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Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-13T21:54:38Z

Linus: /* Image Gallery */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Tegocigalpa's Downtown and Erodible Areas''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tegucigalpa''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Honduras''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Proposals for Tegucigalpa
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Galina Rojević, Linus Clade, Mario Matamoros ''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=14.074144
|lng=-87.19471
|zoom=13
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
Honduras is the second poorest country in Latin America and nominated by the World
Bank Organization as the third most vulnerable country in the World.[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK:23170516~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258554,00.html] Despite of its great
climate conditions, in 2011 Honduras’s Government had to call for State of Emergency
every 38 days. [http://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia] Most of its vulnerability is due to its poor infrastructure, high population
growth rate, unemployment which results in criminality, its inexistent land and city
planning, and its increasing annual precipitation. Tegucigalpa, itself is a mirror of poor planning. Most of the city’s neighborhoods
are located on places where buildings were not plausible. Most of Tegucigalpa’s soil
conditions are poor for construction purposes and often result in erosion. Tegucigalpa’s
topography and poor drainage infrastructure often cause the city to be flooded and this is
terrible considering that Honduras has a high annual precipitation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
It is very diffcult to explain the complexity of Honduran reality. Honduras suffers what 
most of 3rd world countries suffer: Considerable Social Wealth distribution differences, Political 
crisis, high assassination rates and no future planning. The climate change problems will 
affect primarily those with poor economic incomes, which live in the areas, which were 
not planned or meant to be occupied. The social and security problems maintain the 
average Honduran distracted from concerning on Climate change. Natural Disasters then 
happen and thousands of people loose their homes, others suffer severe damage on their 
working facilities and the aid never gets to them because it’s lost in bureaucratic stages 
and the system’s corruption. 
Little investigation has been done in Honduras regarding on Climate Change although 
there has been an increase in annual precipitation during the last years in winter and 
much more droughts during summer. To make this worse, Honduras has being absorbed 
by the political crisis originated by the Coup d’état in 2009, the emergence of a socialist 
political power, Venezuela’s political interference and plenty of assassinations to lawyers, 
journalists, political leaders and policemen. All this social confict that is perceived more in 
Tegucigalpa (political capital from Honduras), has obsessed Hondurans overshadowing 
other important issues as natural disasters mitigation. 
It’s also widely known that Latin-American culture and planning are like water and oil. The Honduran 
carefree way of living has resulted on poor response to natural disasters, long-term 
recuperation from hurricanes, earthquakes and foods. 

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
Tegucigalpa, Honduras’s capital has a population of over a million habitants. The
Choluteca River crosses the city from north to south (which often floods the city’s
downtown and poor residential areas). There is no landscape design related to
Tegucigalpa’s rivers, surrounding mountains, historical center and statues. Few parks are
found on the downtown with very little maintenance. The city has adopted the Consumerism-individualistic
life-style in which cars are more important than pedestrians. No planning has been developed for Tegucigalpa’s rapid urban growth,
which causes plenty of traffic. The public transportation system is very deficient and
has no well structured circuits. Tegucigalpa hasn’t any main Bus station but many stations
that are located on the most dangerous neighborhoods. Most of the houses built in
Tegucigalpa must have a perimeter wall protecting the inhabitants from criminality. These
walls often include security cameras, electrical wire and house alarms. Tegucigalpa’s
topography is variable, its surrounded by mountains and hills and the lowest point is at
the city’s downtown. All the water from precipitation and drainage ends up here.
Tegucigalpa also suffers from constant erosion due to its poor soil conditions and the invasion of poor people to these areas were they build houses without any quality control.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Land Use Percent.jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
Image:Analysis of Landuse .jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area
Image:Erodible and flood-prone areas Tegucigalpa copy.jpg|Erodible and Flood-Prone Areas
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
As mentioned above, Honduras political crisis is a conversation subject for every
Honduran. Two conservative parties have governed Honduras during the last 100 years,
and military coups took place 30 years ago. However, during the presidential period
between 2006 and 2010, Manuel Zelaya, the former president change the direction of its
government from conservative to socialist due to his alliance with Hugo Chavez. This
resulted in a considerate popular discontent in some social sectors as the religious
groups, conservative groups and other fnancial groups. These groups eventually forced
Zelaya to quit the presidency because he had plans to change the constitution and
remain as president, which ended up as the 2009 coup d’etat. Since then, Zelaya was
forced to leave the country and other social groups decided to create a socialist political
party to change Honduras’s Status Quo. From 2009, many assassinations to journalists,
lawyers, political and religious leaders have taken place. The criminality rate has
increased converting Honduras in the country with the highest criminality rate all over the
world. Poverty reaches 80% of Honduras' population[https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview], 1/3 of the working population
is unemployed. Social differences are big and the poor often suffer more from natural
disasters such as floods and hurricanes, as those conforming the middle-class and highclass
sectors. 
Generally, the public services are defcient and Hondurans choose (when economically
possible) to use private services such as education, transportation and health.
Most of Honduran traditions are related to its past as a former Colony from Spain and to
roman catholic traditions. Other traditions come from its different ethnical groups such as
the Garifunas (slaves who where brought from Africa) and other native indian groups.
Honduras is also famous for being part of the Mayan civilization and having plenty of mayan
ruins on its occidental part.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:AlfombrasCOmayagua.jpg|Traditional Rug Making For Easter Celebrations In Comayagua, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:catedralcomayagua.jpg|Comayagua's Cathedral, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:Puhlapanzak.jpg|Puhlapanzak Waterfalls, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:Roatan.jpg|Bay Islands, Honduras, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:tegucigalpa 12.61km.jpg|View of Tegucigalpa, Photo: Eduardo Matamoros
</gallery>

=== Local Climate ===
Honduras is characterized by its tropical climate throughout the year, which is divided in two
subcategories: in its coasts it’s rainy tropical and tropical dry in its central region.
Nevertheless, Honduras’s annual precipitation varies from 1900mm to 2500mm. The
average temperature is 23º C but in March and April it can get to 40ºC and 15ºC during
December and January. There are only two seasons in Honduras; the dry season, which
takes places between November and March and the rainy season from May to October.

Teguicigalpa features a more moderate form of a tropical wet and dry climate. Of the major Central American cities, Tegucigalpa's climate is among the most pleasant due to its high altitude. Like much of central Honduras, the city has a tropical climate, though tempered by the altitude—meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions—with even temperatures averaging between 19 °C (66 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) degrees.[[http://www.losmejoresdestinos.com/honduras_clima.htm]]
The months of December and January are coolest, with an average min/ low temperature of 14 °C (57 °F); whereas March and April—popularly associated with Easter's holidays—are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) degrees on the hottest day.[http://www.latribuna.hn/2010/04/23/proximo-martes-sera-el-dia-mas-caliente-del-ano#idc-cover] The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October.[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/honduras/weather] There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year, June and September usually the wettest months.
The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211.2 and the average rainy days per month is 8.9. The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182.5 millimetres (7.19 in) is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season. The wettest months of the rainy season are May—June and September—October, averaging 16.2 rainy days during each of those periods. [http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]

<gallery caption=" " widths="250px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:TemperatureChart.jpg|Annual Average Temperature of Tegucigalpa [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
Tegucigalpa’s vulnerability is due to these factors:
#'''Poor drainage infrastructure:'''Tegucigalpa's authorities have not done many changes to the drainage infrastructure in Tegucigalpa since the 1970's, nevertheless its population increased in more than a 200%.[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf] This results on constant stagnant water, and difficulty to get the rainwater away from the streets and residential areas.
#'''Existing residential areas located in erodible and hard to reach places:'''Poor planning and supervision has permited poor citizens to develop poor residential areas in dangerous parts of the city, which have poor soil conditions and no infrastructure.
#'''Constant ground invasion in dangerous topographical zones:'''The economical crisis and the uncontroled birth rate had cause Honduran population to increase in a very rapid rate without any social and economical development to absorb it. This causes many hondurans to move to invade zones with no land values but put in risk their lives because of the constant natural disasters.
#'''No planning related to flooding, evacuation and containment of landslides''' Tegucigalpa authorities as well as the local government have not yet developped sustainable strategies dealing with:
*Tegucigalpa's urban growth
*Mitigation and adaptation to Natural Disasters
*Improving the citizens living conditions and public spaces

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-6.jpg|Correlation vs Rain annual number of Landslides, Tegucigalpa, 1979-2010.
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-7.jpg|Correlation number of landeslides vs Number Precipiation Monthly average and maximum, Tegucigalpa [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:kLXH8dBAhowJ:cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/wp-content/uploads/SAT_deslizamientos_TGU.pdf+sistema+de+alerta+temprana+para+deslizamientos+en+tegucigalpa,+MDC&hl=en&gl=rs&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESizJnOvIgnQ2BakheaGLw0rNjeC33ZNT1pbeu7ICOYN_4QdRbgGT1BarACCigNNeiueXHdnDZiSehqb6hb-JEejFr_ARAiMonM3U1Xvf8TPe_7vSJ39o-uB7iQ72UMQqU8ili6K&sig=AHIEtbQmPMoEJgxPXnu4ELG1EQn2I3kjWg]
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Projected unplanned growth.jpg|Projected Unplanned Growth, 2031
Image:Projected planned growth.jpg|Project Planned Growth, 2031 [http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

Measures for Climate Change

1. Development of linear parks in the proximities of Choluteca Riverbed
The linear parks will serve two specific functions:

-The linear parks will delimitate the riverbed areas, the green areas and the city downtown as well as other vulnerable neighborhoods, improving the aesthetic and appearance of the City. This will also improve the living conditions of those people working and living in these areas since they will be open for everyone.

-The linear parks will be conformed of terraces and containing walls at different levels so that possible future floods won’t reach the city downtown and other nearby areas.

-The linear parks will also help decrease the deforestation that exists in the city by being buffer ecological areas.

2. Development of Platforms and terraces in highly erodible areas
The construction of terraces and parallel platforms will help:

-Decrease the number of houses that collapse every year due to intense raining and erosion.

-Help organize the city infrastructure making it easy to develop public system circuits in parallel platforms.

-Improve the level of urbanization planning, making more area suitable for construction in a sustainable way.

-Development of ecological buffer areas

- Increase the percentage of green spaces in Tegucigalpa

-Decrease land degradation.

<gallery caption=" " widths="1050px" heights="300px" perrow="6">
Image:Proposal 1TG .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa.
Image:Proposal 2 TG .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

How is a city like Tegucigalpa able to mitigate the climate change and its consequences?
Apart from the general actions such as the proposals from the World Bank which relies on the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and apart from the technical-scientific approach to reduce our CO2 emissions such as Geo- or Climate-Engineering we would like to point out what the city of Tegucigalpa can do in order to ameliorate the living conditions of its habitants for the future.

-'''Education'''. Teaching of climate change factors to raise awareness and understanding for climate and environmental issues. The Ministry of Education must compromise to implement climate change knowledge as a basic subject in the early school years and reinforce it through High school.

-'''Preparation of action plans to deal with hazards such as floods and land erosion.''' The offices in charged of natural disasters and civil construction shall compromise to prepare action plans before the rainy seasons begin so that local committees would be informed on how to prevent great losses and damages to their community.

-'''Relocation of destroyed informal settlements after natural disasters.''' The offices in charged of natural disasters and civil construction as well as the town hall should agree beforehand on the relocation of citizens who live in dangerous and vulnerable areas to reduce possible human casualties.

-'''Designate potential expansion areas for low-income families.''' The Town Hall and the Ministry of Environmental Protection shall agree beforehand in the destination of urban development areas for people with low incomes to stop the land invasion in vulnerable areas and the lost of human lives in natural disasters.

=== Scenario 2060 (or Tomorrow?) ===

-The implementation of the platform terrace system solution improved the life quality of people who lived in the erodible areas by improving the appearance of their neighborhood and reducing the risks of devastating erosions and landslides.

-The green surface in the capital increased significantly because other parts of the city with similar erosion problems adopted this system.

-The platform terrace system became a significant element in Tegucigalpa’s identity landscape.

-The Buffer Areas located in the terrace platforms and the river lineal parks helped reduce the levels of CO2 emissions and Tegucigalpa’s air got to healthy levels of chemicals within it.

-The lineal parks throughout the riverbed helped contain the constant flooding during the rainy seasons in Tegucigalpa, diminishing the number of economical lost in the city’s downtown and the number of houses affected by flooding.

-The lineal parks promoted the interactions of citizens who were not used to have public open spaces in their city.
-The lineal parks also improve the city’s image for touristic purposes.
-Tegucigalpa became a much healthier and safer place to live, even for those with low incomes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="6">
Image:Szenario_Group_P-02-01.png|Objectives of the Adaptation and Mitigation Proposals.
</gallery>

===What can be generalized from this case study?===
We can generalize that Climate change doesn’t affects by itself the population a determined area. Climate Change is a result of bad practicing and living conditions of humans in a specific place. Climate change produces alterations in the normal climatic conditions altering the already damaged natural environment. These alterations often conduce to natural disasters and meteorological phenomena that result in great human, natural and economical losses.

-The challenge of many professionals involved in land planning and urbanism has to deal with precarious urban existing situations that condition the sustainable development of a region.

-The bigger the population, the bigger the measure that must be taken. This means that when dealing with big urban centers with lots of problem of landslides, water supply, and flooding, radical measures must be taken to change the direction the problem has lead to.

-The natural disasters are the way the nature finds its equilibrium by counteracting the ecological impact the human has made in his environment. Our responsibility is to find the equilibrium in which we affect the least the original conditions of a place without limiting the future of a community.

-The last thing we conclude is that long term planning would have diminish the problems Tegucigalpa has today, it is important always to look ahead in the future because the uncontrolled population and urban growth can lead to severe damages both ecologically and human.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="1050px" heights="300px" perrow="6">
Image:.jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa.
Image: .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa
Image: .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa
</gallery>

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Tegucigalpa 2.8 km.jpg| Downtown of Tegucigalpa, As shown in the picture, there's no landscape design in the river area which divides the city's downtown and historical center.
Image:Bruma,_ab-11_Fabricio_Estrada.jpg| View of the topographical landscape of Tegucigalpa, deforestation on the hills and ground degradation, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:Tegucigalpa_apocalipsis,_ab-11.jpg| Panoramic View of River Area in Tegucigalpa, No landscape architecture involved in the River Area plus dangeorus proximity of houses in precarious state and no containing walls to protect from eventual floodings or landslides, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===

Please add literature, documentations and weblinks
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview]
* [El Heraldo December 5 2011. https://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia]
* [La Prensa 26.10.2010 https://archivo.laprensa.hn/Pa%C3%ADs/Ediciones/2010/10/26/Noticias/130-000-familias-en-riesgo-por-clima-en-Tegucigalpa]
* [https://cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/honduras]
* [Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Shlomo Angel with Katherine Bartley, Mary Derr, Anshuman Malur, James Mejía, Pallavi Nuka, Micah Perlin, Sanjiv Sahai,
Michael Torrens, and Manett Vargas, Princeton University, February 2004]
* [https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview World Food Programme]
* [http://cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/honduras]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]
* ["Spanish: Weather in Honduras". http://www.LosMejoresDestinos.com. 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2011-07-05.]
* [La Tribuna editor (2010-04-23). "Spanish: Next Tuesday will be hottest day of the year". LaTribuna.hn. Retrieved 2011-09-28.]
* ["Honduras, When to go and Weather". http://www.lonelyplanet.com. 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2011-07-05.]
* http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACR106.pdf
* http://hydro.ou.edu/Publications/PDFs/2011/74.Dalia_2011_landslides_EES.pdf
* http://www.adaptationlearning.net/hon http://www.adaptationpartnership.org/sites/default/files/LAC%20%20Central%20America%20Country%20profiles%20%28Honduras%29.pdfduras/profile
* http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf7
* http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/hon.html
* http://hydro.ou.edu/Publications/PDFs/2011/74.Dalia_2011_landslides_EES.pdf
* http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/San%20Jose/pdf/Informe%20Final%20Honduras.pdf

----

[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-13T21:50:50Z

Linus: /* Scenario 2060 (or Tomorrow?) */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Tegocigalpa's Downtown and Erodible Areas''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tegucigalpa''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Honduras''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Proposals for Tegucigalpa
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Galina Rojević, Linus Clade, Mario Matamoros ''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=14.074144
|lng=-87.19471
|zoom=13
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
Honduras is the second poorest country in Latin America and nominated by the World
Bank Organization as the third most vulnerable country in the World.[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK:23170516~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258554,00.html] Despite of its great
climate conditions, in 2011 Honduras’s Government had to call for State of Emergency
every 38 days. [http://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia] Most of its vulnerability is due to its poor infrastructure, high population
growth rate, unemployment which results in criminality, its inexistent land and city
planning, and its increasing annual precipitation. Tegucigalpa, itself is a mirror of poor planning. Most of the city’s neighborhoods
are located on places where buildings were not plausible. Most of Tegucigalpa’s soil
conditions are poor for construction purposes and often result in erosion. Tegucigalpa’s
topography and poor drainage infrastructure often cause the city to be flooded and this is
terrible considering that Honduras has a high annual precipitation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
It is very diffcult to explain the complexity of Honduran reality. Honduras suffers what 
most of 3rd world countries suffer: Considerable Social Wealth distribution differences, Political 
crisis, high assassination rates and no future planning. The climate change problems will 
affect primarily those with poor economic incomes, which live in the areas, which were 
not planned or meant to be occupied. The social and security problems maintain the 
average Honduran distracted from concerning on Climate change. Natural Disasters then 
happen and thousands of people loose their homes, others suffer severe damage on their 
working facilities and the aid never gets to them because it’s lost in bureaucratic stages 
and the system’s corruption. 
Little investigation has been done in Honduras regarding on Climate Change although 
there has been an increase in annual precipitation during the last years in winter and 
much more droughts during summer. To make this worse, Honduras has being absorbed 
by the political crisis originated by the Coup d’état in 2009, the emergence of a socialist 
political power, Venezuela’s political interference and plenty of assassinations to lawyers, 
journalists, political leaders and policemen. All this social confict that is perceived more in 
Tegucigalpa (political capital from Honduras), has obsessed Hondurans overshadowing 
other important issues as natural disasters mitigation. 
It’s also widely known that Latin-American culture and planning are like water and oil. The Honduran 
carefree way of living has resulted on poor response to natural disasters, long-term 
recuperation from hurricanes, earthquakes and foods. 

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
Tegucigalpa, Honduras’s capital has a population of over a million habitants. The
Choluteca River crosses the city from north to south (which often floods the city’s
downtown and poor residential areas). There is no landscape design related to
Tegucigalpa’s rivers, surrounding mountains, historical center and statues. Few parks are
found on the downtown with very little maintenance. The city has adopted the Consumerism-individualistic
life-style in which cars are more important than pedestrians. No planning has been developed for Tegucigalpa’s rapid urban growth,
which causes plenty of traffic. The public transportation system is very deficient and
has no well structured circuits. Tegucigalpa hasn’t any main Bus station but many stations
that are located on the most dangerous neighborhoods. Most of the houses built in
Tegucigalpa must have a perimeter wall protecting the inhabitants from criminality. These
walls often include security cameras, electrical wire and house alarms. Tegucigalpa’s
topography is variable, its surrounded by mountains and hills and the lowest point is at
the city’s downtown. All the water from precipitation and drainage ends up here.
Tegucigalpa also suffers from constant erosion due to its poor soil conditions and the invasion of poor people to these areas were they build houses without any quality control.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Land Use Percent.jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
Image:Analysis of Landuse .jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area
Image:Erodible and flood-prone areas Tegucigalpa copy.jpg|Erodible and Flood-Prone Areas
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
As mentioned above, Honduras political crisis is a conversation subject for every
Honduran. Two conservative parties have governed Honduras during the last 100 years,
and military coups took place 30 years ago. However, during the presidential period
between 2006 and 2010, Manuel Zelaya, the former president change the direction of its
government from conservative to socialist due to his alliance with Hugo Chavez. This
resulted in a considerate popular discontent in some social sectors as the religious
groups, conservative groups and other fnancial groups. These groups eventually forced
Zelaya to quit the presidency because he had plans to change the constitution and
remain as president, which ended up as the 2009 coup d’etat. Since then, Zelaya was
forced to leave the country and other social groups decided to create a socialist political
party to change Honduras’s Status Quo. From 2009, many assassinations to journalists,
lawyers, political and religious leaders have taken place. The criminality rate has
increased converting Honduras in the country with the highest criminality rate all over the
world. Poverty reaches 80% of Honduras' population[https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview], 1/3 of the working population
is unemployed. Social differences are big and the poor often suffer more from natural
disasters such as floods and hurricanes, as those conforming the middle-class and highclass
sectors. 
Generally, the public services are defcient and Hondurans choose (when economically
possible) to use private services such as education, transportation and health.
Most of Honduran traditions are related to its past as a former Colony from Spain and to
roman catholic traditions. Other traditions come from its different ethnical groups such as
the Garifunas (slaves who where brought from Africa) and other native indian groups.
Honduras is also famous for being part of the Mayan civilization and having plenty of mayan
ruins on its occidental part.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:AlfombrasCOmayagua.jpg|Traditional Rug Making For Easter Celebrations In Comayagua, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:catedralcomayagua.jpg|Comayagua's Cathedral, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:Puhlapanzak.jpg|Puhlapanzak Waterfalls, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:Roatan.jpg|Bay Islands, Honduras, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:tegucigalpa 12.61km.jpg|View of Tegucigalpa, Photo: Eduardo Matamoros
</gallery>

=== Local Climate ===
Honduras is characterized by its tropical climate throughout the year, which is divided in two
subcategories: in its coasts it’s rainy tropical and tropical dry in its central region.
Nevertheless, Honduras’s annual precipitation varies from 1900mm to 2500mm. The
average temperature is 23º C but in March and April it can get to 40ºC and 15ºC during
December and January. There are only two seasons in Honduras; the dry season, which
takes places between November and March and the rainy season from May to October.

Teguicigalpa features a more moderate form of a tropical wet and dry climate. Of the major Central American cities, Tegucigalpa's climate is among the most pleasant due to its high altitude. Like much of central Honduras, the city has a tropical climate, though tempered by the altitude—meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions—with even temperatures averaging between 19 °C (66 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) degrees.[[http://www.losmejoresdestinos.com/honduras_clima.htm]]
The months of December and January are coolest, with an average min/ low temperature of 14 °C (57 °F); whereas March and April—popularly associated with Easter's holidays—are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) degrees on the hottest day.[http://www.latribuna.hn/2010/04/23/proximo-martes-sera-el-dia-mas-caliente-del-ano#idc-cover] The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October.[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/honduras/weather] There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year, June and September usually the wettest months.
The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211.2 and the average rainy days per month is 8.9. The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182.5 millimetres (7.19 in) is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season. The wettest months of the rainy season are May—June and September—October, averaging 16.2 rainy days during each of those periods. [http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]

<gallery caption=" " widths="250px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:TemperatureChart.jpg|Annual Average Temperature of Tegucigalpa [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
Tegucigalpa’s vulnerability is due to these factors:
#'''Poor drainage infrastructure:'''Tegucigalpa's authorities have not done many changes to the drainage infrastructure in Tegucigalpa since the 1970's, nevertheless its population increased in more than a 200%.[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf] This results on constant stagnant water, and difficulty to get the rainwater away from the streets and residential areas.
#'''Existing residential areas located in erodible and hard to reach places:'''Poor planning and supervision has permited poor citizens to develop poor residential areas in dangerous parts of the city, which have poor soil conditions and no infrastructure.
#'''Constant ground invasion in dangerous topographical zones:'''The economical crisis and the uncontroled birth rate had cause Honduran population to increase in a very rapid rate without any social and economical development to absorb it. This causes many hondurans to move to invade zones with no land values but put in risk their lives because of the constant natural disasters.
#'''No planning related to flooding, evacuation and containment of landslides''' Tegucigalpa authorities as well as the local government have not yet developped sustainable strategies dealing with:
*Tegucigalpa's urban growth
*Mitigation and adaptation to Natural Disasters
*Improving the citizens living conditions and public spaces

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-6.jpg|Correlation vs Rain annual number of Landslides, Tegucigalpa, 1979-2010.
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-7.jpg|Correlation number of landeslides vs Number Precipiation Monthly average and maximum, Tegucigalpa [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:kLXH8dBAhowJ:cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/wp-content/uploads/SAT_deslizamientos_TGU.pdf+sistema+de+alerta+temprana+para+deslizamientos+en+tegucigalpa,+MDC&hl=en&gl=rs&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESizJnOvIgnQ2BakheaGLw0rNjeC33ZNT1pbeu7ICOYN_4QdRbgGT1BarACCigNNeiueXHdnDZiSehqb6hb-JEejFr_ARAiMonM3U1Xvf8TPe_7vSJ39o-uB7iQ72UMQqU8ili6K&sig=AHIEtbQmPMoEJgxPXnu4ELG1EQn2I3kjWg]
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Projected unplanned growth.jpg|Projected Unplanned Growth, 2031
Image:Projected planned growth.jpg|Project Planned Growth, 2031 [http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

Measures for Climate Change

1. Development of linear parks in the proximities of Choluteca Riverbed
The linear parks will serve two specific functions:

-The linear parks will delimitate the riverbed areas, the green areas and the city downtown as well as other vulnerable neighborhoods, improving the aesthetic and appearance of the City. This will also improve the living conditions of those people working and living in these areas since they will be open for everyone.

-The linear parks will be conformed of terraces and containing walls at different levels so that possible future floods won’t reach the city downtown and other nearby areas.

-The linear parks will also help decrease the deforestation that exists in the city by being buffer ecological areas.

2. Development of Platforms and terraces in highly erodible areas
The construction of terraces and parallel platforms will help:

-Decrease the number of houses that collapse every year due to intense raining and erosion.

-Help organize the city infrastructure making it easy to develop public system circuits in parallel platforms.

-Improve the level of urbanization planning, making more area suitable for construction in a sustainable way.

-Development of ecological buffer areas

- Increase the percentage of green spaces in Tegucigalpa

-Decrease land degradation.

<gallery caption=" " widths="1050px" heights="300px" perrow="6">
Image:Proposal 1TG .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa.
Image:Proposal 2 TG .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

How is a city like Tegucigalpa able to mitigate the climate change and its consequences?
Apart from the general actions such as the proposals from the World Bank which relies on the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and apart from the technical-scientific approach to reduce our CO2 emissions such as Geo- or Climate-Engineering we would like to point out what the city of Tegucigalpa can do in order to ameliorate the living conditions of its habitants for the future.

-'''Education'''. Teaching of climate change factors to raise awareness and understanding for climate and environmental issues. The Ministry of Education must compromise to implement climate change knowledge as a basic subject in the early school years and reinforce it through High school.

-'''Preparation of action plans to deal with hazards such as floods and land erosion.''' The offices in charged of natural disasters and civil construction shall compromise to prepare action plans before the rainy seasons begin so that local committees would be informed on how to prevent great losses and damages to their community.

-'''Relocation of destroyed informal settlements after natural disasters.''' The offices in charged of natural disasters and civil construction as well as the town hall should agree beforehand on the relocation of citizens who live in dangerous and vulnerable areas to reduce possible human casualties.

-'''Designate potential expansion areas for low-income families.''' The Town Hall and the Ministry of Environmental Protection shall agree beforehand in the destination of urban development areas for people with low incomes to stop the land invasion in vulnerable areas and the lost of human lives in natural disasters.

=== Scenario 2060 (or Tomorrow?) ===

-The implementation of the platform terrace system solution improved the life quality of people who lived in the erodible areas by improving the appearance of their neighborhood and reducing the risks of devastating erosions and landslides.

-The green surface in the capital increased significantly because other parts of the city with similar erosion problems adopted this system.

-The platform terrace system became a significant element in Tegucigalpa’s identity landscape.

-The Buffer Areas located in the terrace platforms and the river lineal parks helped reduce the levels of CO2 emissions and Tegucigalpa’s air got to healthy levels of chemicals within it.

-The lineal parks throughout the riverbed helped contain the constant flooding during the rainy seasons in Tegucigalpa, diminishing the number of economical lost in the city’s downtown and the number of houses affected by flooding.

-The lineal parks promoted the interactions of citizens who were not used to have public open spaces in their city.
-The lineal parks also improve the city’s image for touristic purposes.
-Tegucigalpa became a much healthier and safer place to live, even for those with low incomes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="6">
Image:Szenario_Group_P-02-01.png|Objectives of the Adaptation and Mitigation Proposals.
</gallery>

===What can be generalized from this case study?===
We can generalize that Climate change doesn’t affects by itself the population a determined area. Climate Change is a result of bad practicing and living conditions of humans in a specific place. Climate change produces alterations in the normal climatic conditions altering the already damaged natural environment. These alterations often conduce to natural disasters and meteorological phenomena that result in great human, natural and economical losses.

-The challenge of many professionals involved in land planning and urbanism has to deal with precarious urban existing situations that condition the sustainable development of a region.

-The bigger the population, the bigger the measure that must be taken. This means that when dealing with big urban centers with lots of problem of landslides, water supply, and flooding, radical measures must be taken to change the direction the problem has lead to.

-The natural disasters are the way the nature finds its equilibrium by counteracting the ecological impact the human has made in his environment. Our responsibility is to find the equilibrium in which we affect the least the original conditions of a place without limiting the future of a community.

-The last thing we conclude is that long term planning would have diminish the problems Tegucigalpa has today, it is important always to look ahead in the future because the uncontrolled population and urban growth can lead to severe damages both ecologically and human.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="1050px" heights="300px" perrow="6">
Image:.jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa.
Image: .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa
Image: .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa
</gallery>

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Tegucigalpa 2.8 km.jpg| Downtown of Tegucigalpa, As shown in the picture, there's no landscape design in the river area which divides the city's downtown and historical center.
Image:Bruma,_ab-11_Fabricio_Estrada.jpg| View of the topographical landscape of Tegucigalpa, deforestation on the hills and ground degradation, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:Tegucigalpa_apocalipsis,_ab-11.jpg| Panoramic View of River Area in Tegucigalpa, No landscape architecture involved in the River Area plus dangeorus proximity of houses in precarious state and no containing walls to protect from eventual floodings or landslides, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===

Please add literature, documentations and weblinks
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview]
* [El Heraldo December 5 2011. https://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia]
* [La Prensa 26.10.2010 https://archivo.laprensa.hn/Pa%C3%ADs/Ediciones/2010/10/26/Noticias/130-000-familias-en-riesgo-por-clima-en-Tegucigalpa]
* [https://cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/honduras]
* [Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Shlomo Angel with Katherine Bartley, Mary Derr, Anshuman Malur, James Mejía, Pallavi Nuka, Micah Perlin, Sanjiv Sahai,
Michael Torrens, and Manett Vargas, Princeton University, February 2004]
* [https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview World Food Programme]
* [http://cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/honduras]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]
* ["Spanish: Weather in Honduras". http://www.LosMejoresDestinos.com. 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2011-07-05.]
* [La Tribuna editor (2010-04-23). "Spanish: Next Tuesday will be hottest day of the year". LaTribuna.hn. Retrieved 2011-09-28.]
* ["Honduras, When to go and Weather". http://www.lonelyplanet.com. 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2011-07-05.]
* http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACR106.pdf
* http://hydro.ou.edu/Publications/PDFs/2011/74.Dalia_2011_landslides_EES.pdf
* http://www.adaptationlearning.net/hon http://www.adaptationpartnership.org/sites/default/files/LAC%20%20Central%20America%20Country%20profiles%20%28Honduras%29.pdfduras/profile
* http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf7
* http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/hon.html
* http://hydro.ou.edu/Publications/PDFs/2011/74.Dalia_2011_landslides_EES.pdf
* http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/San%20Jose/pdf/Informe%20Final%20Honduras.pdf

----

[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Szenario Group P-02-01.png

2013-01-13T21:50:18Z

Linus:

File:Szenario Group P-01.jpg

2013-01-13T21:48:23Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-13T21:46:17Z

Linus: /* Scenario 2060 (or Tomorrow?) */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Tegocigalpa's Downtown and Erodible Areas''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tegucigalpa''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Honduras''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Proposals for Tegucigalpa
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Galina Rojević, Linus Clade, Mario Matamoros ''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=14.074144
|lng=-87.19471
|zoom=13
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
Honduras is the second poorest country in Latin America and nominated by the World
Bank Organization as the third most vulnerable country in the World.[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK:23170516~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258554,00.html] Despite of its great
climate conditions, in 2011 Honduras’s Government had to call for State of Emergency
every 38 days. [http://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia] Most of its vulnerability is due to its poor infrastructure, high population
growth rate, unemployment which results in criminality, its inexistent land and city
planning, and its increasing annual precipitation. Tegucigalpa, itself is a mirror of poor planning. Most of the city’s neighborhoods
are located on places where buildings were not plausible. Most of Tegucigalpa’s soil
conditions are poor for construction purposes and often result in erosion. Tegucigalpa’s
topography and poor drainage infrastructure often cause the city to be flooded and this is
terrible considering that Honduras has a high annual precipitation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
It is very diffcult to explain the complexity of Honduran reality. Honduras suffers what 
most of 3rd world countries suffer: Considerable Social Wealth distribution differences, Political 
crisis, high assassination rates and no future planning. The climate change problems will 
affect primarily those with poor economic incomes, which live in the areas, which were 
not planned or meant to be occupied. The social and security problems maintain the 
average Honduran distracted from concerning on Climate change. Natural Disasters then 
happen and thousands of people loose their homes, others suffer severe damage on their 
working facilities and the aid never gets to them because it’s lost in bureaucratic stages 
and the system’s corruption. 
Little investigation has been done in Honduras regarding on Climate Change although 
there has been an increase in annual precipitation during the last years in winter and 
much more droughts during summer. To make this worse, Honduras has being absorbed 
by the political crisis originated by the Coup d’état in 2009, the emergence of a socialist 
political power, Venezuela’s political interference and plenty of assassinations to lawyers, 
journalists, political leaders and policemen. All this social confict that is perceived more in 
Tegucigalpa (political capital from Honduras), has obsessed Hondurans overshadowing 
other important issues as natural disasters mitigation. 
It’s also widely known that Latin-American culture and planning are like water and oil. The Honduran 
carefree way of living has resulted on poor response to natural disasters, long-term 
recuperation from hurricanes, earthquakes and foods. 

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
Tegucigalpa, Honduras’s capital has a population of over a million habitants. The
Choluteca River crosses the city from north to south (which often floods the city’s
downtown and poor residential areas). There is no landscape design related to
Tegucigalpa’s rivers, surrounding mountains, historical center and statues. Few parks are
found on the downtown with very little maintenance. The city has adopted the Consumerism-individualistic
life-style in which cars are more important than pedestrians. No planning has been developed for Tegucigalpa’s rapid urban growth,
which causes plenty of traffic. The public transportation system is very deficient and
has no well structured circuits. Tegucigalpa hasn’t any main Bus station but many stations
that are located on the most dangerous neighborhoods. Most of the houses built in
Tegucigalpa must have a perimeter wall protecting the inhabitants from criminality. These
walls often include security cameras, electrical wire and house alarms. Tegucigalpa’s
topography is variable, its surrounded by mountains and hills and the lowest point is at
the city’s downtown. All the water from precipitation and drainage ends up here.
Tegucigalpa also suffers from constant erosion due to its poor soil conditions and the invasion of poor people to these areas were they build houses without any quality control.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Land Use Percent.jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
Image:Analysis of Landuse .jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area
Image:Erodible and flood-prone areas Tegucigalpa copy.jpg|Erodible and Flood-Prone Areas
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
As mentioned above, Honduras political crisis is a conversation subject for every
Honduran. Two conservative parties have governed Honduras during the last 100 years,
and military coups took place 30 years ago. However, during the presidential period
between 2006 and 2010, Manuel Zelaya, the former president change the direction of its
government from conservative to socialist due to his alliance with Hugo Chavez. This
resulted in a considerate popular discontent in some social sectors as the religious
groups, conservative groups and other fnancial groups. These groups eventually forced
Zelaya to quit the presidency because he had plans to change the constitution and
remain as president, which ended up as the 2009 coup d’etat. Since then, Zelaya was
forced to leave the country and other social groups decided to create a socialist political
party to change Honduras’s Status Quo. From 2009, many assassinations to journalists,
lawyers, political and religious leaders have taken place. The criminality rate has
increased converting Honduras in the country with the highest criminality rate all over the
world. Poverty reaches 80% of Honduras' population[https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview], 1/3 of the working population
is unemployed. Social differences are big and the poor often suffer more from natural
disasters such as floods and hurricanes, as those conforming the middle-class and highclass
sectors. 
Generally, the public services are defcient and Hondurans choose (when economically
possible) to use private services such as education, transportation and health.
Most of Honduran traditions are related to its past as a former Colony from Spain and to
roman catholic traditions. Other traditions come from its different ethnical groups such as
the Garifunas (slaves who where brought from Africa) and other native indian groups.
Honduras is also famous for being part of the Mayan civilization and having plenty of mayan
ruins on its occidental part.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:AlfombrasCOmayagua.jpg|Traditional Rug Making For Easter Celebrations In Comayagua, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:catedralcomayagua.jpg|Comayagua's Cathedral, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:Puhlapanzak.jpg|Puhlapanzak Waterfalls, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:Roatan.jpg|Bay Islands, Honduras, Photo: Mario Matamoros
Image:tegucigalpa 12.61km.jpg|View of Tegucigalpa, Photo: Eduardo Matamoros
</gallery>

=== Local Climate ===
Honduras is characterized by its tropical climate throughout the year, which is divided in two
subcategories: in its coasts it’s rainy tropical and tropical dry in its central region.
Nevertheless, Honduras’s annual precipitation varies from 1900mm to 2500mm. The
average temperature is 23º C but in March and April it can get to 40ºC and 15ºC during
December and January. There are only two seasons in Honduras; the dry season, which
takes places between November and March and the rainy season from May to October.

Teguicigalpa features a more moderate form of a tropical wet and dry climate. Of the major Central American cities, Tegucigalpa's climate is among the most pleasant due to its high altitude. Like much of central Honduras, the city has a tropical climate, though tempered by the altitude—meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions—with even temperatures averaging between 19 °C (66 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) degrees.[[http://www.losmejoresdestinos.com/honduras_clima.htm]]
The months of December and January are coolest, with an average min/ low temperature of 14 °C (57 °F); whereas March and April—popularly associated with Easter's holidays—are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) degrees on the hottest day.[http://www.latribuna.hn/2010/04/23/proximo-martes-sera-el-dia-mas-caliente-del-ano#idc-cover] The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October.[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/honduras/weather] There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year, June and September usually the wettest months.
The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211.2 and the average rainy days per month is 8.9. The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182.5 millimetres (7.19 in) is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season. The wettest months of the rainy season are May—June and September—October, averaging 16.2 rainy days during each of those periods. [http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]

<gallery caption=" " widths="250px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:TemperatureChart.jpg|Annual Average Temperature of Tegucigalpa [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
Tegucigalpa’s vulnerability is due to these factors:
#'''Poor drainage infrastructure:'''Tegucigalpa's authorities have not done many changes to the drainage infrastructure in Tegucigalpa since the 1970's, nevertheless its population increased in more than a 200%.[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf] This results on constant stagnant water, and difficulty to get the rainwater away from the streets and residential areas.
#'''Existing residential areas located in erodible and hard to reach places:'''Poor planning and supervision has permited poor citizens to develop poor residential areas in dangerous parts of the city, which have poor soil conditions and no infrastructure.
#'''Constant ground invasion in dangerous topographical zones:'''The economical crisis and the uncontroled birth rate had cause Honduran population to increase in a very rapid rate without any social and economical development to absorb it. This causes many hondurans to move to invade zones with no land values but put in risk their lives because of the constant natural disasters.
#'''No planning related to flooding, evacuation and containment of landslides''' Tegucigalpa authorities as well as the local government have not yet developped sustainable strategies dealing with:
*Tegucigalpa's urban growth
*Mitigation and adaptation to Natural Disasters
*Improving the citizens living conditions and public spaces

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-6.jpg|Correlation vs Rain annual number of Landslides, Tegucigalpa, 1979-2010.
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-7.jpg|Correlation number of landeslides vs Number Precipiation Monthly average and maximum, Tegucigalpa [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:kLXH8dBAhowJ:cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/wp-content/uploads/SAT_deslizamientos_TGU.pdf+sistema+de+alerta+temprana+para+deslizamientos+en+tegucigalpa,+MDC&hl=en&gl=rs&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESizJnOvIgnQ2BakheaGLw0rNjeC33ZNT1pbeu7ICOYN_4QdRbgGT1BarACCigNNeiueXHdnDZiSehqb6hb-JEejFr_ARAiMonM3U1Xvf8TPe_7vSJ39o-uB7iQ72UMQqU8ili6K&sig=AHIEtbQmPMoEJgxPXnu4ELG1EQn2I3kjWg]
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Projected unplanned growth.jpg|Projected Unplanned Growth, 2031
Image:Projected planned growth.jpg|Project Planned Growth, 2031 [http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

Measures for Climate Change

1. Development of linear parks in the proximities of Choluteca Riverbed
The linear parks will serve two specific functions:

-The linear parks will delimitate the riverbed areas, the green areas and the city downtown as well as other vulnerable neighborhoods, improving the aesthetic and appearance of the City. This will also improve the living conditions of those people working and living in these areas since they will be open for everyone.

-The linear parks will be conformed of terraces and containing walls at different levels so that possible future floods won’t reach the city downtown and other nearby areas.

-The linear parks will also help decrease the deforestation that exists in the city by being buffer ecological areas.

2. Development of Platforms and terraces in highly erodible areas
The construction of terraces and parallel platforms will help:

-Decrease the number of houses that collapse every year due to intense raining and erosion.

-Help organize the city infrastructure making it easy to develop public system circuits in parallel platforms.

-Improve the level of urbanization planning, making more area suitable for construction in a sustainable way.

-Development of ecological buffer areas

- Increase the percentage of green spaces in Tegucigalpa

-Decrease land degradation.

<gallery caption=" " widths="1050px" heights="300px" perrow="6">
Image:Proposal 1TG .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa.
Image:Proposal 2 TG .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

How is a city like Tegucigalpa able to mitigate the climate change and its consequences?
Apart from the general actions such as the proposals from the World Bank which relies on the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and apart from the technical-scientific approach to reduce our CO2 emissions such as Geo- or Climate-Engineering we would like to point out what the city of Tegucigalpa can do in order to ameliorate the living conditions of its habitants for the future.

-'''Education'''. Teaching of climate change factors to raise awareness and understanding for climate and environmental issues. The Ministry of Education must compromise to implement climate change knowledge as a basic subject in the early school years and reinforce it through High school.

-'''Preparation of action plans to deal with hazards such as floods and land erosion.''' The offices in charged of natural disasters and civil construction shall compromise to prepare action plans before the rainy seasons begin so that local committees would be informed on how to prevent great losses and damages to their community.

-'''Relocation of destroyed informal settlements after natural disasters.''' The offices in charged of natural disasters and civil construction as well as the town hall should agree beforehand on the relocation of citizens who live in dangerous and vulnerable areas to reduce possible human casualties.

-'''Designate potential expansion areas for low-income families.''' The Town Hall and the Ministry of Environmental Protection shall agree beforehand in the destination of urban development areas for people with low incomes to stop the land invasion in vulnerable areas and the lost of human lives in natural disasters.

=== Scenario 2060 (or Tomorrow?) ===

-The implementation of the platform terrace system solution improved the life quality of people who lived in the erodible areas by improving the appearance of their neighborhood and reducing the risks of devastating erosions and landslides.

-The green surface in the capital increased significantly because other parts of the city with similar erosion problems adopted this system.

-The platform terrace system became a significant element in Tegucigalpa’s identity landscape.

-The Buffer Areas located in the terrace platforms and the river lineal parks helped reduce the levels of CO2 emissions and Tegucigalpa’s air got to healthy levels of chemicals within it.

-The lineal parks throughout the riverbed helped contain the constant flooding during the rainy seasons in Tegucigalpa, diminishing the number of economical lost in the city’s downtown and the number of houses affected by flooding.

-The lineal parks promoted the interactions of citizens who were not used to have public open spaces in their city.
-The lineal parks also improve the city’s image for touristic purposes.
-Tegucigalpa became a much healthier and safer place to live, even for those with low incomes.

<gallery caption=" " widths="500px" heights="500px" perrow="6">
Image:Szenario_Group_P-01.png|Objectives of the Adaptation and Mitigation Proposals.
</gallery>

===What can be generalized from this case study?===
We can generalize that Climate change doesn’t affects by itself the population a determined area. Climate Change is a result of bad practicing and living conditions of humans in a specific place. Climate change produces alterations in the normal climatic conditions altering the already damaged natural environment. These alterations often conduce to natural disasters and meteorological phenomena that result in great human, natural and economical losses.

-The challenge of many professionals involved in land planning and urbanism has to deal with precarious urban existing situations that condition the sustainable development of a region.

-The bigger the population, the bigger the measure that must be taken. This means that when dealing with big urban centers with lots of problem of landslides, water supply, and flooding, radical measures must be taken to change the direction the problem has lead to.

-The natural disasters are the way the nature finds its equilibrium by counteracting the ecological impact the human has made in his environment. Our responsibility is to find the equilibrium in which we affect the least the original conditions of a place without limiting the future of a community.

-The last thing we conclude is that long term planning would have diminish the problems Tegucigalpa has today, it is important always to look ahead in the future because the uncontrolled population and urban growth can lead to severe damages both ecologically and human.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="1050px" heights="300px" perrow="6">
Image:.jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa.
Image: .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa
Image: .jpg|Adaptation Sketch For Climate Change in Tegucigalpa
</gallery>

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Tegucigalpa 2.8 km.jpg| Downtown of Tegucigalpa, As shown in the picture, there's no landscape design in the river area which divides the city's downtown and historical center.
Image:Bruma,_ab-11_Fabricio_Estrada.jpg| View of the topographical landscape of Tegucigalpa, deforestation on the hills and ground degradation, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:Tegucigalpa_apocalipsis,_ab-11.jpg| Panoramic View of River Area in Tegucigalpa, No landscape architecture involved in the River Area plus dangeorus proximity of houses in precarious state and no containing walls to protect from eventual floodings or landslides, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===

Please add literature, documentations and weblinks
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview]
* [El Heraldo December 5 2011. https://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia]
* [La Prensa 26.10.2010 https://archivo.laprensa.hn/Pa%C3%ADs/Ediciones/2010/10/26/Noticias/130-000-familias-en-riesgo-por-clima-en-Tegucigalpa]
* [https://cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/honduras]
* [Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Shlomo Angel with Katherine Bartley, Mary Derr, Anshuman Malur, James Mejía, Pallavi Nuka, Micah Perlin, Sanjiv Sahai,
Michael Torrens, and Manett Vargas, Princeton University, February 2004]
* [https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview World Food Programme]
* [http://cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/honduras]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]
* ["Spanish: Weather in Honduras". http://www.LosMejoresDestinos.com. 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2011-07-05.]
* [La Tribuna editor (2010-04-23). "Spanish: Next Tuesday will be hottest day of the year". LaTribuna.hn. Retrieved 2011-09-28.]
* ["Honduras, When to go and Weather". http://www.lonelyplanet.com. 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2011-07-05.]
* http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACR106.pdf
* http://hydro.ou.edu/Publications/PDFs/2011/74.Dalia_2011_landslides_EES.pdf
* http://www.adaptationlearning.net/hon http://www.adaptationpartnership.org/sites/default/files/LAC%20%20Central%20America%20Country%20profiles%20%28Honduras%29.pdfduras/profile
* http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf7
* http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/hon.html
* http://hydro.ou.edu/Publications/PDFs/2011/74.Dalia_2011_landslides_EES.pdf
* http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/San%20Jose/pdf/Informe%20Final%20Honduras.pdf

----

[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Szenario Group P-01.png

2013-01-13T21:45:21Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-13T17:21:34Z

Linus: /* Landscape and/or urban context */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Tegocigalpa's Downtown and Erodible Areas''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tegucigalpa''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Honduras''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Proposals for Tegucigalpa
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Galina Rojević, Linus Clade, Mario Matamoros ''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=14.074144
|lng=-87.19471
|zoom=13
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
Honduras is the second poorest country in Latin America and nominated by the World
Bank Organization as the third most vulnerable country in the World.[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK:23170516~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258554,00.html] Despite of its great
climate conditions, in 2011 Honduras’s Government had to call for State of Emergency
every 38 days. [http://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia] Most of its vulnerability is due to its poor infrastructure, high population
growth rate, unemployment which results in criminality, its inexistent land and city
planning, and its increasing annual precipitation. Tegucigalpa, itself is a mirror of poor planning. Most of the city’s neighborhoods
are located on places where buildings were not plausible. Most of Tegucigalpa’s soil
conditions are poor for construction purposes and often result in erosion. Tegucigalpa’s
topography and poor drainage infrastructure often cause the city to be flooded and this is
terrible considering that Honduras has a high annual precipitation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
It is very diffcult to explain the complexity of Honduran reality. Honduras suffers what 
most of 3rd world countries suffer: Considerable Social Wealth distribution differences, Political 
crisis, high assassination rates and no future planning. The climate change problems will 
affect primarily those with poor economic incomes, which live in the areas, which were 
not planned or meant to be occupied. The social and security problems maintain the 
average Honduran distracted from concerning on Climate change. Natural Disasters then 
happen and thousands of people loose their homes, others suffer severe damage on their 
working facilities and the aid never gets to them because it’s lost in bureaucratic stages 
and the system’s corruption. 
Little investigation has been done in Honduras regarding on Climate Change although 
there has been an increase in annual precipitation during the last years in winter and 
much more droughts during summer. To make this worse, Honduras has being absorbed 
by the political crisis originated by the Coup d’état in 2009, the emergence of a socialist 
political power, Venezuela’s political interference and plenty of assassinations to lawyers, 
journalists, political leaders and policemen. All this social confict that is perceived more in 
Tegucigalpa (political capital from Honduras), has obsessed Hondurans overshadowing 
other important issues as natural disasters mitigation. 
It’s also widely known that Latin-American culture and planning are like water and oil. The Honduran 
carefree way of living has resulted on poor response to natural disasters, long-term 
recuperation from hurricanes, earthquakes and foods. 

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
Tegucigalpa, Honduras’s capital has a population of over a million habitants. The
Choluteca River crosses the city from north to south (which often floods the city’s
downtown and poor residential areas). There is no landscape design related to
Tegucigalpa’s rivers, surrounding mountains, historical center and statues. Few parks are
found on the downtown with very little maintenance. The city has adopted the Consumerism-individualistic
life-style in which cars are more important than pedestrians. No planning has been developed for Tegucigalpa’s rapid urban growth,
which causes plenty of traffic. The public transportation system is very deficient and
has no well structured circuits. Tegucigalpa hasn’t any main Bus station but many stations
that are located on the most dangerous neighborhoods. Most of the houses built in
Tegucigalpa must have a perimeter wall protecting the inhabitants from criminality. These
walls often include security cameras, electrical wire and house alarms. Tegucigalpa’s
topography is variable, its surrounded by mountains and hills and the lowest point is at
the city’s downtown. All the water from precipitation and drainage ends up here.
Tegucigalpa also suffers from constant erosion due to its poor soil conditions and the invasion of poor people to these areas were they build houses without any quality control.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Land Use Percent.jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
Image:Analysis of Landuse .jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area
Image:Erodible and flood-prone areas Tegucigalpa copy.jpg|Erodible and Flood-Prone Areas
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
As mentioned above, Honduras political crisis is a conversation subject for every
Honduran. Two conservative parties have governed Honduras during the last 100 years,
and military coups took place 30 years ago. However, during the presidential period
between 2006 and 2010, Manuel Zelaya, the former president change the direction of its
government from conservative to socialist due to his alliance with Hugo Chavez. This
resulted in a considerate popular discontent in some social sectors as the religious
groups, conservative groups and other fnancial groups. These groups eventually forced
Zelaya to quit the presidency because he had plans to change the constitution and
remain as president, which ended up as the 2009 coup d’etat. Since then, Zelaya was
forced to leave the country and other social groups decided to create a socialist political
party to change Honduras’s Status Quo. From 2009, many assassinations to journalists,
lawyers, political and religious leaders have taken place. The criminality rate has
increased converting Honduras in the country with the highest criminality rate all over the
world. Poverty reaches 80% of Honduras' population, 1/3 of the working population
is unemployed. Social differences are big and the poor often suffer more from natural
disasters such as floods and hurricanes, as those conforming the middle-class and highclass
sectors. 
Generally, the public services are defcient and Hondurans choose (when economically
possible) to use private services such as education, transportation and health.
Most of Honduran traditions are related to its past as a former Colony from Spain and to
roman catholic traditions. Other traditions come from its different ethnical groups such as
the Garifunas (slaves who where brought from Africa) and other native indian groups.
Honduras is also famous for being part of the Mayan civilization and having plenty of mayan
ruins on its occidental part.

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
Honduras is characterized by its tropical climate throughout the year, which is divided in two
subcategories: in its coasts it’s rainy tropical and tropical dry in its central region.
Nevertheless, Honduras’s annual precipitation varies from 1900mm to 2500mm. The
average temperature is 23º C but in March and April it can get to 40ºC and 15ºC during
December and January. There are only two seasons in Honduras; the dry season, which
takes places between November and March and the rainy season from May to October.

Teguicigalpa features a more moderate form of a tropical wet and dry climate. Of the major Central American cities, Tegucigalpa's climate is among the most pleasant due to its high altitude. Like much of central Honduras, the city has a tropical climate, though tempered by the altitude—meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions—with even temperatures averaging between 19 °C (66 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) degrees.[[http://www.losmejoresdestinos.com/honduras_clima.htm]]
The months of December and January are coolest, with an average min/ low temperature of 14 °C (57 °F); whereas March and April—popularly associated with Easter's holidays—are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) degrees on the hottest day.[http://www.latribuna.hn/2010/04/23/proximo-martes-sera-el-dia-mas-caliente-del-ano#idc-cover] The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October.[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/honduras/weather] There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year, June and September usually the wettest months.
The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211.2 and the average rainy days per month is 8.9. The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182.5 millimetres (7.19 in) is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season. The wettest months of the rainy season are May—June and September—October, averaging 16.2 rainy days during each of those periods. [http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]

<gallery caption=" " widths="250px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:TemperatureChart.jpg|Annual Average Temperature of Tegucigalpa [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
Tegucigalpa’s vulnerability is due to these factors:
#'''Poor drainage infrastructure:'''Tegucigalpa's authorities have not done many changes to the drainage infrastructure in Tegucigalpa since the 1970's, nevertheless its population increased in more than a 200%.[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf] This results on constant stagnant water, and difficulty to get the rainwater away from the streets and residential areas.
#'''Existing residential areas located in erodible and hard to reach places:'''Poor planning and supervision has permited poor citizens to develop poor residential areas in dangerous parts of the city, which have poor soil conditions and no infrastructure.
#'''Constant ground invasion in dangerous topographical zones:'''The economical crisis and the uncontroled birth rate had cause Honduran population to increase in a very rapid rate without any social and economical development to absorb it. This causes many hondurans to move to invade zones with no land values but put in risk their lives because of the constant natural disasters.
#'''No planning related to flooding, evacuation and containment of landslides''' Tegucigalpa authorities as well as the local government have not yet developped sustainable strategies dealing with:
*Tegucigalpa's urban growth
*Mitigation and adaptation to Natural Disasters
*Improving the citizens living conditions and public spaces

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-6.jpg|Correlation vs Rain annual number of Landslides, Tegucigalpa, 1979-2010.
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-7.jpg|Correlation number of landeslides vs Number Precipiation Monthly average and maximum, Tegucigalpa [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:kLXH8dBAhowJ:cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/wp-content/uploads/SAT_deslizamientos_TGU.pdf+sistema+de+alerta+temprana+para+deslizamientos+en+tegucigalpa,+MDC&hl=en&gl=rs&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESizJnOvIgnQ2BakheaGLw0rNjeC33ZNT1pbeu7ICOYN_4QdRbgGT1BarACCigNNeiueXHdnDZiSehqb6hb-JEejFr_ARAiMonM3U1Xvf8TPe_7vSJ39o-uB7iQ72UMQqU8ili6K&sig=AHIEtbQmPMoEJgxPXnu4ELG1EQn2I3kjWg]
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Projected unplanned growth.jpg|Projected Unplanned Growth, 2031
Image:Projected planned growth.jpg|Project Planned Growth, 2031 [http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

Measures for Climate Change

1. Development of linear parks in the proximities of Choluteca Riverbed
The linear parks will serve two specific functions:

-The linear parks will delimitate the riverbed areas, the green areas and the city downtown as well as other vulnerable neighborhoods, improving the aesthetic and appearance of the City. This will also improve the living conditions of those people working and living in these areas since they will be open for everyone.

-The linear parks will be conformed of terraces and containing walls at different levels so that possible future floods won’t reach the city downtown and other nearby areas.

-The linear parks will also help decrease the deforestation that exists in the city by being buffer ecological areas.

2. Development of Platforms and terraces in highly erodible areas
The construction of terraces and parallel platforms will help:

-Decrease the number of houses that collapse every year due to intense raining and erosion.

-Help organize the city infrastructure making it easy to develop public system circuits in parallel platforms.

-Improve the level of urbanization planning, making more area suitable for construction in a sustainable way.

-Development of ecological buffer areas

- Increase the percentage of green spaces in Tegucigalpa

-Decrease land degradation.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

===What can be generalized from this case study?===
We can generalize that Climate change doesn’t affects by itself the population a determined area. Climate Change is a result of bad practicing and living conditions of humans in a specific place. Climate change produces alterations in the normal climatic conditions altering the already damaged natural environment. These alterations often conduce to natural disasters and meteorological phenomena that result in great human, natural and economical losses.

-The challenge of many professionals involved in land planning and urbanism has to deal with precarious urban existing situations that condition the sustainable development of a region.

-The bigger the population, the bigger the measure that must be taken. This means that when dealing with big urban centers with lots of problem of landslides, water supply, and flooding, radical measures must be taken to change the direction the problem has lead to.

-The natural disasters are the way the nature finds its equilibrium by counteracting the ecological impact the human has made in his environment. Our responsibility is to find the equilibrium in which we affect the least the original conditions of a place without limiting the future of a community.

-The last thing we conclude is that long term planning would have diminish the problems Tegucigalpa has today, it is important always to look ahead in the future because the uncontrolled population and urban growth can lead to severe damages both ecologically and human.

=== Presentation Slides ===

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Tegucigalpa 2.8 km.jpg| Downtown of Tegucigalpa, As shown in the picture, there's no landscape design in the river area which divides the city's downtown and historical center.
Image:Bruma,_ab-11_Fabricio_Estrada.jpg| View of the topographical landscape of Tegucigalpa, deforestation on the hills and ground degradation, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:Tegucigalpa_apocalipsis,_ab-11.jpg| Panoramic View of River Area in Tegucigalpa, No landscape architecture involved in the River Area plus dangeorus proximity of houses in precarious state and no containing walls to protect from eventual floodings or landslides, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===

Please add literature, documentations and weblinks
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview]
* [El Heraldo December 5 2011. https://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia]
* [La Prensa 26.10.2010 https://archivo.laprensa.hn/Pa%C3%ADs/Ediciones/2010/10/26/Noticias/130-000-familias-en-riesgo-por-clima-en-Tegucigalpa]
* [https://cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/honduras]
* [Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Shlomo Angel with Katherine Bartley, Mary Derr, Anshuman Malur, James Mejía, Pallavi Nuka, Micah Perlin, Sanjiv Sahai,
Michael Torrens, and Manett Vargas, Princeton University, February 2004]
----

[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-13T17:20:23Z

Linus: /* Landscape and/or urban context */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Tegocigalpa's Downtown and Erodible Areas''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Tegucigalpa''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Honduras''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Proposals for Tegucigalpa
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Galina Rojević, Linus Clade, Mario Matamoros ''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=14.074144
|lng=-87.19471
|zoom=13
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
Honduras is the second poorest country in Latin America and nominated by the World
Bank Organization as the third most vulnerable country in the World.[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK:23170516~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258554,00.html] Despite of its great
climate conditions, in 2011 Honduras’s Government had to call for State of Emergency
every 38 days. [http://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia] Most of its vulnerability is due to its poor infrastructure, high population
growth rate, unemployment which results in criminality, its inexistent land and city
planning, and its increasing annual precipitation. Tegucigalpa, itself is a mirror of poor planning. Most of the city’s neighborhoods
are located on places where buildings were not plausible. Most of Tegucigalpa’s soil
conditions are poor for construction purposes and often result in erosion. Tegucigalpa’s
topography and poor drainage infrastructure often cause the city to be flooded and this is
terrible considering that Honduras has a high annual precipitation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
It is very diffcult to explain the complexity of Honduran reality. Honduras suffers what 
most of 3rd world countries suffer: Considerable Social Wealth distribution differences, Political 
crisis, high assassination rates and no future planning. The climate change problems will 
affect primarily those with poor economic incomes, which live in the areas, which were 
not planned or meant to be occupied. The social and security problems maintain the 
average Honduran distracted from concerning on Climate change. Natural Disasters then 
happen and thousands of people loose their homes, others suffer severe damage on their 
working facilities and the aid never gets to them because it’s lost in bureaucratic stages 
and the system’s corruption. 
Little investigation has been done in Honduras regarding on Climate Change although 
there has been an increase in annual precipitation during the last years in winter and 
much more droughts during summer. To make this worse, Honduras has being absorbed 
by the political crisis originated by the Coup d’état in 2009, the emergence of a socialist 
political power, Venezuela’s political interference and plenty of assassinations to lawyers, 
journalists, political leaders and policemen. All this social confict that is perceived more in 
Tegucigalpa (political capital from Honduras), has obsessed Hondurans overshadowing 
other important issues as natural disasters mitigation. 
It’s also widely known that Latin-American culture and planning are like water and oil. The Honduran 
carefree way of living has resulted on poor response to natural disasters, long-term 
recuperation from hurricanes, earthquakes and foods. 

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
Tegucigalpa, Honduras’s capital has a population of over a million habitants. The
Choluteca River crosses the city from north to south (which often floods the city’s
downtown and poor residential areas). There is no landscape design related to
Tegucigalpa’s rivers, surrounding mountains, historical center and statues. Few parks are
found on the downtown with very little maintenance. The city has adopted the Consumerism-individualistic
life-style in which cars are more important than pedestrians. No planning has been developed for Tegucigalpa’s rapid urban growth,
which causes plenty of traffic. The public transportation system is also very defcient and
has no well structured circuits. Tegucigalpa hasn’t any main Bus station but many stations
that are located on the most dangerous neighborhoods. Most of the houses built in
Tegucigalpa must have a perimeter wall protecting the inhabitants from criminality. These
walls often include security cameras, electrical wire and house alarms. Tegucigalpa’s
topography is variable, its surrounded by mountains and hills and the lowest point is at
the city’s downtown. All the water from precipitation and drainage ends up here.
Tegucigalpa also suffers from constant erosion due to its poor soil conditions and the invasion of poor people to these areas were they build houses without any quality control.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Land Use Percent.jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
Image:Analysis of Landuse .jpg|Land Use in Tegucigalpa Urban Area
Image:Erodible and flood-prone areas Tegucigalpa copy.jpg|Erodible and Flood-Prone Areas
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
As mentioned above, Honduras political crisis is a conversation subject for every
Honduran. Two conservative parties have governed Honduras during the last 100 years,
and military coups took place 30 years ago. However, during the presidential period
between 2006 and 2010, Manuel Zelaya, the former president change the direction of its
government from conservative to socialist due to his alliance with Hugo Chavez. This
resulted in a considerate popular discontent in some social sectors as the religious
groups, conservative groups and other fnancial groups. These groups eventually forced
Zelaya to quit the presidency because he had plans to change the constitution and
remain as president, which ended up as the 2009 coup d’etat. Since then, Zelaya was
forced to leave the country and other social groups decided to create a socialist political
party to change Honduras’s Status Quo. From 2009, many assassinations to journalists,
lawyers, political and religious leaders have taken place. The criminality rate has
increased converting Honduras in the country with the highest criminality rate all over the
world. Poverty reaches 80% of Honduras' population, 1/3 of the working population
is unemployed. Social differences are big and the poor often suffer more from natural
disasters such as floods and hurricanes, as those conforming the middle-class and highclass
sectors. 
Generally, the public services are defcient and Hondurans choose (when economically
possible) to use private services such as education, transportation and health.
Most of Honduran traditions are related to its past as a former Colony from Spain and to
roman catholic traditions. Other traditions come from its different ethnical groups such as
the Garifunas (slaves who where brought from Africa) and other native indian groups.
Honduras is also famous for being part of the Mayan civilization and having plenty of mayan
ruins on its occidental part.

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
Honduras is characterized by its tropical climate throughout the year, which is divided in two
subcategories: in its coasts it’s rainy tropical and tropical dry in its central region.
Nevertheless, Honduras’s annual precipitation varies from 1900mm to 2500mm. The
average temperature is 23º C but in March and April it can get to 40ºC and 15ºC during
December and January. There are only two seasons in Honduras; the dry season, which
takes places between November and March and the rainy season from May to October.

Teguicigalpa features a more moderate form of a tropical wet and dry climate. Of the major Central American cities, Tegucigalpa's climate is among the most pleasant due to its high altitude. Like much of central Honduras, the city has a tropical climate, though tempered by the altitude—meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions—with even temperatures averaging between 19 °C (66 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) degrees.[[http://www.losmejoresdestinos.com/honduras_clima.htm]]
The months of December and January are coolest, with an average min/ low temperature of 14 °C (57 °F); whereas March and April—popularly associated with Easter's holidays—are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) degrees on the hottest day.[http://www.latribuna.hn/2010/04/23/proximo-martes-sera-el-dia-mas-caliente-del-ano#idc-cover] The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October.[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/honduras/weather] There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year, June and September usually the wettest months.
The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211.2 and the average rainy days per month is 8.9. The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182.5 millimetres (7.19 in) is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season. The wettest months of the rainy season are May—June and September—October, averaging 16.2 rainy days during each of those periods. [http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]

<gallery caption=" " widths="250px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:TemperatureChart.jpg|Annual Average Temperature of Tegucigalpa [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegucigalpa#cite_note-73]
</gallery>

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
Tegucigalpa’s vulnerability is due to these factors:
#'''Poor drainage infrastructure:'''Tegucigalpa's authorities have not done many changes to the drainage infrastructure in Tegucigalpa since the 1970's, nevertheless its population increased in more than a 200%.[http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf] This results on constant stagnant water, and difficulty to get the rainwater away from the streets and residential areas.
#'''Existing residential areas located in erodible and hard to reach places:'''Poor planning and supervision has permited poor citizens to develop poor residential areas in dangerous parts of the city, which have poor soil conditions and no infrastructure.
#'''Constant ground invasion in dangerous topographical zones:'''The economical crisis and the uncontroled birth rate had cause Honduran population to increase in a very rapid rate without any social and economical development to absorb it. This causes many hondurans to move to invade zones with no land values but put in risk their lives because of the constant natural disasters.
#'''No planning related to flooding, evacuation and containment of landslides''' Tegucigalpa authorities as well as the local government have not yet developped sustainable strategies dealing with:
*Tegucigalpa's urban growth
*Mitigation and adaptation to Natural Disasters
*Improving the citizens living conditions and public spaces

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-6.jpg|Correlation vs Rain annual number of Landslides, Tegucigalpa, 1979-2010.
Image:SAT_deslizamientos_TGU-7.jpg|Correlation number of landeslides vs Number Precipiation Monthly average and maximum, Tegucigalpa [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:kLXH8dBAhowJ:cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/wp-content/uploads/SAT_deslizamientos_TGU.pdf+sistema+de+alerta+temprana+para+deslizamientos+en+tegucigalpa,+MDC&hl=en&gl=rs&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESizJnOvIgnQ2BakheaGLw0rNjeC33ZNT1pbeu7ICOYN_4QdRbgGT1BarACCigNNeiueXHdnDZiSehqb6hb-JEejFr_ARAiMonM3U1Xvf8TPe_7vSJ39o-uB7iQ72UMQqU8ili6K&sig=AHIEtbQmPMoEJgxPXnu4ELG1EQn2I3kjWg]
</gallery>
<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
Image:Projected unplanned growth.jpg|Projected Unplanned Growth, 2031
Image:Projected planned growth.jpg|Project Planned Growth, 2031 [http://wws.princeton.edu/research/final_reports/wws591g_f03.pdf]
</gallery>

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

Measures for Climate Change

1. Development of linear parks in the proximities of Choluteca Riverbed
The linear parks will serve two specific functions:

-The linear parks will delimitate the riverbed areas, the green areas and the city downtown as well as other vulnerable neighborhoods, improving the aesthetic and appearance of the City. This will also improve the living conditions of those people working and living in these areas since they will be open for everyone.

-The linear parks will be conformed of terraces and containing walls at different levels so that possible future floods won’t reach the city downtown and other nearby areas.

-The linear parks will also help decrease the deforestation that exists in the city by being buffer ecological areas.

2. Development of Platforms and terraces in highly erodible areas
The construction of terraces and parallel platforms will help:

-Decrease the number of houses that collapse every year due to intense raining and erosion.

-Help organize the city infrastructure making it easy to develop public system circuits in parallel platforms.

-Improve the level of urbanization planning, making more area suitable for construction in a sustainable way.

-Development of ecological buffer areas

- Increase the percentage of green spaces in Tegucigalpa

-Decrease land degradation.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

===What can be generalized from this case study?===
We can generalize that Climate change doesn’t affects by itself the population a determined area. Climate Change is a result of bad practicing and living conditions of humans in a specific place. Climate change produces alterations in the normal climatic conditions altering the already damaged natural environment. These alterations often conduce to natural disasters and meteorological phenomena that result in great human, natural and economical losses.

-The challenge of many professionals involved in land planning and urbanism has to deal with precarious urban existing situations that condition the sustainable development of a region.

-The bigger the population, the bigger the measure that must be taken. This means that when dealing with big urban centers with lots of problem of landslides, water supply, and flooding, radical measures must be taken to change the direction the problem has lead to.

-The natural disasters are the way the nature finds its equilibrium by counteracting the ecological impact the human has made in his environment. Our responsibility is to find the equilibrium in which we affect the least the original conditions of a place without limiting the future of a community.

-The last thing we conclude is that long term planning would have diminish the problems Tegucigalpa has today, it is important always to look ahead in the future because the uncontrolled population and urban growth can lead to severe damages both ecologically and human.

=== Presentation Slides ===

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Tegucigalpa 2.8 km.jpg| Downtown of Tegucigalpa, As shown in the picture, there's no landscape design in the river area which divides the city's downtown and historical center.
Image:Bruma,_ab-11_Fabricio_Estrada.jpg| View of the topographical landscape of Tegucigalpa, deforestation on the hills and ground degradation, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:Tegucigalpa_apocalipsis,_ab-11.jpg| Panoramic View of River Area in Tegucigalpa, No landscape architecture involved in the River Area plus dangeorus proximity of houses in precarious state and no containing walls to protect from eventual floodings or landslides, Photo by Fabricio Estrada
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===

Please add literature, documentations and weblinks
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/9477]
* [https://www.wfp.org/countries/honduras/overview]
* [El Heraldo December 5 2011. https://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Cada-38-dias-el-gobierno-del-presidente-Porfirio-Lobo-emite-un-estado-de-emergencia]
* [La Prensa 26.10.2010 https://archivo.laprensa.hn/Pa%C3%ADs/Ediciones/2010/10/26/Noticias/130-000-familias-en-riesgo-por-clima-en-Tegucigalpa]
* [https://cambioclimatico.cridlac.org/honduras]
* [Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Shlomo Angel with Katherine Bartley, Mary Derr, Anshuman Malur, James Mejía, Pallavi Nuka, Micah Perlin, Sanjiv Sahai,
Michael Torrens, and Manett Vargas, Princeton University, February 2004]
----

[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Group P concept maP.jpg

2013-01-06T17:30:06Z

Linus:

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2013-01-06T17:29:01Z

Linus: /* Concept Map Session,11.12.2012 */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Mitigation and Adaption on a local scale ==

== Concept Map Session,11.12.2012 ==
[[Image:Group_P_concept_maP.jpg|thumb|1000px|none|Concept Map, Session 11th of december. Lecturer was Pierre André Martin, a french landscape architect with his practice in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]

== Sustainable Landscaping for Open Events ==
The lecture was hold by Pierre André Martin, a French landscape architect who has his practice (Embayá) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In his presentation (http://fluswikien.hfwu.de/index.php/Minutes_Tuesday,_11th_of_December_2012)
he explaind his ideas and thoughts on examples of his professional work. His work aims to develop sustainable solutions for construction in sensible ecosystems, always respecting the natural life cycles.
From his session our group could infer the following points:

* A considerable lost of environmental ethics have driven the landscape architects to emphasize only on the aesthetics of their work, rather than its natural origin.
* The integration of different urban elements to natural landscapes can create social awareness and improve the interaction between citizens and nature.
* Always to search for the most sustainable solution for landscape design in which the natural cycles of the existing ecosystems won’t be affected.
* The respect of the natural flora of the place. Impositions of foreign varieties and building solutions threaten our natural habitats.

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-03T22:37:17Z

Linus: /* Image Gallery */

File:Tegucigalpa apocalipsis, ab-11.jpg

2013-01-03T22:36:39Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-03T22:36:03Z

Linus: /* Image Gallery */

File:Bruma, ab-11 Fabricio Estrada.jpg

2013-01-03T22:35:06Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-24T12:52:28Z

Linus: /* Image Gallery */

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-24T12:51:52Z

Linus: /* Image Gallery */

File:Tegucigalpa 2.8 km.jpg

2012-12-24T12:50:38Z

Linus:

Group A - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:46:40Z

Linus:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group A - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== The Scientific Perspective of Climate Change ==

[[File:huge_map_ss.jpg|thumb|1050px|none|]]

The concept map above serves as the ''summarized overlook'' of the lecture '''The perspective of climate research'.''
It shows the basic connections between the different topics of the lecture but alone is not enough for deeply study the topic.

If you wish to work further on our basic concept map please contact us. Or save a copy from our map on the server of the Cmap plattform:
''Public Place 3 / create your own folder / IMLA 2012 / Group A / The content of the lecture 'The perspective of climate research'''.

== Definitions and organisation, the general introduction to the topic==

Although the key message of the lecture is more than just the generall introduction of the basic definitions usable in the science of environment, these are essentially important to understand the consequences of the natural processes and human activities on our earth. To the complex processes like the greenhouse effect etc. you can find proper illustrations in the lecture. In order to better understand the definitions we prepared a secondary detailed concept map about it.

[[File:anna_definition_map_ss.jpg|thumb|1050px|none|]]

''How to read the detailed basic definitions concept map''

[[Image:basic_def.jpg|left|50x200px]]These boxes contains the main concepts.

[[Image:climate.jpg|left|50x200px]]The term climate differs in color because on this point the definitions can be connected.

[[Image:def.jpg|left|50x200px]]These square boxes are the longer descriptive part of the definitions.

[[Image:eg.jpg|left|50x200px]]The definitions are so similar that usually just the time factor of the terms differs, you can see it in the yellow square boxes.

If you are well prepared in this topic please continue your learning process on the next main concept: ''Main organisation''. The organisation IPCC collects all the information about the topic climate change and models the possible future through different scenarios on different scales.

== Datas and Methods ==

The datas are collected by using various methods by observation of consequences of the past and the present climate for the prediction of the datas of the future climate. During Palaeoclimate the datas were collected by the observation of coral trees, lake rings, pollen, ice cores whereas in present the observations are done near surface by (WMO synop) weather stations, upper air soundings with radiosondes and by satellite observation globally.

The future climate is predicted by analysing the past, present and future time-spans using complex computer programs, physical simulation models, comparable with numerical weather prediction models due to which there is increase of complexity and resolution in models which are becoming more realistic all the time.
== Global Climate Change ==

'''Observation'''

The global climate change shows the warming of global climate system like atmosphere, ocean, melting of ice caps/sea ice, sea-level rise near surface. According to which of the last 12 years 11 belonged to the 12th hottest years within 150 years. The Palaeo-analysis shows that there has been uncommon recent warming, decrease of ice volume and increase of sea level. The 2nd half of 20th century was very likely the warmest 50-year period within 500 years and within the last 1300 years. There has been increase of precipitation in East of North and South America, Northern Europe, Northerly and Central Asia and decrease in precipitation in Sahel, Mediterranean, southern Africa, Southern Asia. The rapid decrease of Arctic sea-ice has been extended 3% per decade, 7%per decade during summer causing sea-level rise by about 17 cm in 20th century.

'''Reasons'''

The main reason for global climate changes is due to the emission of long-lived greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, SO formed by burning fossil fuels and land use changes which concentration is higher ever before 650,000 years; this is obviously due to the human influences which can be seen on temperature, circulation patterns, extreme events. Anthropogenic Aerosols are cooling the climate and therefore compensate some of the warming trend which is further needed to be investigated.

'''Scenario'''

Depending on the emission scenario global mean temperature increases by 1.8 to 4k until 2100, weakest scenario: 1.1 to 2.9k and strongest 2.4 to 6.4k (65% likelihood for both), even freezing greenhouse gas emission at today's level means 0.1k/decade temperature rise. The higher uncertainty ranges due to more complex models including the carbon cycle and higher temperature means less carbon uptake. There is more likely droughts due to more frequent and longer heat waves, decrease of frost days, increase of vegetation periods and tendency for dry summer conditions. The precipitation changes are robust with increase at high latitudes and decrease over Continents and Sub-tropics. There is more likely to be sea level rise by 20 to 60 cm in 21st century and Greenland ice sheet melting within the upcoming 1000 years. The Meridional overturning in the Atlantic is slowing down, less salt in the upper layer waters due to which there is cooling effect for European climate. There is overcompensation due to Anthropogenic warming causing unlikely breakdown of the ocean conveyer belt.

[[File:Neha_small_map_s.jpg|left|300px|none|]][[File:Neha_big_map_ss.jpg|thumb|750px|none|]]
== Our comments ==

'''-''' More attention should be paid to regional climate models because the global problem of climate change is created by changes in smaller regions.

'''-''' Problem of climate change should be much more prevalent, and every single person should take an active part in the inhibition of these changes.

'''-''' Regional climate models are much more accurate and more efficient and all projections and scenarios should be based on them.

Group A - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:46:25Z

Linus:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group A - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== The Scientific Perspective of Climate Change ==

[[File:huge_map_ss.jpg|thumb|1050px|none|]]

The concept map above serves as the ''summarized overlook'' of the lecture '''The perspective of climate research'.''
It shows the basic connections between the different topics of the lecture but alone is not enough for deeply study the topic.

If you wish to work further on our basic concept map please contact us. Or save a copy from our map on the server of the Cmap plattform:
''Public Place 3 / create your own folder / IMLA 2012 / Group A / The content of the lecture 'The perspective of climate research'''.

== Definitions and organisation, the general introduction to the topic==

Although the key message of the lecture is more than just the generall introduction of the basic definitions usable in the science of environment, these are essentially important to understand the consequences of the natural processes and human activities on our earth. To the complex processes like the greenhouse effect etc. you can find proper illustrations in the lecture. In order to better understand the definitions we prepared a secondary detailed concept map about it.

[[File:anna_definition_map_ss.jpg|thumb|1550px|none|]]

''How to read the detailed basic definitions concept map''

[[Image:basic_def.jpg|left|50x200px]]These boxes contains the main concepts.

[[Image:climate.jpg|left|50x200px]]The term climate differs in color because on this point the definitions can be connected.

[[Image:def.jpg|left|50x200px]]These square boxes are the longer descriptive part of the definitions.

[[Image:eg.jpg|left|50x200px]]The definitions are so similar that usually just the time factor of the terms differs, you can see it in the yellow square boxes.

If you are well prepared in this topic please continue your learning process on the next main concept: ''Main organisation''. The organisation IPCC collects all the information about the topic climate change and models the possible future through different scenarios on different scales.

== Datas and Methods ==

The datas are collected by using various methods by observation of consequences of the past and the present climate for the prediction of the datas of the future climate. During Palaeoclimate the datas were collected by the observation of coral trees, lake rings, pollen, ice cores whereas in present the observations are done near surface by (WMO synop) weather stations, upper air soundings with radiosondes and by satellite observation globally.

The future climate is predicted by analysing the past, present and future time-spans using complex computer programs, physical simulation models, comparable with numerical weather prediction models due to which there is increase of complexity and resolution in models which are becoming more realistic all the time.
== Global Climate Change ==

'''Observation'''

The global climate change shows the warming of global climate system like atmosphere, ocean, melting of ice caps/sea ice, sea-level rise near surface. According to which of the last 12 years 11 belonged to the 12th hottest years within 150 years. The Palaeo-analysis shows that there has been uncommon recent warming, decrease of ice volume and increase of sea level. The 2nd half of 20th century was very likely the warmest 50-year period within 500 years and within the last 1300 years. There has been increase of precipitation in East of North and South America, Northern Europe, Northerly and Central Asia and decrease in precipitation in Sahel, Mediterranean, southern Africa, Southern Asia. The rapid decrease of Arctic sea-ice has been extended 3% per decade, 7%per decade during summer causing sea-level rise by about 17 cm in 20th century.

'''Reasons'''

The main reason for global climate changes is due to the emission of long-lived greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, SO formed by burning fossil fuels and land use changes which concentration is higher ever before 650,000 years; this is obviously due to the human influences which can be seen on temperature, circulation patterns, extreme events. Anthropogenic Aerosols are cooling the climate and therefore compensate some of the warming trend which is further needed to be investigated.

'''Scenario'''

Depending on the emission scenario global mean temperature increases by 1.8 to 4k until 2100, weakest scenario: 1.1 to 2.9k and strongest 2.4 to 6.4k (65% likelihood for both), even freezing greenhouse gas emission at today's level means 0.1k/decade temperature rise. The higher uncertainty ranges due to more complex models including the carbon cycle and higher temperature means less carbon uptake. There is more likely droughts due to more frequent and longer heat waves, decrease of frost days, increase of vegetation periods and tendency for dry summer conditions. The precipitation changes are robust with increase at high latitudes and decrease over Continents and Sub-tropics. There is more likely to be sea level rise by 20 to 60 cm in 21st century and Greenland ice sheet melting within the upcoming 1000 years. The Meridional overturning in the Atlantic is slowing down, less salt in the upper layer waters due to which there is cooling effect for European climate. There is overcompensation due to Anthropogenic warming causing unlikely breakdown of the ocean conveyer belt.

[[File:Neha_small_map_s.jpg|left|300px|none|]][[File:Neha_big_map_ss.jpg|thumb|750px|none|]]
== Our comments ==

'''-''' More attention should be paid to regional climate models because the global problem of climate change is created by changes in smaller regions.

'''-''' Problem of climate change should be much more prevalent, and every single person should take an active part in the inhibition of these changes.

'''-''' Regional climate models are much more accurate and more efficient and all projections and scenarios should be based on them.

Group A - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:45:57Z

Linus:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group A - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== The Scientific Perspective of Climate Change ==

[[File:huge_map_ss.jpg|thumb|2050px|none|]]

The concept map above serves as the ''summarized overlook'' of the lecture '''The perspective of climate research'.''
It shows the basic connections between the different topics of the lecture but alone is not enough for deeply study the topic.

If you wish to work further on our basic concept map please contact us. Or save a copy from our map on the server of the Cmap plattform:
''Public Place 3 / create your own folder / IMLA 2012 / Group A / The content of the lecture 'The perspective of climate research'''.

== Definitions and organisation, the general introduction to the topic==

Although the key message of the lecture is more than just the generall introduction of the basic definitions usable in the science of environment, these are essentially important to understand the consequences of the natural processes and human activities on our earth. To the complex processes like the greenhouse effect etc. you can find proper illustrations in the lecture. In order to better understand the definitions we prepared a secondary detailed concept map about it.

[[File:anna_definition_map_ss.jpg|thumb|2050px|none|]]

''How to read the detailed basic definitions concept map''

[[Image:basic_def.jpg|left|50x200px]]These boxes contains the main concepts.

[[Image:climate.jpg|left|50x200px]]The term climate differs in color because on this point the definitions can be connected.

[[Image:def.jpg|left|50x200px]]These square boxes are the longer descriptive part of the definitions.

[[Image:eg.jpg|left|50x200px]]The definitions are so similar that usually just the time factor of the terms differs, you can see it in the yellow square boxes.

If you are well prepared in this topic please continue your learning process on the next main concept: ''Main organisation''. The organisation IPCC collects all the information about the topic climate change and models the possible future through different scenarios on different scales.

== Datas and Methods ==

The datas are collected by using various methods by observation of consequences of the past and the present climate for the prediction of the datas of the future climate. During Palaeoclimate the datas were collected by the observation of coral trees, lake rings, pollen, ice cores whereas in present the observations are done near surface by (WMO synop) weather stations, upper air soundings with radiosondes and by satellite observation globally.

The future climate is predicted by analysing the past, present and future time-spans using complex computer programs, physical simulation models, comparable with numerical weather prediction models due to which there is increase of complexity and resolution in models which are becoming more realistic all the time.
== Global Climate Change ==

'''Observation'''

The global climate change shows the warming of global climate system like atmosphere, ocean, melting of ice caps/sea ice, sea-level rise near surface. According to which of the last 12 years 11 belonged to the 12th hottest years within 150 years. The Palaeo-analysis shows that there has been uncommon recent warming, decrease of ice volume and increase of sea level. The 2nd half of 20th century was very likely the warmest 50-year period within 500 years and within the last 1300 years. There has been increase of precipitation in East of North and South America, Northern Europe, Northerly and Central Asia and decrease in precipitation in Sahel, Mediterranean, southern Africa, Southern Asia. The rapid decrease of Arctic sea-ice has been extended 3% per decade, 7%per decade during summer causing sea-level rise by about 17 cm in 20th century.

'''Reasons'''

The main reason for global climate changes is due to the emission of long-lived greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, SO formed by burning fossil fuels and land use changes which concentration is higher ever before 650,000 years; this is obviously due to the human influences which can be seen on temperature, circulation patterns, extreme events. Anthropogenic Aerosols are cooling the climate and therefore compensate some of the warming trend which is further needed to be investigated.

'''Scenario'''

Depending on the emission scenario global mean temperature increases by 1.8 to 4k until 2100, weakest scenario: 1.1 to 2.9k and strongest 2.4 to 6.4k (65% likelihood for both), even freezing greenhouse gas emission at today's level means 0.1k/decade temperature rise. The higher uncertainty ranges due to more complex models including the carbon cycle and higher temperature means less carbon uptake. There is more likely droughts due to more frequent and longer heat waves, decrease of frost days, increase of vegetation periods and tendency for dry summer conditions. The precipitation changes are robust with increase at high latitudes and decrease over Continents and Sub-tropics. There is more likely to be sea level rise by 20 to 60 cm in 21st century and Greenland ice sheet melting within the upcoming 1000 years. The Meridional overturning in the Atlantic is slowing down, less salt in the upper layer waters due to which there is cooling effect for European climate. There is overcompensation due to Anthropogenic warming causing unlikely breakdown of the ocean conveyer belt.

[[File:Neha_small_map_s.jpg|left|300px|none|]][[File:Neha_big_map_ss.jpg|thumb|750px|none|]]
== Our comments ==

'''-''' More attention should be paid to regional climate models because the global problem of climate change is created by changes in smaller regions.

'''-''' Problem of climate change should be much more prevalent, and every single person should take an active part in the inhibition of these changes.

'''-''' Regional climate models are much more accurate and more efficient and all projections and scenarios should be based on them.

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:45:08Z

Linus:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Mitigation and Adaption on a local scale ==

== Concept Map Session,11.12.2012 ==
[[Image:Group_P_concept_map.jpg|thumb|1000px|none|Concept Map, Session 11th of december. Lecturer was Pierre André Martin, a french landscape architect with his practice in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]

== Sustainable Landscaping for Open Events ==
The lecture was hold by Pierre André Martin, a French landscape architect who has his practice (Embayá) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In his presentation (http://fluswikien.hfwu.de/index.php/Minutes_Tuesday,_11th_of_December_2012)
he explaind his ideas and thoughts on examples of his professional work. His work aims to develop sustainable solutions for construction in sensible ecosystems, always respecting the natural life cycles.
From his session our group could infer the following points:

* A considerable lost of environmental ethics have driven the landscape architects to emphasize only on the aesthetics of their work, rather than its natural origin.
* The integration of different urban elements to natural landscapes can create social awareness and improve the interaction between citizens and nature.
* Always to search for the most sustainable solution for landscape design in which the natural cycles of the existing ecosystems won’t be affected.
* The respect of the natural flora of the place. Impositions of foreign varieties and building solutions threaten our natural habitats.

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:44:35Z

Linus:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Mitigation and Adaption on a local scale ==

== Concept Map Session,11.12.2012 ==
[[Image:Group_P_concept_map.jpg|Concept Map, Session 11th of december. Lecturer was Pierre André Martin, a french landscape architect with his practice in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]

== Sustainable Landscaping for Open Events ==
The lecture was hold by Pierre André Martin, a French landscape architect who has his practice (Embayá) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In his presentation (http://fluswikien.hfwu.de/index.php/Minutes_Tuesday,_11th_of_December_2012)
he explaind his ideas and thoughts on examples of his professional work. His work aims to develop sustainable solutions for construction in sensible ecosystems, always respecting the natural life cycles.
From his session our group could infer the following points:

* A considerable lost of environmental ethics have driven the landscape architects to emphasize only on the aesthetics of their work, rather than its natural origin.
* The integration of different urban elements to natural landscapes can create social awareness and improve the interaction between citizens and nature.
* Always to search for the most sustainable solution for landscape design in which the natural cycles of the existing ecosystems won’t be affected.
* The respect of the natural flora of the place. Impositions of foreign varieties and building solutions threaten our natural habitats.

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:21:11Z

Linus: /* Title of Topic (to be adjusted) */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Mitigation and Adaption on a local scale ==

== Concept Map Session,11.12.2012 ==
[[Image:Group_P_concept_map.jpg|thumb|300px|none|Concept Map, Session 11th of december. Lecturer was Pierre André Martin, a french landscape architect with his practice in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]

== Sustainable Landscaping for Open Events ==
The lecture was hold by Pierre André Martin, a French landscape architect who has his practice (Embayá) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In his presentation (http://fluswikien.hfwu.de/index.php/Minutes_Tuesday,_11th_of_December_2012)
he explaind his ideas and thoughts on examples of his professional work. His work aims to develop sustainable solutions for construction in sensible ecosystems, always respecting the natural life cycles.
From his session our group could infer the following points:

* A considerable lost of environmental ethics have driven the landscape architects to emphasize only on the aesthetics of their work, rather than its natural origin.
* The integration of different urban elements to natural landscapes can create social awareness and improve the interaction between citizens and nature.
* Always to search for the most sustainable solution for landscape design in which the natural cycles of the existing ecosystems won’t be affected.
* The respect of the natural flora of the place. Impositions of foreign varieties and building solutions threaten our natural habitats.

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:19:25Z

Linus: /* Discussion */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map Session,11.12.2012 ==
[[Image:Group_P_concept_map.jpg|thumb|300px|none|Concept Map, Session 11th of december. Lecturer was Pierre André Martin, a french landscape architect with his practice in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]

== Sustainable Landscaping for Open Events ==
The lecture was hold by Pierre André Martin, a French landscape architect who has his practice (Embayá) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In his presentation (http://fluswikien.hfwu.de/index.php/Minutes_Tuesday,_11th_of_December_2012)
he explaind his ideas and thoughts on examples of his professional work. His work aims to develop sustainable solutions for construction in sensible ecosystems, always respecting the natural life cycles.
From his session our group could infer the following points:

* A considerable lost of environmental ethics have driven the landscape architects to emphasize only on the aesthetics of their work, rather than its natural origin.
* The integration of different urban elements to natural landscapes can create social awareness and improve the interaction between citizens and nature.
* Always to search for the most sustainable solution for landscape design in which the natural cycles of the existing ecosystems won’t be affected.
* The respect of the natural flora of the place. Impositions of foreign varieties and building solutions threaten our natural habitats.

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:18:52Z

Linus: /* Discussion */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map Session,11.12.2012 ==
[[Image:Group_P_concept_map.jpg|thumb|300px|none|Concept Map, Session 11th of december. Lecturer was Pierre André Martin, a french landscape architect with his practice in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]

== Discussion ==
Sustainable Landscaping for Open Events

The lecture was hold by Pierre André Martin, a French landscape architect who has his practice (Embayá) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In his presentation (http://fluswikien.hfwu.de/index.php/Minutes_Tuesday,_11th_of_December_2012)
he explaind his ideas and thoughts on examples of his professional work. His work aims to develop sustainable solutions for construction in sensible ecosystems, always respecting the natural life cycles.
From his session our group could infer the following points:

* A considerable lost of environmental ethics have driven the landscape architects to emphasize only on the aesthetics of their work, rather than its natural origin.
* The integration of different urban elements to natural landscapes can create social awareness and improve the interaction between citizens and nature.
* Always to search for the most sustainable solution for landscape design in which the natural cycles of the existing ecosystems won’t be affected.
* The respect of the natural flora of the place. Impositions of foreign varieties and building solutions threaten our natural habitats.

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:16:58Z

Linus:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map Session,11.12.2012 ==
[[Image:Group_P_concept_map.jpg|thumb|300px|none|Concept Map, Session 11th of december. Lecturer was Pierre André Martin, a french landscape architect with his practice in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]

== Discussion ==
Sustainable Landscaping for Open Events

The lecture was hold by Pierre André Martin, a French landscape architect who has his practice (Embayá) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In his presentation (http://fluswikien.hfwu.de/index.php/Minutes_Tuesday,_11th_of_December_2012)
he explaind his ideas and thoughts on examples of his professional work. His work aims to develop sustainable solutions for construction in sensible ecosystems, always respecting the natural life cycles.
From his session our group could infer the following points:

A considerable lost of environmental ethics have driven the landscape architects to emphasize only on the aesthetics of their work, rather than its natural origin.
The integration of different urban elements to natural landscapes can create social awareness and improve the interaction between citizens and nature.
Always to search for the most sustainable solution for landscape design in which the natural cycles of the existing ecosystems won’t be affected.
The respect of the natural flora of the place. Impositions of foreign varieties and building solutions threaten our natural habitats.

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:04:13Z

Linus:

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:03:24Z

Linus:

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:02:45Z

Linus:

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-12-23T22:00:41Z

Linus:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:Group_P_concept_map.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

File:Group P concept map.jpg

2012-12-23T21:59:31Z

Linus: uploaded a new version of "File:Group P concept map.jpg"

File:Group P concept map.jpg

2012-12-23T21:58:11Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:13:12Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:12:10Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:11:34Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:07:16Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:06:47Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:05:25Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:04:48Z

Linus:

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:03:58Z

Linus:

Group Q - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:03:13Z

Linus:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group Q - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the town/village name''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter a country''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*Please summarise:- e.g. previous experience, is it your everyday environment?, specific vulnerability, previous research being done etc.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T23:00:16Z

Linus:

Group Q - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-02T22:57:26Z

Linus:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group Q - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the town/village name''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Honduras''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*Please summarise:- e.g. previous experience, is it your everyday environment?, specific vulnerability, previous research being done etc.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories