Wikienfk5 - User contributions [en]

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2015-01-23T13:15:06Z

Rajabim: /* Green Infrastructure benefits for this site */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:GI1.jpg
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Road.jpg
Image:13_2.png

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them. Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Untitled-1.jpg
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
In recent 20 years, a large number of green lands were converted into lands for Construction Finally, what appears true is that the providing different kind of greenery is an effective solution to reduce the air pollution and temperature. Green roof contributed to mitigate the indoor temperature more. Green roof offer ecological, aesthetic and economic advantages.(green roof system).

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

1.Lee, D.O., (1984), “Urban Climates”. Progress in Physical Geography, 8(4), pp.1-31

2.Gehl ,Jan , (1987),life between building, using public space,Nem w York,Van Nostrnd Reinhold

3.John Marzluff, Eric Shulenberger, Wilfried Endlicher, marina Alberti, Gordon Bradley, Clare Ryan, Craig ZumBrunnen, Ute Simon(.ed), Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between ,2008,Springer Science+Business.LLC,p250

4.Gartland, Lisa,(2011),Heat Islands: understanding and mitigating heat in urban areas,UK and USA,Earthscan,2088

5.Arnfield, 2003; Oke, 2006;Souch & Grimmond, 2006
6. Shamsipur Aliakbar ,Tehran Unversity, Geography faculty,

7.http://www.greenroofstoday.co.uk/environmental-benefits-of-green-roof-systems.html

8.http://coolroofs.org/resources/home-building-owners

10.google.de (for photoes)

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T22:34:39Z

Rajabim: /* References */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:GI1.jpg
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Road.jpg
Image:13_2.png

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Untitled-1.jpg
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
In recent 20 years, a large number of green lands were converted into lands for Construction Finally, what appears true is that the providing different kind of greenery is an effective solution to reduce the air pollution and temperature. Green roof contributed to mitigate the indoor temperature more. Green roof offer ecological, aesthetic and economic advantages.(green roof system).

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

1.Lee, D.O., (1984), “Urban Climates”. Progress in Physical Geography, 8(4), pp.1-31

2.Gehl ,Jan , (1987),life between building, using public space,Nem w York,Van Nostrnd Reinhold

3.John Marzluff, Eric Shulenberger, Wilfried Endlicher, marina Alberti, Gordon Bradley, Clare Ryan, Craig ZumBrunnen, Ute Simon(.ed), Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between ,2008,Springer Science+Business.LLC,p250

4.Gartland, Lisa,(2011),Heat Islands: understanding and mitigating heat in urban areas,UK and USA,Earthscan,2088

5.Arnfield, 2003; Oke, 2006;Souch & Grimmond, 2006
6. Shamsipur Aliakbar ,Tehran Unversity, Geography faculty,

7.http://www.greenroofstoday.co.uk/environmental-benefits-of-green-roof-systems.html

8.http://coolroofs.org/resources/home-building-owners

10.google.de (for photoes)

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T22:34:07Z

Rajabim: /* References */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:GI1.jpg
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Road.jpg
Image:13_2.png

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Untitled-1.jpg
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
In recent 20 years, a large number of green lands were converted into lands for Construction Finally, what appears true is that the providing different kind of greenery is an effective solution to reduce the air pollution and temperature. Green roof contributed to mitigate the indoor temperature more. Green roof offer ecological, aesthetic and economic advantages.(green roof system).

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

1.Lee, D.O., (1984), “Urban Climates”. Progress in Physical Geography, 8(4), pp.1-31

2.Gehl ,Jan , (1987),life between building, using public space,Nem w York,Van Nostrnd Reinhold

3.John Marzluff, Eric Shulenberger, Wilfried Endlicher, marina Alberti, Gordon Bradley, Clare Ryan, Craig ZumBrunnen, Ute Simon(.ed), Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between ,2008,Springer Science+Business.LLC,p250

4.Gartland, Lisa,(2011),Heat Islands: understanding and mitigating heat in urban areas,UK and USA,Earthscan,2088

5.Arnfield, 2003; Oke, 2006;Souch & Grimmond, 2006
86. Shamsipur Aliakbar ,Tehran Unversity, Geography faculty,

87.http://www.greenroofstoday.co.uk/environmental-benefits-of-green-roof-systems.html

88.http://coolroofs.org/resources/home-building-owners

89.google.de (for photoes)

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T22:29:38Z

Rajabim: /* Summary and conclusion */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:GI1.jpg
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Road.jpg
Image:13_2.png

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Untitled-1.jpg
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
In recent 20 years, a large number of green lands were converted into lands for Construction Finally, what appears true is that the providing different kind of greenery is an effective solution to reduce the air pollution and temperature. Green roof contributed to mitigate the indoor temperature more. Green roof offer ecological, aesthetic and economic advantages.(green roof system).

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T21:35:30Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:GI1.jpg
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Road.jpg
Image:13_2.png

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Untitled-1.jpg
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Untitled-1.jpg

2014-12-01T21:34:30Z

Rajabim: Rajabim uploaded a new version of "File:Untitled-1.jpg"

File:Untitled-1.jpg

2014-12-01T21:32:00Z

Rajabim: Rajabim uploaded a new version of "File:Untitled-1.jpg"

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T21:25:06Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:GI1.jpg
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Road.jpg
Image:13_2.png

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:GI1.jpg

2014-12-01T21:23:44Z

Rajabim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T21:18:10Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Road.jpg
Image:13_2.png

</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:13 2.png

2014-12-01T21:17:07Z

Rajabim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T21:15:15Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Road.jpg
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Road.jpg

2014-12-01T21:14:02Z

Rajabim: Rajabim uploaded a new version of "File:Road.jpg"

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T21:13:22Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Teh map analysis.jpg

2014-12-01T21:12:23Z

Rajabim: Rajabim uploaded a new version of "File:Teh map analysis.jpg"

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T21:11:35Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T21:08:46Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:Road.jpg
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Road.jpg

2014-12-01T21:07:22Z

Rajabim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T21:06:04Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:Green_+tehmap.jpg
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Green +tehmap.jpg

2014-12-01T21:05:03Z

Rajabim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T21:04:14Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Teh_map_analysis.jpg
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Teh map analysis.jpg

2014-12-01T21:02:14Z

Rajabim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T20:59:27Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:TehranInternationaltowerIII.jpg

2014-12-01T20:58:35Z

Rajabim:

File:D1d51273f3.jpg

2014-12-01T20:46:40Z

Rajabim:

File:IR02.png

2014-12-01T20:44:13Z

Rajabim: Rajabim uploaded a new version of "File:IR02.png"

File:IR02.png

2014-12-01T20:20:49Z

Rajabim: Rajabim uploaded a new version of "File:IR02.png"

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T20:20:21Z

Rajabim:

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Dummy.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=35.696111
|lng=51.423055999999974
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:IR02.png

2014-12-01T08:11:21Z

Rajabim: Rajabim uploaded a new version of "File:IR02.png"

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:26:55Z

Rajabim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Dummy.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=38.6964006
|lng=1.4531355000000303
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery on their own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:21:45Z

Rajabim: /* Projective drawings */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Dummy.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=38.6964006
|lng=1.4531355000000303
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

Tehran’s climate will become warmer during this period. Annual mean temperature in Tehran and Tehran's night temperature will increase. On the one hand people have high eager to add some greenery in own building, on the other hand, the price of property is increasing intensely.

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>
.

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:20:53Z

Rajabim: /* Potential for multifunctionality */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Dummy.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=38.6964006
|lng=1.4531355000000303
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:20:35Z

Rajabim: /* Potential for multifunctionality */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Dummy.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=38.6964006
|lng=1.4531355000000303
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:19:36Z

Rajabim: /* Potential for multifunctionality */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Dummy.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=38.6964006
|lng=1.4531355000000303
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''
'''
Multifunctionality''' is one of the key attractions of Green Infrastructure.
its ability to perform several functions on the same spatial area.

• create healthier urban environments but also to manage water
• Protecting ecosystems functioning and biodiversity
• promoting ecosystem services
• Supporting the development of a green economy and sustainable land

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:18:14Z

Rajabim: /* Green Infrastructure benefits for this site */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Dummy.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=38.6964006
|lng=1.4531355000000303
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)

Surface temperature 10-30

Ambient air temperature 2

Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:17:35Z

Rajabim: /* Green Infrastructure benefits for this site */

---> back to group page [[Green_Infrastructure_2014_-_Working_Group_M|working group M]]

'''''please add your title here'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Green roof''
|-
| '''Country''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' Iran''
|-
| '''City''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tehran''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Masoumeh''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Dummy.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|{{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=240
|lat=38.6964006
|lng=1.4531355000000303
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

''Please explain in short why this site has green infrastructure potential and what makes it special (150 words approx)''
Rapid urban expansion over the past two decades in Tehran resulted from a high population growth rate and increased rural, urban migration combined with a strong tradition of centralization in the capital .4000 people die each year in Tehran from diseases caused by air pollution, ISNA news agency reported. Moreover, the pollution created by emissions from power generation increases absorption of radiation in the boundary layer (Oke 1982) and contributes to the creation of inversion layers.
Tehran's air pollution is below the world standards and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran identified the pollution as a high priority environmental and health challenge. It is known that between 65 to 70 percent of total emissions are related to urban transport operations .
Therefore, Green roofs could be one of the spatial solutions to solve such a big environmental problem.

== Author's perspective ==
''what is your professional/educational background and your relation to the site?''

I have been graduated with a BA in Architecture. At the moment, I am a master of landscape architecture student(IMLA).
Actually, I am from Qazvin and grew up in Qazvin with a Mountain climate.whenever I traveled to Tehran, I was always thinking about how people can be alive in such a intense air pollution.
I know the site well. It contain of plenty of different problems because of less of greenery and urban expansion.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==

*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
*''Illustrations: maps; sketches; short descriptive analyses''

<gallery caption= "Illustrations" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
Image:yourimage.jpg|your visual
</gallery>
The overall structure of Tehran region, 'is three geographical factors which have an important role in climate. These factors include the Alborz mountain range in the north, west wind flows and Desert in Southern of Province. Height factor plays an important role in the Tehran climate.
Minimum precipitation in the northern mountain is more than 500mm but the southern part decreasing and in the margins of Qom Salt Lake reaches 100 mm. October to March is the rainy season in the region. Peak rainfall in January but early spring is low. Usually does not rain in July and August. The hottest months are June, July, August and the coldest are December, January and February. Tehran prevailing wind (270 °) and an average speed of 5.5 m/s. A Tehran cold season usually starts in December and the highest temperature of the year is in midsummer (July).

'''ANALYZE AND PREDICT THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE GREEN AREA OF TEHRAN'''

Increased air temperature is a cause of increased respiration and transpiration of plants, Thus, increase usage of more water for irrigation and finally to maintain an optimal state of vegetation. Different plants need different amount of water, it depends on plant species, age and growth.
Development of exciting green spaces in Tehran in order to achieve international standards of urban green space will enhance the existing vegetation, which means increased need for water resources.
With regard to the semi-arid climate of Tehran and restrictions on water supply, it is necessary that urban green space management strategies to compatible with the changes that have occurred and the future trend will be intensified. Accordingly, vegetation management, platform development and its benefits should be reconsidered.

'''URBAN CONTEXT'''

IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ELEMENTS IN TRANSFORMATION
Nowadays, Land area can be divided into three distinct sections.
First, organized structure such as Towns, Residential fabric and urban users.
Second, Network communication and third, agricultural fields, green area and barren area.
Rapid population growth, have crowded out vegetation and trees in Tehran. Agricultural field, open land and vegetation replaced with high buildings, roads, highways and other infrastructure. As a result of this change is obvious in the materials, Water bodies and urban green surfaces replaced with densely built-up areas. Surfaces that were once dewy and permeable generally become dry and water-repellent. Lack of porosity materials on urban surfaces and natural vegetation in Tehran has created an evaporation deficit in the city.

== Analytical drawings ==
*''Please use analytical drawing for visualising the conflicts/potentials of your site''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
Image:your drawing.jpg|your drawing
</gallery>

== Green Infrastructure benefits for this site ==
''Look again at the multiple benefits of green infrastructure - what could be achieved in your site and which are most relevant?''
'''
GREEN ROOFS'''

can benefit the urban climate, the microclimate as well as the indoor climate of buildings beneath them (see table1). Both intensive and extensive rooftop gardens can play a positive role in these areas. Implementing of the two types is not the same due to the differences in their constitutions. Up to 30oC reduction of roof surface temperature can be achieved. Green roof can also reduce ambient air temperature although the effect is fairly localized according to the studies. Significant differences of around 2oC can be observed although extremes of up to 4 to 5oC could be observed underneath the plants. Denser plants can offer a better evaporative cooling impact to the surrounding while a thick growing medium works like extra insulation to building roofs.

'''Table1.The impact of green roofs on temperature'''

Temperature reduction(Degree C)
Surface temperature 10-30
Ambient air temperature 2
Indoor air temperature 2-5.1

The most common type of green roof used in Iran is extensive. They are implemented for different reasons, including storm water management, reducing the urban heat island (UHI) effect, the opportunity to add biodiversity value to the city and beautification of urban roof top landscapes. In order to get higher benefits, the plants of green roofs have to remain alive.as illustrated in figure 30, the implemented extensive green roof detail in Tehran, IrYou can see the picture of Green roof detail which is implemented in Tehran

'''POSITIVE IMPACT OF GREEN ROOF'''

• Improved favorable space for residents and aesthetic value
• Is possible to plant different kind of flowers, vegetation and fruits
• Mitigate urban heat island
• Purify the weather and reduce CO
• Reduce flood
• Absorption of rainwater, Plants that cover the roof can absorb up to 75% of rainwater.
• Enhanced storm water management and water quality.

== Potential for multifunctionality ==
''Green infrastructure has typically multiple functions. What could be achieved for your site in this respect?''

== Projective drawings ==
* ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

* ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''
** ''you may add a short explanation here''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
Image:yourdrawing.jpg|projective drawing
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
*''100 words approx.''

== Image Gallery ==
''Please add further images/photos here''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

== References ==

*''please add your references here''

----
[[Category:Green Infrastructure 2014 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:14:40Z

Rajabim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:14:22Z

Rajabim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-12-01T06:13:50Z

Rajabim: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group M

2014-12-01T06:08:32Z

Rajabim: /* GI,Tehran,Iran */

--> Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Green_Infrastructure_2014|working group overview]]

''Dear working group members. This is your group page and you will be completing the template gradually as we move through the seminar. Each member has an individual page for documenting his/her personal case. You can also access your template for assignment 4 (the joint design) from here. Good luck and enjoy your collaboration!
''

== Assignment 2 - Lecture Concept Map ==
*''The list with the group distribution shows you which lecture your group is supposed to document in the concept map format.''
*''Please add your collaborative concept map here by replacing the dummy image. Your map needs to have a new file name:''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourfilename.jpg|''add your lecture title here by replacing this text''
</gallery>

== Assignment 3 - Green infrastructure potential in your environment ==

*'''Assigned: Tuesday, October 28'''
*'''Due: Monday, December 1'''

''There is one template page for each group member. The case could be a specific site in direct vicinity or a larger area in your region. The objective is to identify structures that have the potential to become elements of a green infrastructure strategy. ''

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group M - Case Study 1|Case Study 1]] ===
=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2|Case Study 2,GI,Tehran,Iran]] ===

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 3|Case Study 3 - Zagreb city centre - Ilica Street]] ===

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 4|Case Study 4]] ===

=== Presentation Slides Assignment 3 ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide1.jpg|slide 1
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide2.jpg|slide 2
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide3.jpg|slide 3
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide4.jpg|slide 4
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide5.jpg|slide 5
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide6.jpg|slide 6
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide7.jpg|slide 7
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide8.jpg|slide 8
</gallery>

== Assignment 4 - Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design ==

*'''Assigned: Tuesday, December 2'''
*'''Due: Tuesday, January 26'''

==='''[[Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group M|Collaborative Design Working Group M]]'''===

=== Presentation Slides Collaborative Design ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass4_slide1.jpg|Analytical Drawings
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass4_slide2.jpg|Projective Drawings
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass4_slide3.jpg|Design Synthesis
</gallery>

----

[[Category: Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group]]

Green Infrastructure 2014 - Working Group M

2014-12-01T06:05:38Z

Rajabim: /* Case Study 2 */

--> Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Green_Infrastructure_2014|working group overview]]

''Dear working group members. This is your group page and you will be completing the template gradually as we move through the seminar. Each member has an individual page for documenting his/her personal case. You can also access your template for assignment 4 (the joint design) from here. Good luck and enjoy your collaboration!
''

== Assignment 2 - Lecture Concept Map ==
*''The list with the group distribution shows you which lecture your group is supposed to document in the concept map format.''
*''Please add your collaborative concept map here by replacing the dummy image. Your map needs to have a new file name:''

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:yourfilename.jpg|''add your lecture title here by replacing this text''
</gallery>

== Assignment 3 - Green infrastructure potential in your environment ==

*'''Assigned: Tuesday, October 28'''
*'''Due: Monday, December 1'''

''There is one template page for each group member. The case could be a specific site in direct vicinity or a larger area in your region. The objective is to identify structures that have the potential to become elements of a green infrastructure strategy. ''

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group M - Case Study 1|Case Study 1]] ===
=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2|GI,Tehran,Iran]] ===

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 3|Case Study 3 - Zagreb city centre - Ilica Street]] ===

=== [[Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 4|Case Study 4]] ===

=== Presentation Slides Assignment 3 ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide1.jpg|slide 1
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide2.jpg|slide 2
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide3.jpg|slide 3
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide4.jpg|slide 4
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide5.jpg|slide 5
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide6.jpg|slide 6
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide7.jpg|slide 7
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass3_slide8.jpg|slide 8
</gallery>

== Assignment 4 - Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design ==

*'''Assigned: Tuesday, December 2'''
*'''Due: Tuesday, January 26'''

==='''[[Collaborative Green Infrastructure Design Group M|Collaborative Design Working Group M]]'''===

=== Presentation Slides Collaborative Design ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass4_slide1.jpg|Analytical Drawings
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass4_slide2.jpg|Projective Drawings
Image:GI_yourgroupname_ass4_slide3.jpg|Design Synthesis
</gallery>

----

[[Category: Green Infrastructure 2014 Working Group]]

File:IR02.png

2014-12-01T06:04:20Z

Rajabim:

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-11-29T14:18:35Z

Rajabim: /* Author's perspective */

File:MapTeh.jpg

2014-11-29T13:58:17Z

Rajabim: map

map

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-11-29T13:42:06Z

Rajabim: /* Author's perspective */

File:Teh.jpg

2014-11-29T13:08:23Z

Rajabim: Rajabim uploaded a new version of "File:Teh.jpg"

Tehran

File:Teh1.jpg

2014-11-29T13:07:05Z

Rajabim: Tehran1

Tehran1

File:Teh.jpg

2014-11-29T13:06:28Z

Rajabim: Tehran

Tehran

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-11-29T13:03:09Z

Rajabim: /* Author's perspective */

Green Infrastructure 2014 Group M - Case Study 2

2014-11-29T13:01:35Z

Rajabim: /* Rationale: Why is this case interesting? */