of_the_Annunciation.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation <ref>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:King_Abdullah_I_Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King Abdullah I Mosque<ref>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</ref>]]
*'''King Abdullah I Mosque''' <ref> "معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</ref>
It is one of the monumental mosques in Amman and was built to commemorate King Abdullah the first in 1982. It is built on a 12 000 square meter land which was later expanded to 18 000 square meters. The mosque's major components are:
# central prayer hall: octagonal in shape and accommodates 3000 men
# Women's Prayer Hall: accommodates 500 women
# Conference Hall
# Library
# Qur'an Teaching School
# Islamic Museum

*'''The New Downtown''' <ref> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, n.d. Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Abdali_Site_Plan.PNG| Abdali Master Plan <ref>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</ref>
Image:Abdali_Boulevard.PNG| Abdali Boulevard <ref>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
Image: Abdali_Cover.PNG| Abdali Image <ref> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
</gallery>
The Abdali development project covers a 384000 square meters area. It is a mixed-use development project which is composed of residential and commercial buildings in a pedestrian-friendly setting. It offers
# prestigious residential buildings (both serviced and unserviced)
# a central business district that attracts foreign investors
# a variety of leisure opportunities
# hotels

Pedestrians are kept in mind throughout the design of the entire project, but they can especially enjoy the ''Boulevard'' at the center which consists of 12 buildings (6 on either side) surrounding a 340 m ''pedestrian promenade''. To make use of the slope in the site, this Boulevard is divided into 3 platforms that are connected by different means of vertical circulation to provide the visitors with a unique experience as they strolls through it. Overall, there are 60,000 square meters of pedestrian roads, piazzas and landscaped parks in the project.

The project aims at being sustainable, and that is applied by the implication of a grey-water collecting and treatment system, energy efficient heating and cooling provided by Jordan District Energy, and encouraging developers to attain LEED certification for their buildings.

===Overall Character===
<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Amman_Districts.jpg|Amman Districts
Image:Density_Map.PNG|Density Map <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:Landuse_plan_abdali_area.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Landuse Plan]]Aside from the new development, the character of the Abdali area is similar to any neighborhood in Amman. Buildings are mostly constructed of stone and have a cubic form (with the exception of a few houses with pitched roofs). Houses are surrounded by gardens, the size of which depends on the land use category (residential categories stipulate minimum plot size and setbacks among other determinants). Roads can be divided into two categories; major and minor roads. The difference between the two is in street width and sidewalk width (which is dependent on the width of the street). Wherever width permits, planters are present on sidewalks and mid-road islands. Outdoor interaction among residents is limited to private settings (gardens) and the very few public parks which are mostly visited by children and their parents since they are the target users of these parks.
Due to the presence of the Palace of Justice in the vicinity, there is a large number of lawyers' office scattered around between homes in the residential areas as well as offices in general on the sides of major streets. Commercial functions are also mostly concentrated along major roads, except for small grocery stores which are built on plots that are categorized as residential. This implies that major roads of the area experience heavy traffic during working hours, a problem which was partially solved by the construction of the Abdali bridge. Another problem is the insufficient number of parking spaces, since most Jordanians area accustomed to drive their car to most places in the absence of an efficient public transportation system.

===History and Dynamics===

[[Image:Amman_timeline.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Amman Timeline <ref> Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print.</ref> ]]

'''Jordan'''<ref>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</ref>

Being located in the heart of the Middle East, and on several trade routes, Jordan had a strategic location throughout history which explains why it has hosted many different civilizations; Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Crusaders. One of the world's first cities ''Al-Beidha'' was situated in Jordan, close to modern day Petra. During the Iron Age, three kingdoms emerged in Jordan; the Edomites, the Moabites, and the Ammonites.

'''Amman'''<ref> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</ref>

Settlement in Amman began as early as the Bronze Age, and it was chosen as the capital of the Ammonites Kingdom during the Iron Age but was know as ''Rabbath Ammon''. Amman, since then, has witnessed a sequence of civilizations; Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. It was renamed Philadelphia during the Hellenistic Period, and was ruled by the Ptolemies (301-198BC) followed by the Seleucids (198-63BC). During the Roman reign,still know as Philadelphia, was part of the Decapolis League. The Roman period was followed by the Byzantine period which ended in the early 7th century and after which the Umayyad Empire began. Since then, Jordan has been ruled by Muslim Caliphates; the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Ayyubid and Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans. The Ottoman reign lasted for four centuries (1516-1918 AD), and ended with the Arab Revolt which led to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan which is the modern day Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Amman as its capital.

<gallery caption= "History of the Site" mode=packed heights="200px">
Image:Abdali_2003.jpg|2003
Image:Abdali_2007.jpg|2007
Image:Abdali_2009.jpg|2009
Image:Abdali_2010.jpg|2010
Image:Abdali_2011.jpg|2011
Image:Abdali_2014.jpg|2014
Image:Abdali_Changes.jpg| Areas Experiencing Major Changes
</gallery>

The images above show that the only major changes to the Abdali area in the past 10 years have been the development project and the road network that surrounds it. The Abdali area had very few empty plots of land as far back as the year 2000. Expansion by demolishing old low-rise building and replacing them with ones that have more floors has started occurring since the beginning of the development project, [[Image:Fleemarket_Abdali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Abdali Friday Market <ref>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</ref>]]however, these occurrences are limited in number and restricted to the buildings across the street from it. This was done to extract the maximum value of land by imitating the high-rise buildings within the project. Sadly, no attempts at imitating the attention to pedestrians and green areas have been made in the surrounding neighborhoods.

'''Friday Market'''
Since 1988, a Thursday night- Friday morning Flee market used to take place on a plot of land which had been a former bus stop for intercity buses in the Abdali area. The flee market was visited by a lot of customers every weekend, especially those leaving the mosque after Friday prayer. The flee market used to sell different things ranging from secondhand clothes to fruits and vegetables. In the beginning of October 2014, the flee market has been moved to the Ras Al-Ain area. This has double benefits, on the one hand the site in Abdali will be used as a much-needed parking for automobiles connected to a new public transportation mode which would carry passengers around the Abdali and Shmeisani area. On the other hand, the new site chosen for the flee market has adequate parking and would thus not cause the traffic congestion which is associated with the market in the Abdali location.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:SWOT_Abdali.jpg| SWOT Analysis
Image:Natural_Drainage.jpg|Natural Drainage according to Topography
Image:Abdali_bridge_drainage.jpg| Rain Drainage from the Bridge
Image:Abdali_Splitter_Islands.jpg|Existing Splitter Islands
Image: Abadli_overflow.jpg| Overflow Problem
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==

*'''Environmental Benefits'''
The environmental benefits gained from the use of green infrastructure are not restricted to flood alleviation (despite its importance in the area). The air quality would improve as a result of the "greening" activities which is associated with the production of more oxygen and carbon sequestration. The collected storm-water would be filtered making it pollutant-free and thus suitable for groundwater recharging. Added to that, vegetation would reduce the heat island effect resultant from large areas of impervious covering which is essential in an area with a hot climate like Jordan.

*'''Economic Benefits'''
Grey infrastructure is typically expensive to install and to maintain. One of its majors downfalls is that it degrades with age, unlike green infrastructure which actually improves in efficiency as time passes by. Grey infrastructure also has some operational costs associated with water pumping which requires energy, while the green alternative does not consume any energy. An additional benefit is the increase of property values in the area.

*'''Social Benefits'''
Improved air quality would translate into better health for the residents of the area. The vegetation planted for grey infrastructure would also enhance the aesthetic value and thus have a positive psychological impact.

*'''Enhanced Connectivity'''
By implementing a layer of green infrastructure, sidewalks in the area would be redesigned which would give the opportunity to convert the streets into ''pedestrian-friendly'' street. Also, this may result in considering the introduction of cycling pathways in the areas, thus providing residents with a wider variety of transportation modes.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==

*'''At the Street Level'''
Street networks are normally multifunctional in their nature as they carry traffic of different types, however, this is not the case in the Abdali area. Existing sidewalks do not encourage pedestrians to go out on walks, and are only used by people due to a need rather than an opportunity. The enhancement of the street structure, by the addition of properly designed sidewalks with bio-swales, would create an interest in the people to use them, and will be reflected on the health of the citizens due to exercise. The implicit proper rainwater drainage would mean that citizens would be able to use them year-round, even during rain events. The introduction of a rain garden(s), would also enhance the visual appearance of the area as a whole, and is translated into an increase in the citizens' access to green spaces.

*'''At the Skyline Level'''
Rooftops in Amman, despite being flat, are rarely used by the owners for leisure. Usually, water tanks, satellite dishes, and other "service" elements are placed there which creates an unpleasant skyline. By converting the roofs of residential and commercial buildings to green-roofs, an enhancement to the skyline occurs, along with an increase in the open spaces that are accessible to the residents or workers in the building. This also means that the footprint of buildings would be reduced, due to the transformation of the surface of the roof from impervious to water-permeable.

== Projective drawings ==
* '''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years)'''
** In the coming two years, significant progress will have taken place in the Abdali Project development, which could mean the appearance of green roofs and an appealing skyline. "Greening" could also be seen in the sidewalks which will be fitted with bio-swales and encounter heavy foot-traffic.

* '''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years)'''
** A complete transformation of the area could occur, along with the completion of the development projects. The buildings on the opposite side of the project, that were intended to be rebuilt, would be rebuilt while considering the amount of impervious surfaces created. Rainwater collection techniques would be implemented by all of the buildings in the vicinity. The plants on the green roofs and in the bio-swales and rain gardens would have grown creating an aesthetically pleasing environment.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==

Since the Abdali area is already undergoing a redevelopment process, it is strongly advised to introduce a layer of green infrastructure at this stage due to its feasibility and the multitude of benefits which could be gained by it. The development project itself already has sustainability considerations taken into account, but those could be further enhanced by the application of green infrastructure elements (green roofs, bioswales, rain gardens). The area across the street from the project is expected to undergo a transformation as well, in the long term future, and affords the possibility of "greening" . The Suleyman Al-Nabulsi street (which lies between these two areas) hosts many important buildings (Palace of Jutsice, Iconic Mosque, Governmental Functions) so the improvement to this street's structure would make it an exemplary street that reflect a positive image of the city of Amman.

== References ==

<references>"معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</references>
<references> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1></references>
<references>alace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </references>
<references>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</references>
<references>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</references>
<references>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</references>
<references>Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</references>
<references>Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print. </references>
<references>Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print.</references>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</reference>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</references>
<references>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</reference>
<references>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</references>
<references>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</references>
<references> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge

2014-11-26T10:34:15Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''Implementing Green Infrastructure in the Abdali Bridge Area'''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Abdali Bridge
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Jordan
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|Amman
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|Maroula Shami
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Abdali_Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Bridge during Rain<ref>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1>.</ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=31.964479255696848
|lng=35.9003335811401
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
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|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

Due to climate change, Jordan has been experiencing a change in rainfall patterns. The current grey infrastructure is not capable of draining the storm-water properly as it has not been designed to receive such large quantities. Also, the fact that it is not maintained properly further amplifies the problem. It is therefore worth considering the introduction of a layer of green infrastructure which would assist the existing grey infrastructure to avoid flooding in the future.

The Abdali area underwent a radical change in the past years, the aim of which was to create a new downtown for the city of Amman. The massive mixed-used development project included the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Changes were made to the road network surrounding this project which included the construction of the Abdali Bridge. This bridge (with the roundabout below it) connects the Ministry of Interior Affairs circle (north), the Abdali project (north-east), the Abdali area (east), the Third Circle (south-east), the Fourth Circle (south), and the Shmesani area (west). During the heavy rainfall that Jordan has experienced in the beginning of November 2014, slight flooding occurred in this area, and it is speculated that an introduction of proper green infrastructure would prevent this problem from reoccurring in the future.

== Author's perspective ==
Today, Amman is a highly urbanized city, which was sadly designed for the automobile and lacks a pedestrian, as well as cycling, transportation network. The only natural body that used to flow in the city -''Ain''- in the '''Ras Al-Ain''' area (to the east of the chosen site) has dried a long time ago. Amman also lacks a properly designed and implemented green infrastructure. Although street trees are planted on all major roads, these cannot perform their role alone, and should work as a part of an extensive network of green infrastructure implemented in the city. The absence of this network is having adverse effects on stormwater management in the last couple of years. Due to '''Climate Change''', Amman is experiencing instances of heavy rainfall as mentioned before. As a result, flooding has been occuring in the streets, especially in roads where bridges are present, as is the case with the newly constructed '''Abdali Bridge'''.

== Landscape and/or urban context of the Abdali Bridge ==

[[Image:3d_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|3d Showing the Topography <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</ref>]]
[[Image:Topography_Abdali.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Abdali Topography (Abdali Bridge Highlighted) <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print. </ref> ]]

===Biogeography===

Amman is situated on multiple hills, called '''Jabal(s)''' in arabic, which can be seen in the names of several areas like ''Jabal Amman'', ''Jabal Al-Weibdeh'', ''Jabal Al-Nadeef''... etc. Originally, Amman was located on 7 hills (represented by the 7-pointed start on the Jordanian flag). The settlement on these hills, like many others, started next to a water body as these hills surrounded '''Wadi Ras Al-Ain''' which roughly translates into ''the valley from which the fountain springs''. Since then, Amman has expanded westwards, despite the unevenness of the topography. Flat areas are a rarity in Amman, and before the automobile was used extensively, several staricases were used to connect the people. However, once the automobile became the most common mode of transportation, roads were constructed parallel to the topography of the hills in order to abide by the inclination guidelines stipulated for vehicular traffic. The altitude of Amman varies from 700-1100m above street level.

Since settlement in Abdali area has started a really long time ago, today there are no traces of what the area looked like before urbanization. There is no native vegetation. In fact, the only plants present in the area are those planted in private gardens or as street trees. There are no animals as well, and there is no available data on the habitats that existed in the area before it was urbanized. Today, the only animals that could be seen are stray cats (which are somewhat common in Amman), and birds that build nests in garden trees or rest on electricity lines.

===Cultural Features===

The Abdali area is one of the ''older'' parts of the city and contains several important religious and civic buildings. The Palace of Justice, Ministry of Education, King Abdullah I Mosque, Church of the Annunciation, and the Coptic Patriarchate are all located on ''Suleyman Al-Nabulsi Street''. The Jordanian Parliament and House of Senate and Representatives is located on the ''King Hussein Street'' and in the same block as the Palace of Justice. The Abdali area has been chosen for a development project on a former military site to create the New Downtown.
[[Image:Map_copy.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Map of Points of Interest:1) Abdali Development Area 2) Abdali Pedestrian Boulevard 3) Palace of Justice 4) Parliament 4') House of Senates and Representatives 5) King Abdullah I Mosque 6) Ministry of Education 7) Coptic Patriarchate 8) The Church of the Annunciation ]]

<gallery caption="Points of Interest" mode=packed widths="180px" heights="180px">
Image:Palace_of_Justice.jpg|Palace of Justice: the major courthouse in Amman<ref>Palace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </ref>
Image:Parliament.jpg|Jordanian Parliament <ref> Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</ref>
Image:Coptic_Patriarchate.jpg|Coptic Patriarchate in Amman<ref>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</ref>
Image:Church_of_the_Annunciation.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation <ref>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:King_Abdullah_I_Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King Abdullah I Mosque<ref>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</ref>]]
*'''King Abdullah I Mosque''' <ref> "معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</ref>
It is one of the monumental mosques in Amman and was built to commemorate King Abdullah the first in 1982. It is built on a 12 000 square meter land which was later expanded to 18 000 square meters. The mosque's major components are:
# central prayer hall: octagonal in shape and accommodates 3000 men
# Women's Prayer Hall: accommodates 500 women
# Conference Hall
# Library
# Qur'an Teaching School
# Islamic Museum

*'''The New Downtown''' <ref> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, n.d. Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Abdali_Site_Plan.PNG| Abdali Master Plan <ref>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</ref>
Image:Abdali_Boulevard.PNG| Abdali Boulevard <ref>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
Image: Abdali_Cover.PNG| Abdali Image <ref> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
</gallery>
The Abdali development project covers a 384000 square meters area. It is a mixed-use development project which is composed of residential and commercial buildings in a pedestrian-friendly setting. It offers
# prestigious residential buildings (both serviced and unserviced)
# a central business district that attracts foreign investors
# a variety of leisure opportunities
# hotels

Pedestrians are kept in mind throughout the design of the entire project, but they can especially enjoy the ''Boulevard'' at the center which consists of 12 buildings (6 on either side) surrounding a 340 m ''pedestrian promenade''. To make use of the slope in the site, this Boulevard is divided into 3 platforms that are connected by different means of vertical circulation to provide the visitors with a unique experience as they strolls through it. Overall, there are 60,000 square meters of pedestrian roads, piazzas and landscaped parks in the project.

The project aims at being sustainable, and that is applied by the implication of a grey-water collecting and treatment system, energy efficient heating and cooling provided by Jordan District Energy, and encouraging developers to attain LEED certification for their buildings.

===Overall Character===
<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Amman_Districts.jpg|Amman Districts
Image:Density_Map.PNG|Density Map <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:Landuse_plan_abdali_area.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Landuse Plan]]Aside from the new development, the character of the Abdali area is similar to any neighborhood in Amman. Buildings are mostly constructed of stone and have a cubic form (with the exception of a few houses with pitched roofs). Houses are surrounded by gardens, the size of which depends on the land use category (residential categories stipulate minimum plot size and setbacks among other determinants). Roads can be divided into two categories; major and minor roads. The difference between the two is in street width and sidewalk width (which is dependent on the width of the street). Wherever width permits, planters are present on sidewalks and mid-road islands. Outdoor interaction among residents is limited to private settings (gardens) and the very few public parks which are mostly visited by children and their parents since they are the target users of these parks.
Due to the presence of the Palace of Justice in the vicinity, there is a large number of lawyers' office scattered around between homes in the residential areas as well as offices in general on the sides of major streets. Commercial functions are also mostly concentrated along major roads, except for small grocery stores which are built on plots that are categorized as residential. This implies that major roads of the area experience heavy traffic during working hours, a problem which was partially solved by the construction of the Abdali bridge. Another problem is the insufficient number of parking spaces, since most Jordanians area accustomed to drive their car to most places in the absence of an efficient public transportation system.

===History and Dynamics===

[[Image:Amman_timeline.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Amman Timeline <ref> Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print.</ref> ]]

'''Jordan'''<ref>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</ref>

Being located in the heart of the Middle East, and on several trade routes, Jordan had a strategic location throughout history which explains why it has hosted many different civilizations; Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Crusaders. One of the world's first cities ''Al-Beidha'' was situated in Jordan, close to modern day Petra. During the Iron Age, three kingdoms emerged in Jordan; the Edomites, the Moabites, and the Ammonites.

'''Amman'''<ref> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</ref>

Settlement in Amman began as early as the Bronze Age, and it was chosen as the capital of the Ammonites Kingdom during the Iron Age but was know as ''Rabbath Ammon''. Amman, since then, has witnessed a sequence of civilizations; Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. It was renamed Philadelphia during the Hellenistic Period, and was ruled by the Ptolemies (301-198BC) followed by the Seleucids (198-63BC). During the Roman reign,still know as Philadelphia, was part of the Decapolis League. The Roman period was followed by the Byzantine period which ended in the early 7th century and after which the Umayyad Empire began. Since then, Jordan has been ruled by Muslim Caliphates; the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Ayyubid and Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans. The Ottoman reign lasted for four centuries (1516-1918 AD), and ended with the Arab Revolt which led to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan which is the modern day Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Amman as its capital.

<gallery caption= "History of the Site" mode=packed heights="200px">
Image:Abdali_2003.jpg|2003
Image:Abdali_2007.jpg|2007
Image:Abdali_2009.jpg|2009
Image:Abdali_2010.jpg|2010
Image:Abdali_2011.jpg|2011
Image:Abdali_2014.jpg|2014
Image:Abdali_Changes.jpg| Areas Experiencing Major Changes
</gallery>

The images above show that the only major changes to the Abdali area in the past 10 years have been the development project and the road network that surrounds it. The Abdali area had very few empty plots of land as far back as the year 2000. Expansion by demolishing old low-rise building and replacing them with ones that have more floors has started occurring since the beginning of the development project, [[Image:Fleemarket_Abdali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Abdali Friday Market <ref>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</ref>]]however, these occurrences are limited in number and restricted to the buildings across the street from it. This was done to extract the maximum value of land by imitating the high-rise buildings within the project. Sadly, no attempts at imitating the attention to pedestrians and green areas have been made in the surrounding neighborhoods.

'''Friday Market'''
Since 1988, a Thursday night- Friday morning Flee market used to take place on a plot of land which had been a former bus stop for intercity buses in the Abdali area. The flee market was visited by a lot of customers every weekend, especially those leaving the mosque after Friday prayer. The flee market used to sell different things ranging from secondhand clothes to fruits and vegetables. In the beginning of October 2014, the flee market has been moved to the Ras Al-Ain area. This has double benefits, on the one hand the site in Abdali will be used as a much-needed parking for automobiles connected to a new public transportation mode which would carry passengers around the Abdali and Shmeisani area. On the other hand, the new site chosen for the flee market has adequate parking and would thus not cause the traffic congestion which is associated with the market in the Abdali location.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:SWOT_Abdali.jpg| SWOT Analysis
Image:Natural_Drainage.jpg|Natural Drainage according to Topography
Image:Abdali_bridge_drainage.jpg| Rain Drainage from the Bridge
Image:Abdali_Splitter_Islands.jpg|Existing Splitter Islands
Image: Abadli_overflow.jpg| Overflow Problem
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==

*'''Environmental Benefits'''
The environmental benefits gained from the use of green infrastructure are not restricted to flood alleviation (despite its importance in the area). The air quality would improve as a result of the "greening" activities which is associated with the production of more oxygen and carbon sequestration. The collected storm-water would be filtered making it pollutant-free and thus suitable for groundwater recharging. Added to that, vegetation would reduce the heat island effect resultant from large areas of impervious covering which is essential in an area with a hot climate like Jordan.

*'''Economic Benefits'''
Grey infrastructure is typically expensive to install and to maintain. One of its majors downfalls is that it degrades with age, unlike green infrastructure which actually improves in efficiency as time passes by. Grey infrastructure also has some operational costs associated with water pumping which requires energy, while the green alternative does not consume any energy. An additional benefit is the increase of property values in the area.

*'''Social Benefits'''
Improved air quality would translate into better health for the residents of the area. The vegetation planted for grey infrastructure would also enhance the aesthetic value and thus have a positive psychological impact.

*'''Enhanced Connectivity'''
By implementing a layer of green infrastructure, sidewalks in the area would be redesigned which would give the opportunity to convert the streets into ''pedestrian-friendly'' street. Also, this may result in considering the introduction of cycling pathways in the areas, thus providing residents with a wider variety of transportation modes.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==

*'''At the Street Level'''
Street networks are normally multifunctional in their nature as they carry traffic of different types, however, this is not the case in the Abdali area. Existing sidewalks do not encourage pedestrians to go out on walks, and are only used by people due to a need rather than an opportunity. The enhancement of the street structure, by the addition of properly designed sidewalks with bio-swales, would create an interest in the people to use them, and will be reflected on the health of the citizens due to exercise. The implicit proper rainwater drainage would mean that citizens would be able to use them year-round, even during rain events. The introduction of a rain garden(s), would also enhance the visual appearance of the area as a whole, and is translated into an increase in the citizens' access to green spaces.

*'''At the Skyline Level'''
Rooftops in Amman, despite being flat, are rarely used by the owners for leisure. Usually, water tanks, satellite dishes, and other "service" elements are placed there which creates an unpleasant skyline. By converting the roofs of residential and commercial buildings to green-roofs, an enhancement to the skyline occurs, along with an increase in the open spaces that are accessible to the residents or workers in the building. This also means that the footprint of buildings would be reduced, due to the transformation of the surface of the roof from impervious to water-permeable.

== Projective drawings ==
* '''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years)'''
** In the coming two years, significant progress will have taken place in the Abdali Project development, which could mean the appearance of green roofs and an appealing skyline. "Greening" could also be seen in the sidewalks which will be fitted with bio-swales and encounter heavy foot-traffic.

* '''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years)'''
** A complete transformation of the area could occur, along with the completion of the development projects. The buildings on the opposite side of the project, that were intended to be rebuilt, would be rebuilt while considering the amount of impervious surfaces created. Rainwater collection techniques would be implemented by all of the buildings in the vicinity. The plants on the green roofs and in the bio-swales and rain gardens would have grown creating an aesthetically pleasing environment.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== References ==

<references>"معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</references>
<references> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1></references>
<references>alace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </references>
<references>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</references>
<references>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</references>
<references>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</references>
<references>Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</references>
<references>Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print. </references>
<references>Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print.</references>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</reference>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</references>
<references>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</reference>
<references>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</references>
<references>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</references>
<references> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group F - Abdali Bridge

2014-11-25T13:52:10Z

Shamim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''Implementing Green Infrastructure in the Abdali Bridge Area'''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Abdali Bridge
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| Jordan
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|Amman
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|Maroula Shami
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Abdali_Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Bridge during Rain<ref>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1>.</ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=31.964479255696848
|lng=35.9003335811401
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

Due to climate change, Jordan has been experiencing a change in rainfall patterns. The current grey infrastructure is not capable of draining the storm-water properly as it has not been designed to receive such large quantities. Also, the fact that it is not maintained properly further amplifies the problem. It is therefore worth considering the introduction of a layer of green infrastructure which would assist the existing grey infrastructure to avoid flooding in the future.

The Abdali area underwent a radical change in the past years, the aim of which was to create a new downtown for the city of Amman. The massive mixed-used development project included the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Changes were made to the road network surrounding this project which included the construction of the Abdali Bridge. This bridge (with the roundabout below it) connects the Ministry of Interior Affairs circle (north), the Abdali project (north-east), the Abdali area (east), the Third Circle (south-east), the Fourth Circle (south), and the Shmesani area (west). During the heavy rainfall that Jordan has experienced in the beginning of November 2014, slight flooding occurred in this area, and it is speculated that an introduction of proper green infrastructure would prevent this problem from reoccurring in the future.

== Author's perspective ==
Today, Amman is a highly urbanized city, which was sadly designed for the automobile and lacks a pedestrian, as well as cycling, transportation network. The ''Ain'' that used to flow in the valley has dried a long time ago, and there aren't any natural water bodies in the city. Amman also lacks a properly designed and implemented green infrastructure. Although street trees are planted on all major roads, these cannot perform their role alone, and should work as a part of an extensive network of green infrastructure implemented in the city. The absence of this network is having adverse effects on stormwater management in the last couple of years. Due to '''Climate Change''', Amman is experiencing instances of heavy rainfall as mentioned before. As a result, flooding has been occuring in the streets, especially in roads where bridges are present, as is the case with the newly constructed '''Abdali Bridge'''.

== Landscape and/or urban context of the Abdali Bridge ==

[[Image:3d_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|3d Showing the Topography <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</ref>]]
[[Image:Topography_Abdali.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Abdali Topography (Abdali Bridge Highlighted) <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print. </ref> ]]

===Biogeography===

Amman is situated on multiple hills, called '''Jabal(s)''' in arabic, which can be seen in the names of several areas like ''Jabal Amman'', ''Jabal Al-Weibdeh'', ''Jabal Al-Nadeef''... etc. Originally, Amman was located on 7 hills (represented by the 7-pointed start on the Jordanian flag). The settlement on these hills, like many others, started next to a water body as these hills surrounded '''Wadi Ras Al-Ain''' which roughly translates into ''the valley from which the fountain springs''. Since then, Amman has expanded westwards, despite the unevenness of the topography. Flat areas are a rarity in Amman, and before the automobile was used extensively, several staricases were used to connect the people. However, once the automobile became the most common mode of transportation, roads were constructed parallel to the topography of the hills in order to abide by the inclination guidelines stipulated for vehicular traffic. The altitude of Amman varies from 700-1100m above street level.

Since settlement in Abdali area has started a really long time ago, today there are no traces of what the area looked like before urbanization. There is no native vegetation. In fact, the only plants present in the area are those planted in private gardens or as street trees. There are no animals as well, and there is no available data on the habitats that existed in the area before it was urbanized. Today, the only animals that could be seen are stray cats (which are somewhat common in Amman), and birds that build nests in garden trees or rest on electricity lines.

===Cultural Features===

The Abdali area is one of the ''older'' parts of the city and contains several important religious and civic buildings. The Palace of Justice, Ministry of Education, King Abdullah I Mosque, Church of the Annunciation, and the Coptic Patriarchate are all located on ''Suleyman Al-Nabulsi Street''. The Jordanian Parliament and House of Senate and Representatives is located on the ''King Hussein Street'' and in the same block as the Palace of Justice. The Abdali area has been chosen for a development project on a former military site to create the New Downtown.
[[Image:Map_copy.jpg|thumb|500px|center|Map of Points of Interest:1) Abdali Development Area 2) Abdali Pedestrian Boulevard 3) Palace of Justice 4) Parliament 4') House of Senates and Representatives 5) King Abdullah I Mosque 6) Ministry of Education 7) Coptic Patriarchate 8) The Church of the Annunciation ]]

<gallery caption="Points of Interest" mode=packed widths="180px" heights="180px">
Image:Palace_of_Justice.jpg|Palace of Justice: the major courthouse in Amman<ref>Palace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </ref>
Image:Parliament.jpg|Jordanian Parliament <ref> Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</ref>
Image:Coptic_Patriarchate.jpg|Coptic Patriarchate in Amman<ref>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</ref>
Image:Church_of_the_Annunciation.jpg|Greek Orthodox Church of the Annunciation <ref>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:King_Abdullah_I_Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|King Abdullah I Mosque<ref>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</ref>]]
*'''King Abdullah I Mosque''' <ref> "معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</ref>
It is one of the monumental mosques in Amman and was built to commemorate King Abdullah the first in 1982. It is built on a 12 000 square meter land which was later expanded to 18 000 square meters. The mosque's major components are:
# central prayer hall: octagonal in shape and accommodates 3000 men
# Women's Prayer Hall: accommodates 500 women
# Conference Hall
# Library
# Qur'an Teaching School
# Islamic Museum

*'''The New Downtown''' <ref> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, n.d. Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Abdali_Site_Plan.PNG| Abdali Master Plan <ref>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</ref>
Image:Abdali_Boulevard.PNG| Abdali Boulevard <ref>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
Image: Abdali_Cover.PNG| Abdali Image <ref> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</ref>
</gallery>
The Abdali development project covers a 384000 square meters area. It is a mixed-use development project which is composed of residential and commercial buildings in a pedestrian-friendly setting. It offers
# prestigious residential buildings (both serviced and unserviced)
# a central business district that attracts foreign investors
# a variety of leisure opportunities
# hotels

Pedestrians are kept in mind throughout the design of the entire project, but they can especially enjoy the ''Boulevard'' at the center which consists of 12 buildings (6 on either side) surrounding a 340 m ''pedestrian promenade''. To make use of the slope in the site, this Boulevard is divided into 3 platforms that are connected by different means of vertical circulation to provide the visitors with a unique experience as they strolls through it. Overall, there are 60,000 square meters of pedestrian roads, piazzas and landscaped parks in the project.

The project aims at being sustainable, and that is applied by the implication of a grey-water collecting and treatment system, energy efficient heating and cooling provided by Jordan District Energy, and encouraging developers to attain LEED certification for their buildings.

===Overall Character===
<gallery mode=packed heights="220px">
Image:Amman_Districts.jpg|Amman Districts
Image:Density_Map.PNG|Density Map <ref> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</ref>
</gallery>

[[Image:Landuse_plan_abdali_area.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Landuse Plan]]Aside from the new development, the character of the Abdali area is similar to any neighborhood in Amman. Buildings are mostly constructed of stone and have a cubic form (with the exception of a few houses with pitched roofs). Houses are surrounded by gardens, the size of which depends on the land use category (residential categories stipulate minimum plot size and setbacks among other determinants). Roads can be divided into two categories; major and minor roads. The difference between the two is in street width and sidewalk width (which is dependent on the width of the street). Wherever width permits, planters are present on sidewalks and mid-road islands. Outdoor interaction among residents is limited to private settings (gardens) and the very few public parks which are mostly visited by children and their parents since they are the target users of these parks.
Due to the presence of the Palace of Justice in the vicinity, there is a large number of lawyers' office scattered around between homes in the residential areas as well as offices in general on the sides of major streets. Commercial functions are also mostly concentrated along major roads, except for small grocery stores which are built on plots that are categorized as residential. This implies that major roads of the area experience heavy traffic during working hours, a problem which was partially solved by the construction of the Abdali bridge. Another problem is the insufficient number of parking spaces, since most Jordanians area accustomed to drive their car to most places in the absence of an efficient public transportation system.

===History and Dynamics===

[[Image:Amman_timeline.PNG|thumb|center|800px|Amman Timeline <ref> Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print.</ref> ]]

'''Jordan'''<ref>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</ref>

Being located in the heart of the Middle East, and on several trade routes, Jordan had a strategic location throughout history which explains why it has hosted many different civilizations; Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Hittites, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks and Crusaders. One of the world's first cities ''Al-Beidha'' was situated in Jordan, close to modern day Petra. During the Iron Age, three kingdoms emerged in Jordan; the Edomites, the Moabites, and the Ammonites.

'''Amman'''<ref> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</ref>

Settlement in Amman began as early as the Bronze Age, and it was chosen as the capital of the Ammonites Kingdom during the Iron Age but was know as ''Rabbath Ammon''. Amman, since then, has witnessed a sequence of civilizations; Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. It was renamed Philadelphia during the Hellenistic Period, and was ruled by the Ptolemies (301-198BC) followed by the Seleucids (198-63BC). During the Roman reign,still know as Philadelphia, was part of the Decapolis League. The Roman period was followed by the Byzantine period which ended in the early 7th century and after which the Umayyad Empire began. Since then, Jordan has been ruled by Muslim Caliphates; the Abbasids, the Fatimids, the Ayyubid and Mamluks, and finally the Ottomans. The Ottoman reign lasted for four centuries (1516-1918 AD), and ended with the Arab Revolt which led to the establishment of the Emirate of Transjordan which is the modern day Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan with Amman as its capital.

<gallery caption= "History of the Site" mode=packed heights="200px">
Image:Abdali_2003.jpg|2003
Image:Abdali_2007.jpg|2007
Image:Abdali_2009.jpg|2009
Image:Abdali_2010.jpg|2010
Image:Abdali_2011.jpg|2011
Image:Abdali_2014.jpg|2014
Image:Abdali_Changes.jpg| Areas Experiencing Major Changes
</gallery>

The images above show that the only major changes to the Abdali area in the past 10 years have been the development project and the road network that surrounds it. The Abdali area had very few empty plots of land as far back as the year 2000. Expansion by demolishing old low-rise building and replacing them with ones that have more floors has started occurring since the beginning of the development project, [[Image:Fleemarket_Abdali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Abdali Friday Market <ref>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</ref>]]however, these occurrences are limited in number and restricted to the buildings across the street from it. This was done to extract the maximum value of land by imitating the high-rise buildings within the project. Sadly, no attempts at imitating the attention to pedestrians and green areas have been made in the surrounding neighborhoods.

'''Friday Market'''
Since 1988, a Thursday night- Friday morning Flee market used to take place on a plot of land which had been a former bus stop for intercity buses in the Abdali area. The flee market was visited by a lot of customers every weekend, especially those leaving the mosque after Friday prayer. The flee market used to sell different things ranging from secondhand clothes to fruits and vegetables. In the beginning of October 2014, the flee market has been moved to the Ras Al-Ain area. This has double benefits, on the one hand the site in Abdali will be used as a much-needed parking for automobiles connected to a new public transportation mode which would carry passengers around the Abdali and Shmeisani area. On the other hand, the new site chosen for the flee market has adequate parking and would thus not cause the traffic congestion which is associated with the market in the Abdali location.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:SWOT_Abdali.jpg| SWOT Analysis
Image:Natural_Drainage.jpg|Natural Drainage according to Topography
Image:Abdali_bridge_drainage.jpg| Rain Drainage from the Bridge
Image:Abdali_Splitter_Islands.jpg|Existing Splitter Islands
Image: Abadli_overflow.jpg| Overflow Problem
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==

*'''Environmental Benefits'''
The environmental benefits gained from the use of green infrastructure are not restricted to flood alleviation (despite its importance in the area). The air quality would improve as a result of the "greening" activities which is associated with the production of more oxygen and carbon sequestration. The collected storm-water would be filtered making it pollutant-free and thus suitable for groundwater recharging. Added to that, vegetation would reduce the heat island effect resultant from large areas of impervious covering which is essential in an area with a hot climate like Jordan.

*'''Economic Benefits'''
Grey infrastructure is typically expensive to install and to maintain. One of its majors downfalls is that it degrades with age, unlike green infrastructure which actually improves in efficiency as time passes by. Grey infrastructure also has some operational costs associated with water pumping which requires energy, while the green alternative does not consume any energy. An additional benefit is the increase of property values in the area.

*'''Social Benefits'''
Improved air quality would translate into better health for the residents of the area. The vegetation planted for grey infrastructure would also enhance the aesthetic value and thus have a positive psychological impact.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

<references>"معالم اسلامية : مسجد الملك عبد الله الأول." جريدة الدستور. Addustoor Newspaper, 20 July 2013. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. <http://www.addustour.com/16917/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9+%3A+%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84.html>.</references>
<references> Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Abdali Brochure. Amman: Abdali Investment and Development PSC, Abdali. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Abdali Bridge. Digital image. Khaberni Page on Facebook. N.p., 3 Nov. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/11568_10152793390865979_4939510335147356565_n.jpg?oh=d2465e12fa3205d7ef013958f0aa2bc4&oe=54E738E1&__gda__=1423527848_68a67ff9dc320ae7c6c4f9c4119106f1></references>
<references>alace of Justice, Jordan. Digital image. All of Jordan. N.p., 09 Mar. 2011. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.hkjtoday.com/uploads/thumbs_518/c/7/c74469f8b63af01508252fac58103cc0a6ac90d4.jpg?>. </references>
<references>King Abdullah I Mosque. Digital image. Exploring Tourism Jordan. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.travelojordan.com/destinations/king-abdullah-mosque/#.VFv1WMnBok4>.</references>
<references>Church of the Annunciation. Digital image. Albisharah Church Page on Facebook. N.p., 24 Dec. 2012. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/289706634474342/photos/a.304689716309367.64602.289706634474342/304692462975759/?type=3&theater>.</references>
<references>Coptic Patriarchate in Amman. Digital image. Virtual Tourist. Mikey E, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Jordan/Amman-1800107/Things_To_Do-Amman-Churches-BR-1.html>.</references>
<references>Jordanian Parliament. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 30 Sept. 2012. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/parliament-session-postponed-in-prelude-to-polls>.</references>
<references>Abzakh, Shatha, Rawand Obaidat, and Batool Al-Disi. "Amman Timeline." Pixels of Fordism Graduation Project Thesis. 2014. 31. Print. </references>
<references>Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 36. Print.</references>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Topography 3D." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 10. Print.</reference>
<references> Atalla, Lama, Dina Rabadi, and Zeinab Zareer. "Density Map." Unveiling the Antipodes Graduation Project Thesis. Amman:2014. 42. Print.</references>
<references>"Abdali Master Plan." Abdali. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/index.php?r=site/index>.</reference>
<references>Abdali Boulevard. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references> Brochure Cover Image. Digital image. Abdali. Abdali Investment and Development PSC. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://www.abdali.jo/pdf/brochure.pdf>.</references>
<references>Freij, Muath. Abdali Friday Market. Digital image. The Jordan Times. The Jordan Times, 7 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. <http://jordantimes.com/vendors-say-moving-abdali-market-bad-for-business>.</references>
<references>"Jordan." Lonely Planet. Web. 15 Nov. 2014. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/history>.</references>
<references> "History - The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan." The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/history.html>.</references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Abdali bridge drainage.jpg

2014-11-25T13:46:45Z

Shamim:

File:Natural Drainage.jpg

2014-11-25T13:33:56Z

Shamim: