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Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-23T19:31:52Z

Shahghadamim: /* Design Synthesis */

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:tahlil 2.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (Maliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Short_Term_Pedestrian_Intervention_copy.jpg|'''Short-Term Pedestrian Interventions in the Surrounding Streets''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:J1.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Creating Pedestrian Routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:J2.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Long-Term Vision of Underground Streets ''' (Maliheh)
Image:Darsena_Long_Term.jpg| '''Long Term Projection - Reopening of the old city canals" (Elena)
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Projections.jpg|Synthesis Map
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-23T19:29:14Z

Shahghadamim: /* Design Synthesis */

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:tahlil 2.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (Maliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Short_Term_Pedestrian_Intervention_copy.jpg|'''Short-Term Pedestrian Interventions in the Surrounding Streets''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:J1.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Creating Pedestrian Routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:J2.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Long-Term Vision of Underground Streets ''' (Maliheh)
Image:Darsena_Long_Term.jpg| '''Long Term Projection - Reopening of the old city canals" (Elena)
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Projections.jpg|Synthesis Map
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Projections.jpg

2015-01-23T19:26:37Z

Shahghadamim:

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-23T18:43:31Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
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== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:tahlil 2.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (Maliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Short_Term_Pedestrian_Intervention_copy.jpg|'''Short-Term Pedestrian Interventions in the Surrounding Streets''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:J1.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Creating Pedestrian Routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:J2.jpg|'''Connectivity of Green Spaces Surrounding Darsena Area Policies, Long-Term Vision of Underground Streets ''' (Maliheh)
Image:Darsena_Long_Term.jpg| '''Long Term Projection - Reopening of the old city canals" (Elena)
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:J1.jpg

2015-01-23T18:41:56Z

Shahghadamim:

File:J2.jpg

2015-01-23T18:41:07Z

Shahghadamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-17T06:01:16Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:landuse tahlil2.jpg|Land use Analysis

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|short term projection
Image:projective 22.jpg|linking green spaces
Image:nn.jpg|long term projection
Image:vision pic.jpg|View to Hashemie mountains
Image:pic pic.jpg|Public spaces
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|City view to mountains
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|Day and night vibrant
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|Green streets
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction
Image:khorshid 1.jpg|Khorshid park
Image:khorshid 2.jpg|Khorshid park
Image:khorshid 3.jpg|Khorshid park
Image:khorshid 4.jpg|Khorshid park
Image:khorshid 5.jpg|Khorshid park
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Nn.jpg

2015-01-17T06:00:31Z

Shahghadamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-16T21:49:17Z

Shahghadamim: /* Image Gallery */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:landuse tahlil2.jpg|Land use Analysis

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|short term projection
Image:projective 22.jpg|linking green spaces
Image:ff2.jpg|long term projection
Image:vision pic.jpg|View to Hashemie mountains
Image:pic pic.jpg|Public spaces
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|City view to mountains
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|Day and night vibrant
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|Green streets
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction
Image:khorshid 1.jpg|Khorshid park
Image:khorshid 2.jpg|Khorshid park
Image:khorshid 3.jpg|Khorshid park
Image:khorshid 4.jpg|Khorshid park
Image:khorshid 5.jpg|Khorshid park
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Khorshid 5.jpg

2015-01-16T21:47:34Z

Shahghadamim:

File:Khorshid 4.jpg

2015-01-16T21:47:03Z

Shahghadamim:

File:Khorshid 3.jpg

2015-01-16T21:46:35Z

Shahghadamim:

File:Khorshid 2.jpg

2015-01-16T21:46:07Z

Shahghadamim:

File:Khorshid 1.jpg

2015-01-16T21:45:29Z

Shahghadamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-16T21:41:31Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:landuse tahlil2.jpg|Land use Analysis

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|short term projection
Image:projective 22.jpg|linking green spaces
Image:ff2.jpg|long term projection
Image:vision pic.jpg|View to Hashemie mountains
Image:pic pic.jpg|Public spaces
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|City view to mountains
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|Day and night vibrant
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|Green streets
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-16T21:38:19Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:landuse tahlil2.jpg|Land use Analysis

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|short term projection
Image:projective 22.jpg|linking green spaces
Image:ff2.jpg|long term projection
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-16T21:36:33Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:landuse tahlil2.jpg|Land use Analysis

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|projective drawing
Image:projective 22.jpg|projective drawing
Image:ff2.jpg|long term projection
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-16T21:35:39Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:landuse tahlil2.jpg|Land use Analysis

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|projective drawing
Image:projective 22.jpg|projective drawing
Image:ff2.jpg|long term projection
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Ff2.jpg

2015-01-16T21:34:10Z

Shahghadamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-16T21:17:03Z

Shahghadamim: /* Analytical drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:landuse tahlil2.jpg|Land use Analysis

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|projective drawing
Image:projective 22.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-16T21:16:39Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:landuse tahlil2.jpg|Land use Analysis

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|projective drawing
Image:projective 22.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-16T21:10:27Z

Shahghadamim: /* Analytical drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:landuse tahlil2.jpg|Land use Analysis

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|projective drawing
Image:projective 22.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Landuse tahlil2.jpg

2015-01-16T21:08:43Z

Shahghadamim:

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-16T18:45:49Z

Shahghadamim: /* Analytical drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:tahlil 2.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (Maliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:link green spaces 11.jpg|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:link green spaces 22.jpg|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Tahlil 2.jpg

2015-01-16T18:44:53Z

Shahghadamim:

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-16T18:42:43Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

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|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
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|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
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== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:link green spaces 11.jpg|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:link green spaces 22.jpg|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-16T18:42:21Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:link green spaces 11.jpg|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:link.jpg|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-16T18:39:51Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:link green spaces 11.jpg|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:link green spaces 22|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Link green spaces 22.jpg

2015-01-16T18:38:56Z

Shahghadamim: Shahghadamim uploaded a new version of "File:Link green spaces 22.jpg"

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-16T18:38:15Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:link green spaces 11.jpg|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:link green spaces22|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group F

2015-01-16T18:37:30Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group F|working group F]]

'''''Collaborative design for implementing Green Infrastructure in the Darsena Area - Milan (Italy)'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Darsena Area''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Milan''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Italy''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami, Maroula Shami, Elena Staffoni, Andreea Webb''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:darsena_main.jpg|300px| <ref> <http://www.scattiesguardi.net/foto/alba_mi/darsena5175_800.jpg> </ref>]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=45.452537
|lng=9.1779829
|zoom=15
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

===Biogeography===

Milan normally experiences a Mediterranean climate with wet and cold winters, and humid and hot summers. Metropolitan cities experience a 2-3 degree higher rise in temperature than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect. In Milan people may experience an average temperature of +4 degree Celsius to +6 degree Celsius in January, which could heat up to 15-28 degree Celsius in July. Snowfalls, a common occurence in Milan, has decreased in the last 15-20 years due to the effects of Global Warming. The average snowfall during winter could range between 30 to 40 cm. The greatest snowfall ever was recorded in January 1985 which was about 100 cm. The city’s climate which was mainly distinguished by its fog, due to the Po Basin effect has reduced considerably in the recent years due to lessened pollution and global warming. Milan is snuggled up in the lower plains of the Padana in the west-central Lombardy region of Italy. The rivers of Ticino, Po and Adda are an integral part of Milan’s province which is the first releases of the alpines. Milan occupied a total area of 181 sq.kms with a sea level rise of 122 m. The Milan city and metropolitan areas form the core industrial principal towns in Italy.

===Cultural features===
[[image:1912_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1912 <ref> <https://www.google.it/search?q=darsena+anni+60&client=ubuntu&hs=fF9&channel=fs&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Vtl4VKLJB8XwaN-MgrAF&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1600&bih=722#channel=fs&tbm=isch&q=darsena+1912&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=P0lwYvNUcr3PwM%253A%3BrHWt9XSeuLLMrM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Ffarm7.staticflickr.com%252F6035%252F6328442023_25e6631a10_m.jpg%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.flickr.com%252Fphotos%252Fmilan_lera_insc%252F6927394602%252Fnearby%252F%253Fby%253Downer%2526taken%253Dalltime%2526sort%253Ddistance%2526show%253Ddetail%2526page%253D2%3B1000%3B843> </ref>]]
[[image:1920_Darsena.jpg|thumb| The Darsena in 1920 <ref> <http://www.milanoneltempo.it/darsena.html> </ref>]]
The Inner Circle of canals (Navigli) was a circular channel of about 6.5 km that, up to the 20's of the twentieth century, surrounded the center of Milan. The canal system was
about 9 meters wide and was equipped with navigation locks and port areas of which the most famous was the Lake of Santo Stefano behind the Duomo (covered in 1857). Along the way there were 30 more little canals that were used to irrigate the orchards citizens and nurture important mills. The name of places today is recorded by the ancient urban design; The street over the Santo Stefano lake is today called Via Laghetto (Lake Street) and the street over the mills' little canal is called Via Molino delle Armi (Mills Street).
The route of the canals' ring resumed the ancient moat of medieval Milan, dug in 1167, and corresponded to the current streets Fatebenefratelli, Senato, San Damiano, Visconti
Modrone , Francesco Sforza , Santa Sofia , Molino delle Armi, De Amicis , Carducci , Piazza Castello
and via Pontaccio. At the end of the '300 the moat, expanded and made navigable, takes the name of "Cerchia Interna dei Navigli" (Inner Circle of Navigli) and it was used for the transport of marble Candoglia to the construction of the Duomo. In 1496 the ring of canals was connected to the Martesana Canal through the basins of Incoronata and S. Marco, making it the center of the system of the canals of the Lombardy Region, allowing continuous navigation from the Adda river to the Ticino river. This important function was to decline in 1929 when the Inner Circle was entirely covered.

'''Cultural curiosity'''

* The canals were a symbol of romance that the Futurists hated. Even today in Corso Venezia number 23 you can read a license plate that says: "That's the house where in 1905 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti founded the magazine Poetry. Hence the Futurist movement launched his challenge in the moonlight mirrored in the canal".

* The Navigli and the Darsena were the subject of many paintings especially in 19th Century.

* In the middle of XV Century, Leonardo da Vinci realised a system of locks (devices for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways) for the Navigli.

===Overall character===

The history of Milan is closely connected with the creation of the Navigli, which pass as water network the whole city. Milan does not have a direct river connection. To ensure the water supply and to create transport routes, just in the antique ages was begun with the construction of artificial waterways, fed by the rivers of the hinterland (Ticino, Lambro, Adda). Thanks to the connection of artificial waterways from the rivers Ticino and Adda towards the Po River, Milan is practically connected to the Adriatic Sea. On the banks of the Naviglio formerly lived workers and artisans.
Today, the area of the Naviglio could be a romantic area with artists' studios, original shops, romantic pubs, flea markets, and summer concerts but this atmosphere is unfortunately no more present.Outside Milan the water network serves for the irrigation of the fertile Padana fields Po Valley (the Europe’s largest plane extended from Milan to the hills).
On the configuration of the locks of the channels already worked Leonardo da Vinci.

[[Image:Darsena_Points.png|thumb|right|400px|Darsena points of interests: 1. PORTA GENOVA (train station), 2. CORSO CRISTOFORO COLOMBO (street), 3. PIAZZALE ANTONIO CANTORE (square), 4. VIALE GABRIELE D’ANNUNZIO (street), 5. PIAZZA XXIV MAGGIO (square), 6. ALZAIA NAVIGLIO PAVESE, 7. VIALE GORIZIA (street), 8. VIA VIGEVANO (street), 9. VIA CORSICO (street), 10 ALZAIA NAVIGLIO GRANDE
11 RIPA DI PORTA TICINESE (street), 12. VIA CARDINALE ASCANIO SFORZA (street) <ref> Re-elaborated version of a Google Maps image, Darsena Area.</ref>]]

'''Naviglio Grande'''

The oldest canal was built in the years 1177-1257 and is fed by the river Ticino. The Naviglio Grande is about 50 km long, and served as an export and import route. For the transport of the enormous marble blocks from the reservoirs at Candoglia on Lake Maggiore, which were needed for the construction of the Milan Cathedral, the Naviglio was extended up to the cathedral. At the time of the construction of the cathedral, the waterway was conducted into the city center. The street name Via Laghetto (road by the pond) behind the cathedral testifies that. Today this part of the Naviglio was filled. Along the Naviglio Grande towards Ticino you will find the villages Cesano Boscone, Assago, Buccinasco, Corsico, Trezzano sul Naviglio, Gaggiano, Vermezzo und Abbiategrasso, that use the waters of the Naviglio for agriculture. Typical are the old houses and wash houses with wooden roofs and craftsman houses that that remember past times. Today they house cafes and restaurants behind the typical facades and provide an ideal atmosphere for the evening meeting for the Milan's youth.

'''Naviglio Pavese'''

Naviglio Grande and Naviglio Pavese meet in the old harbor, the Darsena. Built in the 14th century, here is the connection between Naviglio Grande and the 35 km long Naviglio Pavese, which continues to flows about Binasco and Pavia to the river Po and the Adriatic Sea. An old sluice called "Conchetta" was set in motion again at the Naviglio Pavese. The special feature of the sluice is the hydraulic mechanism that Leonardo da Vinci invented to facilitate the opening of the locks. Thanks to a simulation, the invention of Leonardo was made visible again.

'''Darsena - the Harbor'''

The port Darsena was built in 1603 as a trade hub and is the main link between the Navigli. The Naviglio Grande is flowing into the Darsena while Naviglio Pavese and Ticinello are flowing out.
Along the Darsena there is a weekly market held on Saturdays, where mainly second-hand goods and antiques are offered.
The boat trip on the Canal Naviglio takes about one hour. It starts on the Naviglio Grande, pass the houses of the historic Milan and arrives the old bridges in the former harbor Darsena to continue the Naviglio Pavese to the lock where, thanks to the simulation, the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci are to be admired.

'''Naviglio della Martesana'''

The Naviglio della Martesana gets its water from the river Adda, which is powered from the side arm of Lake Como, the Lago di Lecco. The Naviglio della Martesana flow through the towns of Gorgonzola and Cernusco sul Naviglio and disappears in the center of Milan Garibaldi. Along the Naviglio della Martesana leads a popular cycle route from Milan to the river Adda. There the cycle way continues to north along the river Adda to Lecco.

===History and dynamics===

<gallery caption= "History of the Navigli waterways in the Regional Scale" mode=packed heights="400px">
Image:640px-Navigli_XII_secolo.png|XII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XIII_secolo.png|XIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_year_1457.png|1457 A.D. <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:640px-Navigli_XVIII_secolo.png|XVIII Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
Image:Navigli_XX_secolo.png|XX Century <ref> Map of artificial channels system (Navigli) in Milan and Pavia province during XII century. In blue artificial channels built for irrigation purpose, 1989, Regione Lombardia. </ref>
</gallery>

The city of Milan is at the center of a territory in between the rivers Ticino and Adda, large water ways that descend from the lakes Maggiore and Como. Unlike most thriving cities, Milan is not served by a major river. The construction of the artificial canal system started off with the outlining of the Naviglio Grande in 1179, linking Lake Maggiore of the Italian Alps with the region of Lombardia and the city of Milan via the Ticino River. Eventually, this complex water system was connected to the other major Northern Italian rivers Lambro, Adda, and the Po, which ultimately feeds into the Adriatic Sea. The Naviglio Grande was ingeniously developed to maximize natural rainfall, springs, and to drain marsh and swamp lands, as well as to irrigate former wasteland. The idea was also to connect the different cities that belonged to Milan, Abbiategrasso, Turbigo, Tornavento, Vizzola and others.The Naviglio Grande is often called 'il Ticinello', or the Little Ticino, because its water is drawn from the Ticino River. It connects Lake Maggiore, from the city of Sesto Calende, to the city of Milan. The watersystem became fully navigable in 1272 after an improvement of the canal making it wider and deeper. The Naviglio Grande made the movement of important items of commerce possible: grain, alt, wine, manufactured goods, coal, timber, livestock, cheese, hay, etc. The Naviglio Grande was used for troop and defense movement as well. The granite and marble used in the construction of the Dome of Milan was transported on the Naviglio Grande from the Alps. The canal did served as an irrigation system and as a mean of transportation, and also gave the population the possibility to fish and bathe in the water. The canal contributed to an improved health of the region, vegetation and crops in the newly irrigated farmland began to grow. The costruction of Naviglio grande was followed by the Naviglio Pavese and Naviglio Martesana and these three canals were all connected through Milan via the Fossa Interna, also known as the Inner Ring. The urban section of the Naviglio Martesana was covered over in the beginning of the 1930s, together with the entire Inner Ring. Commercial carrying continued on the Naviglio Grande, but the decline was steady and by the sixties it was over for good. During the 18th and 19th C impressive villas and palaces with lush gardens were built along the canals. The elite of Milan constructed summer houses here, most of which still stand today. Today one can embark on tours of the Naviglio from Milan. The activity is intense along the Naviglio, especially on weekends. Fishing, hiking, biking, and walking are popular treats this beautiful environment offers.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="300px" heights="250px" perrow="3">
Image:Empty_Darsena_basin.jpg|The Darsena empty basin<ref> La Repubblica-Milano.it<http://milano.repubblica.it/cronaca/2013/01/23/news/la_darsena_dice_addio_all_oasi_via_libera_al_taglio_degli_alberi-51088980/>. </ref>
<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">

Image:Historic_Darsena.jpg|The Darsena in the 60s<ref> Navigli live -Milano <http://www.naviglilive.it/immagini%20associazione%20naviglilive/tavole%20darsena%20parcheggio/Nuova%20cartella/darsena%20milano%20navigli%2014.jpg>. </ref>

Image:Summer_Aperitivo.jpg|People on the Naviglio enjoying an Aperitivo <ref> Corriere della sera DOVE <http://viaggi.corriere.it/viaggi/weekend/citta/2013/luglio/italia-low-cost-nightlife.shtml>. </ref> </gallery>

===Potentials and conflicts===
The '''POTENTIALS''' of the site are many. The area has some potentials physical ELEMENTS that are the water basin with its dried part to be redesigned, the water canals that connect the city with the surrounding region and the Piazzas, in particular the Piazza XIV Maggio, a space with historical value that needs to be redeveloped. Another important potential is the LOCATION of the site, in the middle of the city. The place is very often frequented by people, especially during the night; the inhabitants love this place. The third potential is that the place is linked to the HISTORY because the Navigli and the Darsena in the past were fundamental for the transportation of people and goods; "''The marble blocks were transported from Candoglia to Milan by means of the waterways from the river Toce to Lake Maggiore, along the Ticino and the Naviglio Grande canal and then into the city as far as the darsena [dock] of S. Eustorgio. Via the system of locks, created by Veneranda Fabbrica, the marble arrived at Laghetto, now Via Laghetto, only a few hundred metres from the Cathedral construction site''" <ref> <http://www.duomomilano.it/en/infopage/the-candoglia-quarries/47190562-c3f4-4196-8889-729729f4e54c/> </ref>. See the image above for a visual idea.

The '''CONFLICTS''' of the site are mainly identifiable in Urban conflicts:
# Too many private auto traffic, even though the area is well served by transportation and the related "wild parking".
# Lack of space due to the presence of (historic) buildings that are to preserve.
# Scarcity of green areas due to the compact fabric of the city.
# Presence of archaeological ruins (founded during some excavation; the discovery stopped the redevelopment works).

and Social conflicts:
# Social and cultural conflict between frequenters of the pubs on the Navigli (mainly responsible of the illegally parking, of the night long noise and of the dirtiness). The place have lost its original character, the little artisan atelier are today displaced by bars and pubs.
# Economic and bureaucratic problem stopped many time the redevelopment works.

== What are the overall objectives of your design? What are the specific objectives for enhancing green infrastrucutre? ==

The objectives of the design are focused on revitalizing the Darsena area by proposing interventions for the water body itself with its surrounding area and can be classified into 2 categories; short and long term. The short term objectives are focused on emphasizing the historical value of the Darsena especially the Historic Spanish Wall. They also aim to enhance the surrounding area which is currently in a degraded condition and is not connected successfully to the water body. In addition, a larger scope is considered for the short term development which involves connecting Darsena to other green areas in the proximity.

== Analytical drawings ==

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="350px" heights="250px" perrow="4">
Image:Uses_Darsena.jpg|'''Building Uses Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Transportation_Darsena.jpg|'''Transportation Analysis''' (Reused from Assignment Three)
Image:Darsena_Sections.jpg|'''Schematic Sections''' (Maroula)
Image:Waterways_and_canals_2.png|'''Comparison of waterways and canals in 1860 and in 2014''' (Elena)
Image:Milan Green Spaces.jpg|'''Green Spaces''' (MAliheh)
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
After coming up with the objectives, each group member has worked on a projective drawing depicting one aspect.

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="4">
Image:Vertical_Interventions_Darsena.jpg|'''"Greening" the Immediate Surroundings of the Basin''' (Maroula)
Image:Darsena_map.jpg|'''Darsena basin as a "Piazza" with sailing Museum and Spanish Walls Promenade''' (Elena)
Image:link green spaces 11.jpg|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:link green spaces 22|'''connectivity of green spaces sorrounding Darsena area policies, creat pedestrian routes ''' (Maliheh)
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Design Synthesis ==
''Please analyse the individual approaches presented so far and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses (you may use the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis SWOT]analysis model). Try to create a synthesis and represent it with a plan and some sketches. You can still use drawings/sketches.''

<gallery caption="Design Synthesis Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|synthesis drawing 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|synthesis drawing 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|synthesis drawing 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|synthesis drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary of the collaborative process ==
''Please reflect on your collaborative design process. Which potentials have you encountered? What was most difficult? What does collaborative design mean for you? (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==

<references> </references>

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Collaborative Design]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Link green spaces 22.jpg

2015-01-16T18:34:27Z

Shahghadamim:

File:Link green spaces 11.jpg

2015-01-16T18:33:29Z

Shahghadamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T22:57:18Z

Shahghadamim: /* Analytical drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map
Image:tahlil 22.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|projective drawing
Image:projective 22.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Tahlil 22.jpg

2015-01-12T22:56:16Z

Shahghadamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T22:11:58Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|projective drawing
Image:projective 22.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Projective 22.jpg

2015-01-12T22:11:16Z

Shahghadamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T21:57:11Z

Shahghadamim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:projective 11.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Projective 11.jpg

2015-01-12T21:56:12Z

Shahghadamim: Shahghadamim uploaded a new version of "File:Projective 11.jpg"

File:Projective 11.jpg

2015-01-12T21:54:08Z

Shahghadamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T21:30:42Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:Khorshid park plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:vision 1111.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T21:29:53Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses
Image:Khorshid pak plan.jpg|Khorshid Park projective plan

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:vision 1111.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Khorshid park plan.jpg

2015-01-12T21:28:31Z

Shahghadamim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T21:27:32Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:vision 1111.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T21:26:41Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' There are 3 ways for entering Khorshid park: (Entrance 1) is accessing by cars.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbins as ( Entrance2).
Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance.This is located as (Entrance 3). The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:vision 1111.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T21:02:54Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

'''flora habitats:'''Due to good weather and temperate zone this area has appropriate flora habitats:

Tan acetum, tea, ziziphora tenuior, thyme, cumin, achillea flower, barberry ,chamomile, french lavender, almonds and pistachios, sumac, marshmallow, tragacanth, angelica, sisymbrium irio, peganum harmala, lemon balm, mushroom, shallot, succor and eremurus. Rhubarb is also the oldest and the best quality plants in these mountains and in some parts 'Aras' trees cover is tight manner.

'''fauna:'''• Because of the diversity of the plants, this area is a suitable habitat for faunas like: ram, ewe, deer, eagle, falcon, partridge, pig, hog, panther, snake, mouse, jackal and fox.

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance. The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbing.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:vision 1111.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T13:50:05Z

Shahghadamim: /* 'Khorshid Park' */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance. The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbing.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:vision 1111.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T13:48:39Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

== ''''Khorshid Park'''' ==

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance. The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbing.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:vision 1111.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T13:46:01Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

''''Khorshid Park''''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance. The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbing.

'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.

'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:vision 1111.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group F - Case Study 4

2015-01-12T13:44:54Z

Shahghadamim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_F|working group F]]

'''''Implementing Green Infrastructure in Hashemieh Mountain Area in Mashhad'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Hashemie Mountain Area''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Mashhad''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Maliheh Shahghadami''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Hashemie.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=36.29588897622758
|lng=59.49521864511712
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Population increase and migration (from smaller cities and rural areas) in recent years has become a phenomenon in Mashhad. This problem leaded to an unforeseen development in the edges of the city. The study area is located in the southwest of Mashhad. This area is limited from Binalood Mountain ranges from south which was predicted as barrier for city development in previous comprehensive plans. The city expansion was predicted to the northwest side of the city. But in recent years we have seen the unauthorisation construction on the hillsides and on the mounts. This new development is done without considering aspects of sustainable development. Field work and evaluation the studies represents an irreparable injury to the environment, particularly watercourse sources. This is a hazard for Mashhad because every day the mounts are been destructed, which destroys the pleasant view. There are also several problems in this district people are facing to, such as air pollution and other environmental pollutants, fatal traffic problems, marginalization.''

== Author's perspective ==
''Hashemie mountains are a place to building houses and commercial complexes, when the hillside can give us a chance to get closer to sky. For confronting to this problem we need to implement Green Infrastructure and make a green district with the use of renewable energies.The mountains and hillside overlooking the city can be natural attraction and restore which can help people scape from machinery life, it can also help the city to breath.''

[[Image:prospective diagram.jpg|300px]]

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

'''''Biogeography'''

'''Mashhad:''' Mashhad is the second largest metropolitan area in Iran with a population of 3,131,586 million people and covers an area of 29,580 hectares. It is located in the valley of the Kashaf River and between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. In addition, this metropolitan area as the center of Khorasan Razavi province shares the population of 78% and had a significant increase from 1996. Mashhad is a religious city for Muslims and has over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year.

'''Hashemie mountain area:''' The study area is located in southwest of Mashhad in part of the natural geography of the Kashaf river valley. There are two basic element of environmental, ''Chehel baze '' watercourse in the north and Binalood mountain ranges in the south areas.

'''History:''' Natural environment and ecological structure has an important role in shaping the city. The topography of the city affects distributes applications and critical infrastructure. Physical Development and historical geography in the Southwest area doesn’t have long antiquity. This area historically is promoting a new field in urban environment and its growth rate is accelerating. Since 5 years ago constructions had been increased and two highways have been constructing in this area. One is Namaz Highway which goes through the chosen area and the other one is Southern branch that is not yet complete. It is behind this area in the middle of the mountains which still is not complete and will connect east side of Mashhad to the west country side in near future.

[[Image:City Expansion.jpg|300px]]

'''Social and cultural features:''' Number of inhabitants in this area is around 419 thousand people. This is 17.3% of the city population. Average annual population growth in this district in comparison to the whole city is 2.6%. From the social point of view this area is habitat for middle calss and upper class citizens. Study area in terms of tissue composition has plaid pattern and streets have east-west and north- south direction. Respect the composition of mass and space, masses are mostly interconnected and is free of spaces and equipped public areas.

'''Tourism and Leisure features:''' the communication accesses to Torghabe and Shandiz is one of the features of this area. Hashemie area has been choosing for creating a new tourist and entertainment center. The Mounts near to Hashemie are very beautiful area and perfect for climbing. Kouhsar complex and Kouhsar Mal which are called 'Mashhad roof have a wide view to the whole city. Kouhsar Complex is constructed on one of the mounts in Hashemie. It has a good and clear view from any parts of the district. There is another project also being constructed as 'Kouhsar Mall' near to the complex. Khorshid Mountain Park is the other hotspot.

[[Image:Kouhsar.jpg|Kouhsar Complex]]

'''Khorshid Park'''

'''accessiblity to Khorshid park:''' Research and location of the first city's Telecabin has been finished and Mashhad will soon have a Telecabin route as 1700 m distance. The station's origin is Khorshid park and a height of 2300 meter of beautiful Zhu peak is the end of the Telecabin route.
The other ways are steps on three mountains of Hashemie, with its 400 stairs are also appropriate for those who are interested in safe climbing.
'''Land use:''' 50% of the park is well-defined as 'Quiet park'; pristine and untouched environment and the other 50% will composed of a variety of other land uses such as: wildlife pit a place for deers, children garden, Garden of Memories, Valley of wildflowers, Mountain bike track, Multi-purpose sports pitch and art plaza with a fountain between stairs.
It has been also planned to construct energy tunnel, landscaping and increased green space, constructing artificial Lake in Khorshid mountain.In the alcove solar system is used for generating the light with appropriate luxury for consumers comfort.
'''Plant species:''' There are diffrent kinds of plants in khorshid park such as: pine, cypress, acacia and berry. According to schedule, every year, 10 million trees will be added to the existing trees.

'''The physical characteristics:''' There are some visual corridors of the city's south wall and from Binalood mounts to this district has provided major opportunity to enhance the visual quality.
Construction in this area is mainly due to the topography and natural elements. In terms of performance elements are affected by water flow of terrain.

'''Geology:''' The southwest area is located in the Mountain ranges of Binalood and thrust faults and thrust plates are the main geological structures. The main portion of the watershed in south of Mashhad are previously met sediment stones. So met sediment stones are mainly potential areas for flood.

'''Topography:''' Most of lands are with a slope greater than 10% in southern city and they are natural border of the town.

'''Rainfall:''' Rainfall pattern in Mashhad is Mediterranean; it means that most of the rainfalls happen in winter and continuously in spring. The average of rainfall in (2000-2010) was 257, 1 millimeter. The difference between maximum and minimum of Mashhad rainfall was 56, 4 millimeter.

'''Temperature:''' The average annual temperature in mashhad between 2000 and 2010 was 13.8 ° C. The mean temperature difference of day and night within different months of year was between 12- 16° C. The mean temperature in summer is 23.5° C and in winter is 4.2° C.

'''Frost days in Mashhad:''' The average of frost days in Mashhad is 94 days. Maximum frost length is in winter and longest period of frosting is in January for 27 days. The minimum frost is in spring less than one day (0/8 day) which happens in April.

'''Humidity:''' Mashhad weather is partial to dry areas. The average annual humidity is 56%, the maximum humidity is in February and the minimum humidity is in July.

'''Winds:''' In Mashhad desirable winds are in the east-west direction and undesirable wind is south wind which has the speed of 5.57 meters per second and tackle barriers should be used against it.

'''Sunshine:''' The average of sunny hours is in February with the average of 5 hours sunny and the maximum is in July with the average of more than 12 hours.

'''Land texture:''' Land texture in this area is a mixture of gravel, sand and in small part clay. Some areas are rocky outcrops.It can be seen in soil texture maps that in the west of southern highlands bordering soil texture is sandy and sandy zone extends from surface to depth.

'''Groundwater and surface water:''' The study area has 33% of watercourse of the city within (11 watercourses). Drainage areas in the southern part of Mashhad are all within the Binaloud zone and the maximum depth of groundwater level in this area is related to 'Pachenar ' and 'Nohdare' subareas. Groundwater level in southwest had dropped. This is because of recent droughts and the lack of supply volume by 'Golestan ' and 'Torogh' rivers and also indiscriminate harvesting of the water course.

'''Characteristic:''' Positioning the southwest area on hillside and on the south mounts and also urban developments in this area is suitable for abandoned spaces. Moreover has become abandoned spaces. Buildings are mostly constructed behind the watercourses and have not had any significant consideration to these important elements of nature. In the comprehensive plan south and north edges of the area was defined with natural features, but destruction of foothill lands and construction development in this area has spoiled the south border features.

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Satelite image.jpg|Hashemie Satellite Image
Image:Hashemie Map2.jpg|Main Roads
Image:Soil Texture.jpg|Soil Texture
Image:Green Spaces.jpg|Greeen Spaces
Image:Watercourses.jpg|Watrecourses
Image:Aqueduct Recourses.jpg|Aqueduct Recourses

</gallery>

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:potential 3.jpg|Analysis Map

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
'''''Connectivity:''' By implementing the green infrastructure in this area beside the two main motorways and local streets will be a desirable place for passing through and improves the relation between people and the streets. It also improves mental, physical, spiritual and social health of the citizens by choosing these streets for walking and enjoying the perfect nature.

'''Multifunctionality:''' This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town.

'''Social benefits:''' Of the main uses of the green district is the expansion of coexistence with nature and increase mental happiness and health of its citizens, also reaching the standard of green space for every citizen due to implementing green infrastructure.

'''Economic benefits:''' Use of passive landscape can help with cooling system(Heating problems in winters and chilly days As there is located in height and there is no protection against un desirable south cold weather ). This area also could be a tourism center based on the recreation the tourism environment.

'''Environmental benefits:''' Implementing green infrustrection has wide range of environmental benefits which could be achieved as: 1- Helping to clean the air of pollutants produced by cars and small industries in the west area of the city. 2- Preventing and limiting the consequences of increasing marginalization, which is extremely big problem for Mashhad. 3- Making a desirable perspective to the hillsides. 4- Immunization biological fields against floods.5- Optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas. 6- Collect storm water and organizing the watercourses through bio filtration for better performance. 7- Using drained water could be saved for vegetable planting.
''

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''•Streets and open spaces have appropriate heat conditions if they have moderate humidity. Setting the humidity in the streets of Mashhad is important due to the use of evaporative cooling. So the calculation of the water surface, grass and trees in urban is important.

•Existence of aqueducts and groundwater flow in the area is important. Water flowing from the rain in the watercourse mostly emanate from high and steep altitude. Followed by multiple watercourses and drainages passes away from the urban lands, facilities and residential areas. Bio filtration and waste recycling can be important for planting and reusing of water.

•Location of the buildings on hillside is important for water capturing and food growth.

•According to Vakilabad Boulevard as the main spatial structure and functional axis, and due to the lack of activity on the land and development potential and the importance of Vakilabad and the New highway to the recreational area( Torghabe and Shandiz), this area should be seen as the main structure and activity space in the city due to a green district to improve citizen's and pilgrim's phantasm.

•Local Parks can be the center of green infrastructure expansion in this area.
''

== Projective drawings ==
'''* ''Short Term Projection (1-2 Years):''' In the next two years this area could have optimal use of environmental capacities in relation to urban areas by constructing local parks. A green district with green vision by constructing the protective belt from western to southern areas. Covering abandoned spaces and bringing safety to the neighborhoods. Rain water collection trough locating routing nets to collect surface water to immunization biological fields against floods. Encourage the anticipated pause spaces with human scale.

'''Long Term Projection (10-15 Years):''' Development of green infrastructure in the city edge and mountainous could eventuate settlement of entertainment, tourism, leisure and cultural activities in the west area which are connected to each other by main roads within this area and community center and their connectivity with green stripes areas. Making prevent uneven growth of undesirable constructions. This area could be part of the city's most important and distinctive position in terms of performance for the whole town with sustainable ecology.''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:vision 1111.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision 2222.jpg|projective drawing
Image:vision pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic.jpg|projective drawing
Image:Pic pic 2.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 3.jpg|projective drawing
Image:pic pic 4.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''Sustainable development and interaction balance with surrounded environment and preventing devastating effects of urban development on natural environment is one of the developments goals. South areas of Mashhad can be part of the immediate and affecting environment for Mashhad trough functionality, aesthetic and environmental systems. This area has great potentiality to being specific green district in Mashhad as two basic environment elements are located there. Due to the topography of the area, construction pattern is not according to steep terrain and residential texture is torn apart because of coarse aggregate city scale. Balanced use of soil and water resources can lead this district to a healthy, green and sustainable residential and tourist center in near future.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:top view.jpg|top view from Hashemie Mountains
Image:plant.jpg|plant grows
Image:residential complexes.jpg|residential buildings
Image:kouhsar complex.jpg|kouhsar complex
Image:new constructions.jpg|Kouhsar Mall construction

</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

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[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

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