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Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-05T19:53:51Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* Strategic planning of Land use: The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Energy efficiency: Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* Sea levels rise and flooding: New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

----

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal. [http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-05T19:52:53Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* Strategic planning of Land use: The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Energy efficiency: Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* Sea levels rise and flooding: New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

----

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal. [http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

=== Videos ===

[[http://youtu.be/zbx3FDDNeQM]]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group Q - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T10:10:50Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group Q - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Karachi''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Pakistan''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Impacts of climate change on Karachi''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ana Žmire, Farzan Azarpour, Bojan Ilijin''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Karachi.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=24.534113
|lng=67.032597
|zoom=7
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

*The area that we have chosen is Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan. Main reasons why we chose this area is that the city of Karachi tops the list of cities unsuitable for life, because terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are being destroyed, air is polluted and natural resources are misused.
*There is a growing socio-economic inequality and increasing environmental degradation.
*Some of the problems that are present in this area are increased CO2 concentrations, heat waves, cyclones, floods, lack of drinking water and falling of groundwater levels.

=== Authors' perspectives ===

As landscape architects we are closely associated with changes in landscape due to climate change. Learning about climate changes in a region that is far from ours will help us understand and prevent damage, slow down rapid change in climate and landscape, not only in our region but also all over the world. Karachi City represent an example how neglecting landscape reflects on climate, and what will happen if people don't start understanding what the consequences of their actions are.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Karachi, Pakistan, the country's largest city and the capital of Sind province, lies on the flat, sandy coast facing the Arabian Sea just north of the Indus River delta. It became capital city of a new Dominion of Pakistan in 1947, until 1960 when Islamabad was constructed and became tne new capital city of Pakistan.

Karachi is Pakistan's largest industrial and commercial center, handling much of Pakistan's international trade. Leading manufacturing industries include food processing, shipbuilding, and the making of textiles, chemicals, and machinery. Oil refineries, a nuclear power plant, and the nation's first steel mill are nearby. Karachi is Pakistan's only seaport and the center of the nation's fishing industry. It also serves as the main port for landlocked Afghanistan.

Originally a tiny fishing village, Karachi became a trading center in the 1700's. After gaining control of the region in the 19th century, British developed the city into an important port. Rapid growth came after Pakistan became independent in 1947, largely, because of the huge influx of Muslim refugees from India. Karachi was the national capital from 1947 until 1959. Over the next several decades it was one of the fastest growing cities in the world, doubling its population from 1981 to 1999.[http://karachi786.blogspot.de/p/geography.html Geography in Karachi]

'''Population'''

[[File:Karachi population.png|200px|thumb|left|Karachi City population growth (in millions)]]The urban population has increased from 4,015,000 (14.2 per cent of the total) in 1941 to 42,458,000 (32.5 per cent of total) in 1998. The 1998 figures have been challenged since only those settlements have been considered as urban which have urban local government structures. Population density as a whole has also increased from 42.5 people per km2 in 1951 to 164 in 1998.

The earliest inhabitants of the area that became Karachi were Sindhi tribes. Before the end of British colonial rule and the subsequent independence of Pakistan in 1947, the population of the city was vastly consisting Hindus and Sikhs. The city is still a home to a large community of Gujarati Muslims who were one of the earliest settlers in the city, and still form the majority in Saddar Town. Other early settlers included the Marwari Muslims, Parsis originally from Iran, Marathi and Konkani Muslims from Maharashtra (settled in Kokan Town), Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians. Most non-Muslims left the city to India in the 1950s, after independence, but there are still small communities of Parsis, Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians in the city.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Karachi Demographics of Karachi]

'''Topography'''

Karachi may be broadly divided into two parts; the hilly areas in the north and west and an undulating plain and coastal area in the south-east. The hills in Karachi are the off-shoots of the Kirthar Range. The highest point of these hills in Karachi is about 528m in the extreme north. All these hills are devoid of vegetation and have wide intervening plains, dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has a long coastline in the south. The famous sea beaches include Hawks Bay,Paradise Point, Sands Pit, and Clifton. China Creek and Korangi Creek provide excellent calm water channels for rowing and other water activities. Away from the shoreline are small islands including Shamsh Pir, Baba Bhit, Bunker, Salehabad and Manora.<ref name="Topography"> Arif Hasan and Masooma Mohib (2003). ''Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 case study of Karachi, Pakistan ''http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/cities/karachi.htm</ref>.

According to the ﬁnd-ings of a study funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) – Comprehensive Plan for Forestation, Aesthetc Plantaton and Landscaping for Karachi, 2008 - total vegetation cover in Karachi as estmated through satellite imageries is 62,643 acres which works out as 7% of the total land area of 907,001 acres. [http://www.scribd.com/doc/100286295/Karachi-City-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Stratergy-A-road-Map Karachi City Climate Change(Adaptation Stratergy): A road Map]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''Culture'''

*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Krokola was the ancient name of Karachi what literally means „a place where crocodile worship“. Around 1558, Karachi was a conglomerate of fishing villages, called Kalachi or Kalati, and in 1729, Seth Bhoju Mal laid foundation of a small township on the left bank of Lyari River. Town was recognized for commerce in the period of the Kalhora princess in 1793. Until 1839, after the capture of Manora fort that put British in possession of the town.
The modern port – city was developed by British in the 19th century. In 1947, after the independence of Pakistan, Karachi was chosen to be its capital, and it was settled by Muslim refugees, which radically expanded city's population and transformed its demographics and economy.

'''Economy'''

Karachi is the financial and commercial capital of Pakistan, and a nerve center of Pakistan's economy. In line with its status as a major port and the country's largest metropolis, it accounts for a lion's share of Pakistan's revenue which is around 25%. It also contributes to Pakistan's manufacturing sector with approximately 30 percent. It has large industrial zones which are located on the fringes of the main city, and its primary areas of industry are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. The economic stagnation caused by political anarchy, ethnic strife and resultant military operation during late 1980s and 1990s led to an exit of industry from Karachi.

As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges that are central to many developing metropolises, including traffic congestion, pollution, poverty and street crime. These problems continue to earn Karachi low rankings in livability comparisons.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Karachi]

[[File:Karachi districts.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Administrative districts of Karachi]]

'''Legal framework'''

The politics of Karachi takes place at the municipal, provincial and federal levels of the government. First form of government was established in 1846 in form of a conservancy board to control the spread of cholera in the city, and in 1852 board became a municipal commitee. Administrative districts changed in numbers and size over the years, and since 2011, City District Government of Karachi has been de-merged into five districts: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Karachi]

Decentralization and absence of a coordination between administrative districts is one of the main problems in Karachi. Due to a variety of reasons, mostly political, the mandated relevance of the local government development authorities has been minimized.

=== Local Climate ===

Karachi is located on the coast, and therefore has an arid climate with low average precipitation levels (approx. 250 mm (9.8 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July–August monsoon season. Winters are mild and dry, while the summers are warm and humid.

The proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. December and January are dry and pleasant as compared to the warm summers that dominate through the late spring (March) to the pre-monsoon season (June). Compared to other parts of Pakistan, Karachi's weather is considered mild.

The city's highest monthly rainfall, 429.3 mm (16.90 in), occurred in July 1967. The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.[30] Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 47 °C (117 °F), which was recorded on 18 June 1979,and the lowest is 0.0 °C (32.0 °F), recorded on 21 January 1934.

[[File:Karachi Climate Data.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Karachi Climate Data]]
The ''monsoon and the Western Disturbance'' are the two main factors which alter the weather over Karachi; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that alter the weather over Karachi city.

Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause drizzle to light showers, temperature also decreases due to it.
Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November.
Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of July till September. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding.
Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the metropolis.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
* Karachi's biggest problems in terms of vulnerability due to climate change are: flooding, drought, extreme heat events and sea level rise.

'''Flooding''' is main problem that threatens Karachi. Besides tidal flooding which endangers fishing settlements on the coast there are 3 more sources of flooding in Karachi.

1. Fluvial flooding – from Lyari and Malir rivers and their tributaries

2. Surface water flooding – from heavy rainfall that overcomes the drainage system

3. Sewer flooding – from sewer overflowing

that primarily threaten fishing settlements at coast, slums and low lying localities and hill settlements.

Possible impacts of flooding: loss of life and personal injury, direct damage to property, infrastructure , contaminaton and disease from ﬂood and sewer water, possible relocaton and resettlement of communites.

'''Drought''' is a consequence of insufficient rainfall in Karachi.

Possible impacts of drought: reduced river flow, reduced recharge of groundwater reserves, increased evapotranspiration, increased demand for water by people and wildlife, impacts on farming

'''Extreme heat events''' are defined as extended periods of hotter than average temperatures, and it can cause a problem due to people of different age have different abilities to deal with high temperatures. Constantly growing population density in Karachi, transport and industrial growth which increase fossil fuel consumption and emissions of CO2 all lead to urban heat island effect.

Possible impacts of extreme heat events: urban heat island effect, increased water usage, increased demand in energy for cooling, illnesses that are heat related and death, damage to infrastructure (such as electricity systems).

'''Sea level rise''' is closely connected with extreme heat events, that are causing ice melting and rise of the level of the oceans.

Possible impacts of sea level rise: damage to ecosystems, loss of fishing communities at coast, damage to residential, governmental and recreational infrastructure

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

When it comes to adaption measures the starting point would be to remind the city government that they are the guardians of the city and to start educating people about climate change and what is their role in preventing the worst scenario. There are no measures that can prevent climate change, only those that lessen the influence and damage of climate change, so our proposal for adaption would be:

1. Flooding – development of flood risk zones by the rivers of Lyari and Malir, adapt city sewer infrastructure accordingly to the rainfall intensity and maintain it regularly, prevent settlements in areas that are in flood risk zones, increase areas covered with vegetation.

2. Drought – implement measures to promote sustainable water use in farming, prevent unsustainable sand extraction from river basins, implement policies for water harvesting and water recycling.

3. Extreme heat waves – increase areas covered with vegetation, implement green roofs, implement policy that will discourage use of private vehicles, implement environment friendly energy sources, use of building materials that reduce overheating.

4. Sea level rise – place flooding barriers along rivers and and in areas in tidal flooding zones, dislocation of people from the risk zones, restrict development in the coastal area, prevention of devastation and reestablishment of mangroves that can act as tidal buffer.

To assure sustainability of listed measures planning should be on all levels, national, regional and local, and functional legal framework would have to be implemented.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

Climate change mitigation refers to decreasing of greenhouse gas concentrations in order to reduce the effects of global warming through various methods such as the use of alternative energy sources, energy efficiency and conservation, carbon sinks, geoengineering and many more.

In this case, Karachi city could reduce carbon dioxide emisson by discouraging the use of private vehicles, for example by implementing higher taxes for cars that run on fossile fuels, raise fuel cost and encourage use of hybrid cars by lowering taxes on them. Or by implementing steam and odd policy, depending on the day of the month and car licence plate number, inhabitants can or cannot use their private cars. Also, lowering the cost of public transportation and organising a public traffic transport network that can satisfy the city's needs would encourage people to use public transport more often.

Implementing a green infrastructure network through the city would help by accumulating carbon dioxide into plants and it would serve as a carbon sink. One of the ways to make use of constant floods would be, instead of raising barriers to prevent rivers from flooding, to allow them to flood their basins that would serve as wetlands for carbon dioxide accumulation. Wetlands could also serve as natural reserves for wildlife, water recycling and desalinization and absorb some of the city's heat problems along with implementation of green roofs.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Karachi aerial.jpg|Aerial of Karachi City
Image:Karachi 1889.jpg|Karachi in 1889
Image:Karachi street 1890.jpg|Busy street scene in Karachi, 1890
Image:Karachi traffic.jpg|A traffic policeman fights a losing battle in Karachi
Image:Karachi_traffic_problem.jpg|Karachi traffic problem, 1994
Image:Mozar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg|Mozar Quaid-e-Azam, the burial site of Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Image:Tropical cyclone 03B.jpg|Tropical Cyclone Gonu, Cyclone 03B, in June 2007 caused flooding and wind damage in Karachi
Image:Flood.jpg|Pakistanis wade through a flooded road caused by heavy monsoon rainfall in Karachi
</gallery>

=== References ===

<references/>
1. Arif Hasan and Masooma Mohib (2003). ''Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 case study of Karachi, Pakistan'' [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/cities/karachi.htm]

2. Farhan Anwar (2012). ''Karachi City Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, Pakistan'' [http://www.scribd.com/doc/100286295/Karachi-City-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Stratergy-A-road-Map]

Group Q - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T10:06:11Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group Q - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Karachi''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Pakistan''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Impacts of climate change on Karachi''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ana Žmire, Farzan Azarpour, Bojan Ilijin''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Karachi.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=24.534113
|lng=67.032597
|zoom=7
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

*The area that we have chosen is Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan. Main reasons why we chose this area is that the city of Karachi tops the list of cities unsuitable for life, because terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are being destroyed, air is polluted and natural resources are misused.
*There is a growing socio-economic inequality and increasing environmental degradation.
*Some of the problems that are present in this area are increased CO2 concentrations, heat waves, cyclones, floods, lack of drinking water and falling of groundwater levels.

=== Authors' perspectives ===

As landscape architects we are closely associated with changes in landscape due to climate change. Learning about climate changes in a region that is far from ours will help us understand and prevent damage, slow down rapid change in climate and landscape, not only in our region but also all over the world. Karachi City represent an example how neglecting landscape reflects on climate, and what will happen if people don't start understanding what the consequences of their actions are.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Karachi, Pakistan, the country's largest city and the capital of Sind province, lies on the flat, sandy coast facing the Arabian Sea just north of the Indus River delta. It became capital city of a new Dominion of Pakistan in 1947, until 1960 when Islamabad was constructed and became tne new capital city of Pakistan.

Karachi is Pakistan's largest industrial and commercial center, handling much of Pakistan's international trade. Leading manufacturing industries include food processing, shipbuilding, and the making of textiles, chemicals, and machinery. Oil refineries, a nuclear power plant, and the nation's first steel mill are nearby. Karachi is Pakistan's only seaport and the center of the nation's fishing industry. It also serves as the main port for landlocked Afghanistan.

Originally a tiny fishing village, Karachi became a trading center in the 1700's. After gaining control of the region in the 19th century, British developed the city into an important port. Rapid growth came after Pakistan became independent in 1947, largely, because of the huge influx of Muslim refugees from India. Karachi was the national capital from 1947 until 1959. Over the next several decades it was one of the fastest growing cities in the world, doubling its population from 1981 to 1999.[http://karachi786.blogspot.de/p/geography.html Geography in Karachi]

'''Population'''

[[File:Karachi population.png|200px|thumb|left|Karachi City population growth (in millions)]]The urban population has increased from 4,015,000 (14.2 per cent of the total) in 1941 to 42,458,000 (32.5 per cent of total) in 1998. The 1998 figures have been challenged since only those settlements have been considered as urban which have urban local government structures. Population density as a whole has also increased from 42.5 people per km2 in 1951 to 164 in 1998.

The earliest inhabitants of the area that became Karachi were Sindhi tribes. Before the end of British colonial rule and the subsequent independence of Pakistan in 1947, the population of the city was vastly consisting Hindus and Sikhs. The city is still a home to a large community of Gujarati Muslims who were one of the earliest settlers in the city, and still form the majority in Saddar Town. Other early settlers included the Marwari Muslims, Parsis originally from Iran, Marathi and Konkani Muslims from Maharashtra (settled in Kokan Town), Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians. Most non-Muslims left the city to India in the 1950s, after independence, but there are still small communities of Parsis, Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians in the city.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Karachi Demographics of Karachi]

'''Topography'''

Karachi may be broadly divided into two parts; the hilly areas in the north and west and an undulating plain and coastal area in the south-east. The hills in Karachi are the off-shoots of the Kirthar Range. The highest point of these hills in Karachi is about 528m in the extreme north. All these hills are devoid of vegetation and have wide intervening plains, dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has a long coastline in the south. The famous sea beaches include Hawks Bay,Paradise Point, Sands Pit, and Clifton. China Creek and Korangi Creek provide excellent calm water channels for rowing and other water activities. Away from the shoreline are small islands including Shamsh Pir, Baba Bhit, Bunker, Salehabad and Manora.<ref name="Topography"> Arif Hasan and Masooma Mohib (2003). ''Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 case study of Karachi, Pakistan ''http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/cities/karachi.htm</ref>.

According to the ﬁnd-ings of a study funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) – Comprehensive Plan for Forestation, Aesthetc Plantaton and Landscaping for Karachi, 2008 - total vegetation cover in Karachi as estmated through satellite imageries is 62,643 acres which works out as 7% of the total land area of 907,001 acres. [http://www.scribd.com/doc/100286295/Karachi-City-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Stratergy-A-road-Map Karachi City Climate Change(Adaptation Stratergy): A road Map]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''Culture'''

*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Krokola was the ancient name of Karachi what literally means „a place where crocodile worship“. Around 1558, Karachi was a conglomerate of fishing villages, called Kalachi or Kalati, and in 1729, Seth Bhoju Mal laid foundation of a small township on the left bank of Lyari River. Town was recognized for commerce in the period of the Kalhora princess in 1793. Until 1839, after the capture of Manora fort that put British in possession of the town.
The modern port – city was developed by British in the 19th century. In 1947, after the independence of Pakistan, Karachi was chosen to be its capital, and it was settled by Muslim refugees, which radically expanded city's population and transformed its demographics and economy.

'''Economy'''

Karachi is the financial and commercial capital of Pakistan, and a nerve center of Pakistan's economy. In line with its status as a major port and the country's largest metropolis, it accounts for a lion's share of Pakistan's revenue which is around 25%. It also contributes to Pakistan's manufacturing sector with approximately 30 percent. It has large industrial zones which are located on the fringes of the main city, and its primary areas of industry are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. The economic stagnation caused by political anarchy, ethnic strife and resultant military operation during late 1980s and 1990s led to an exit of industry from Karachi.

As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges that are central to many developing metropolises, including traffic congestion, pollution, poverty and street crime. These problems continue to earn Karachi low rankings in livability comparisons.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Karachi]

[[File:Karachi districts.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Administrative districts of Karachi]]

'''Legal framework'''

The politics of Karachi takes place at the municipal, provincial and federal levels of the government. First form of government was established in 1846 in form of a conservancy board to control the spread of cholera in the city, and in 1852 board became a municipal commitee. Administrative districts changed in numbers and size over the years, and since 2011, City District Government of Karachi has been de-merged into five districts: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Karachi]

Decentralization and absence of a coordination between administrative districts is one of the main problems in Karachi. Due to a variety of reasons, mostly political, the mandated relevance of the local government development authorities has been minimized.

=== Local Climate ===

Karachi is located on the coast, and therefore has an arid climate with low average precipitation levels (approx. 250 mm (9.8 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July–August monsoon season. Winters are mild and dry, while the summers are warm and humid.

The proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. December and January are dry and pleasant as compared to the warm summers that dominate through the late spring (March) to the pre-monsoon season (June). Compared to other parts of Pakistan, Karachi's weather is considered mild.

The city's highest monthly rainfall, 429.3 mm (16.90 in), occurred in July 1967. The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.[30] Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 47 °C (117 °F), which was recorded on 18 June 1979,and the lowest is 0.0 °C (32.0 °F), recorded on 21 January 1934.

[[File:Karachi Climate Data.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Karachi Climate Data]]
The ''monsoon and the Western Disturbance'' are the two main factors which alter the weather over Karachi; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that alter the weather over Karachi city.

Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause drizzle to light showers, temperature also decreases due to it.
Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November.
Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of July till September. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding.
Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the metropolis.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
* Karachi's biggest problems in terms of vulnerability due to climate change are: flooding, drought, extreme heat events and sea level rise.

'''Flooding''' is main problem that threatens Karachi. Besides tidal flooding which endangers fishing settlements on the coast there are 3 more sources of flooding in Karachi.

1. Fluvial flooding – from Lyari and Malir rivers and their tributaries

2. Surface water flooding – from heavy rainfall that overcomes the drainage system

3. Sewer flooding – from sewer overflowing

that primarily threaten fishing settlements at coast, slums and low lying localities and hill settlements.

Possible impacts of flooding: loss of life and personal injury, direct damage to property, infrastructure , contaminaton and disease from ﬂood and sewer water, possible relocaton and resettlement of communites.

'''Drought''' is a consequence of insufficient rainfall in Karachi.

Possible impacts of drought: reduced river flow, reduced recharge of groundwater reserves, increased evapotranspiration, increased demand for water by people and wildlife, impacts on farming

'''Extreme heat events''' are defined as extended periods of hotter than average temperatures, and it can cause a problem due to people of different age have different abilities to deal with high temperatures. Constantly growing population density in Karachi, transport and industrial growth which increase fossil fuel consumption and emissions of CO2 all lead to urban heat island effect.

Possible impacts of extreme heat events: urban heat island effect, increased water usage, increased demand in energy for cooling, illnesses that are heat related and death, damage to infrastructure (such as electricity systems).

'''Sea level rise''' is closely connected with extreme heat events, that are causing ice melting and rise of the level of the oceans.

Possible impacts of sea level rise: damage to ecosystems, loss of fishing communities at coast, damage to residential, governmental and recreational infrastructure

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

When it comes to adaption measures the starting point would be to remind the city government that they are the guardians of the city and to start educating people about climate change and what is their role in preventing the worst scenario. There are no measures that can prevent climate change, only those that lessen the influence and damage of climate change, so our proposal for adaption would be:

1. Flooding – development of flood risk zones by the rivers of Lyari and Malir, adapt city sewer infrastructure accordingly to the rainfall intensity and maintain it regularly, prevent settlements in areas that are in flood risk zones, increase areas covered with vegetation.

2. Drought – implement measures to promote sustainable water use in farming, prevent unsustainable sand extraction from river basins, implement policies for water harvesting and water recycling.

3. Extreme heat waves – increase areas covered with vegetation, implement green roofs, implement policy that will discourage use of private vehicles, implement environment friendly energy sources, use of building materials that reduce overheating.

4. Sea level rise – place flooding barriers along rivers and and in areas in tidal flooding zones, dislocation of people from the risk zones, restrict development in the coastal area, prevention of devastation and reestablishment of mangroves that can act as tidal buffer.

To assure sustainability of listed measures planning should be on all levels, national, regional and local, and functional legal framework would have to be implemented.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

Climate change mitigation refers to decreasing of greenhouse gas concentrations in order to reduce the effects of global warming through various methods such as the use of alternative energy sources, energy efficiency and conservation, carbon sinks, geoengineering and many more.

In this case, Karachi city could reduce carbon dioxide emisson by discouraging the use of private vehicles, for example by implementing higher taxes for cars that run on fossile fuels, raise fuel cost and encourage use of hybrid cars by lowering taxes on them. Or by implementing steam and odd policy, depending on the day of the month and car licence plate number, inhabitants can or cannot use their private cars. Also, lowering the cost of public transportation and organising a public traffic transport network that can satisfy the city's needs would encourage people to use public transport more often.

Implementing a green infrastructure network through the city would help by accumulating carbon dioxide into plants and it would serve as a carbon sink. One of the ways to make use of constant floods would be, instead of raising barriers to prevent rivers from flooding, to allow them to flood their basins that would serve as wetlands for carbon dioxide accumulation. Wetlands could also serve as natural reserves for wildlife, water recycling and desalinization and absorb some of the city's heat problems along with implementation of green roofs.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Karachi aerial.jpg|Aerial of Karachi City
Image:Karachi 1889.jpg|Karachi in 1889
Image:Karachi street 1890.jpg|Busy street scene in Karachi, 1890
Image:Karachi traffic.jpg|A traffic policeman fights a losing battle in Karachi
Image:Karachi_traffic_problem.jpg|Karachi traffic problem, 1994
Image:Mozar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg|Mozar Quaid-e-Azam, the burial site of Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Image:Tropical cyclone 03B.jpg|Tropical Cyclone Gonu, Cyclone 03B, in June 2007 caused flooding and wind damage in Karachi
Image:Flood.jpg|Pakistanis wade through a flooded road caused by heavy monsoon rainfall in Karachi
</gallery>

=== References ===

1. Arif Hasan and Masooma Mohib (2003). ''Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 case study of Karachi, Pakistan'' [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/cities/karachi.htm]

2. Farhan Anwar (2012). ''Karachi City Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, Pakistan'' [http://www.scribd.com/doc/100286295/Karachi-City-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Stratergy-A-road-Map]

Group Q - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-01-14T10:03:48Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group Q - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Karachi''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Pakistan''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Impacts of climate change on Karachi''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Ana Žmire, Farzan Azarpour, Bojan Ilijin''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Karachi.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=24.534113
|lng=67.032597
|zoom=7
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

*The area that we have chosen is Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan. Main reasons why we chose this area is that the city of Karachi tops the list of cities unsuitable for life, because terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are being destroyed, air is polluted and natural resources are misused.
*There is a growing socio-economic inequality and increasing environmental degradation.
*Some of the problems that are present in this area are increased CO2 concentrations, heat waves, cyclones, floods, lack of drinking water and falling of groundwater levels.

=== Authors' perspectives ===

As landscape architects we are closely associated with changes in landscape due to climate change. Learning about climate changes in a region that is far from ours will help us understand and prevent damage, slow down rapid change in climate and landscape, not only in our region but also all over the world. Karachi City represent an example how neglecting landscape reflects on climate, and what will happen if people don't start understanding what the consequences of their actions are.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Karachi, Pakistan, the country's largest city and the capital of Sind province, lies on the flat, sandy coast facing the Arabian Sea just north of the Indus River delta. It became capital city of a new Dominion of Pakistan in 1947, until 1960 when Islamabad was constructed and became tne new capital city of Pakistan.

Karachi is Pakistan's largest industrial and commercial center, handling much of Pakistan's international trade. Leading manufacturing industries include food processing, shipbuilding, and the making of textiles, chemicals, and machinery. Oil refineries, a nuclear power plant, and the nation's first steel mill are nearby. Karachi is Pakistan's only seaport and the center of the nation's fishing industry. It also serves as the main port for landlocked Afghanistan.

Originally a tiny fishing village, Karachi became a trading center in the 1700's. After gaining control of the region in the 19th century, British developed the city into an important port. Rapid growth came after Pakistan became independent in 1947, largely, because of the huge influx of Muslim refugees from India. Karachi was the national capital from 1947 until 1959. Over the next several decades it was one of the fastest growing cities in the world, doubling its population from 1981 to 1999.[http://karachi786.blogspot.de/p/geography.html Geography in Karachi]

'''Population'''

[[File:Karachi population.png|200px|thumb|left|Karachi City population growth (in millions)]]The urban population has increased from 4,015,000 (14.2 per cent of the total) in 1941 to 42,458,000 (32.5 per cent of total) in 1998. The 1998 figures have been challenged since only those settlements have been considered as urban which have urban local government structures. Population density as a whole has also increased from 42.5 people per km2 in 1951 to 164 in 1998.

The earliest inhabitants of the area that became Karachi were Sindhi tribes. Before the end of British colonial rule and the subsequent independence of Pakistan in 1947, the population of the city was vastly consisting Hindus and Sikhs. The city is still a home to a large community of Gujarati Muslims who were one of the earliest settlers in the city, and still form the majority in Saddar Town. Other early settlers included the Marwari Muslims, Parsis originally from Iran, Marathi and Konkani Muslims from Maharashtra (settled in Kokan Town), Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians. Most non-Muslims left the city to India in the 1950s, after independence, but there are still small communities of Parsis, Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians in the city.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Karachi Demographics of Karachi]

'''Topography'''

Karachi may be broadly divided into two parts; the hilly areas in the north and west and an undulating plain and coastal area in the south-east. The hills in Karachi are the off-shoots of the Kirthar Range. The highest point of these hills in Karachi is about 528m in the extreme north. All these hills are devoid of vegetation and have wide intervening plains, dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has a long coastline in the south. The famous sea beaches include Hawks Bay,Paradise Point, Sands Pit, and Clifton. China Creek and Korangi Creek provide excellent calm water channels for rowing and other water activities. Away from the shoreline are small islands including Shamsh Pir, Baba Bhit, Bunker, Salehabad and Manora.<ref name="Topography"> Arif Hasan and Masooma Mohib (2003). ''Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 case study of Karachi, Pakistan ''http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/cities/karachi.htm</ref>.

According to the ﬁnd-ings of a study funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) – Comprehensive Plan for Forestation, Aesthetc Plantaton and Landscaping for Karachi, 2008 - total vegetation cover in Karachi as estmated through satellite imageries is 62,643 acres which works out as 7% of the total land area of 907,001 acres. [http://www.scribd.com/doc/100286295/Karachi-City-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Stratergy-A-road-Map]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

'''Culture'''

*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Krokola was the ancient name of Karachi what literally means „a place where crocodile worship“. Around 1558, Karachi was a conglomerate of fishing villages, called Kalachi or Kalati, and in 1729, Seth Bhoju Mal laid foundation of a small township on the left bank of Lyari River. Town was recognized for commerce in the period of the Kalhora princess in 1793. Until 1839, after the capture of Manora fort that put British in possession of the town.
The modern port – city was developed by British in the 19th century. In 1947, after the independence of Pakistan, Karachi was chosen to be its capital, and it was settled by Muslim refugees, which radically expanded city's population and transformed its demographics and economy.

'''Economy'''

Karachi is the financial and commercial capital of Pakistan, and a nerve center of Pakistan's economy. In line with its status as a major port and the country's largest metropolis, it accounts for a lion's share of Pakistan's revenue which is around 25%. It also contributes to Pakistan's manufacturing sector with approximately 30 percent. It has large industrial zones which are located on the fringes of the main city, and its primary areas of industry are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. The economic stagnation caused by political anarchy, ethnic strife and resultant military operation during late 1980s and 1990s led to an exit of industry from Karachi.

As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges that are central to many developing metropolises, including traffic congestion, pollution, poverty and street crime. These problems continue to earn Karachi low rankings in livability comparisons.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Karachi]

[[File:Karachi districts.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Administrative districts of Karachi]]

'''Legal framework'''

The politics of Karachi takes place at the municipal, provincial and federal levels of the government. First form of government was established in 1846 in form of a conservancy board to control the spread of cholera in the city, and in 1852 board became a municipal commitee. Administrative districts changed in numbers and size over the years, and since 2011, City District Government of Karachi has been de-merged into five districts: Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Karachi]

Decentralization and absence of a coordination between administrative districts is one of the main problems in Karachi. Due to a variety of reasons, mostly political, the mandated relevance of the local government development authorities has been minimized.

=== Local Climate ===

Karachi is located on the coast, and therefore has an arid climate with low average precipitation levels (approx. 250 mm (9.8 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July–August monsoon season. Winters are mild and dry, while the summers are warm and humid.

The proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. December and January are dry and pleasant as compared to the warm summers that dominate through the late spring (March) to the pre-monsoon season (June). Compared to other parts of Pakistan, Karachi's weather is considered mild.

The city's highest monthly rainfall, 429.3 mm (16.90 in), occurred in July 1967. The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.[30] Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 47 °C (117 °F), which was recorded on 18 June 1979,and the lowest is 0.0 °C (32.0 °F), recorded on 21 January 1934.

[[File:Karachi Climate Data.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Karachi Climate Data]]
The ''monsoon and the Western Disturbance'' are the two main factors which alter the weather over Karachi; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that alter the weather over Karachi city.

Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause drizzle to light showers, temperature also decreases due to it.
Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November.
Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of July till September. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding.
Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the metropolis.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
* Karachi's biggest problems in terms of vulnerability due to climate change are: flooding, drought, extreme heat events and sea level rise.

'''Flooding''' is main problem that threatens Karachi. Besides tidal flooding which endangers fishing settlements on the coast there are 3 more sources of flooding in Karachi.

1. Fluvial flooding – from Lyari and Malir rivers and their tributaries

2. Surface water flooding – from heavy rainfall that overcomes the drainage system

3. Sewer flooding – from sewer overflowing

that primarily threaten fishing settlements at coast, slums and low lying localities and hill settlements.

Possible impacts of flooding: loss of life and personal injury, direct damage to property, infrastructure , contaminaton and disease from ﬂood and sewer water, possible relocaton and resettlement of communites.

'''Drought''' is a consequence of insufficient rainfall in Karachi.

Possible impacts of drought: reduced river flow, reduced recharge of groundwater reserves, increased evapotranspiration, increased demand for water by people and wildlife, impacts on farming

'''Extreme heat events''' are defined as extended periods of hotter than average temperatures, and it can cause a problem due to people of different age have different abilities to deal with high temperatures. Constantly growing population density in Karachi, transport and industrial growth which increase fossil fuel consumption and emissions of CO2 all lead to urban heat island effect.

Possible impacts of extreme heat events: urban heat island effect, increased water usage, increased demand in energy for cooling, illnesses that are heat related and death, damage to infrastructure (such as electricity systems).

'''Sea level rise''' is closely connected with extreme heat events, that are causing ice melting and rise of the level of the oceans.

Possible impacts of sea level rise: damage to ecosystems, loss of fishing communities at coast, damage to residential, governmental and recreational infrastructure

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

When it comes to adaption measures the starting point would be to remind the city government that they are the guardians of the city and to start educating people about climate change and what is their role in preventing the worst scenario. There are no measures that can prevent climate change, only those that lessen the influence and damage of climate change, so our proposal for adaption would be:

1. Flooding – development of flood risk zones by the rivers of Lyari and Malir, adapt city sewer infrastructure accordingly to the rainfall intensity and maintain it regularly, prevent settlements in areas that are in flood risk zones, increase areas covered with vegetation.

2. Drought – implement measures to promote sustainable water use in farming, prevent unsustainable sand extraction from river basins, implement policies for water harvesting and water recycling.

3. Extreme heat waves – increase areas covered with vegetation, implement green roofs, implement policy that will discourage use of private vehicles, implement environment friendly energy sources, use of building materials that reduce overheating.

4. Sea level rise – place flooding barriers along rivers and and in areas in tidal flooding zones, dislocation of people from the risk zones, restrict development in the coastal area, prevention of devastation and reestablishment of mangroves that can act as tidal buffer.

To assure sustainability of listed measures planning should be on all levels, national, regional and local, and functional legal framework would have to be implemented.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

Climate change mitigation refers to decreasing of greenhouse gas concentrations in order to reduce the effects of global warming through various methods such as the use of alternative energy sources, energy efficiency and conservation, carbon sinks, geoengineering and many more.

In this case, Karachi city could reduce carbon dioxide emisson by discouraging the use of private vehicles, for example by implementing higher taxes for cars that run on fossile fuels, raise fuel cost and encourage use of hybrid cars by lowering taxes on them. Or by implementing steam and odd policy, depending on the day of the month and car licence plate number, inhabitants can or cannot use their private cars. Also, lowering the cost of public transportation and organising a public traffic transport network that can satisfy the city's needs would encourage people to use public transport more often.

Implementing a green infrastructure network through the city would help by accumulating carbon dioxide into plants and it would serve as a carbon sink. One of the ways to make use of constant floods would be, instead of raising barriers to prevent rivers from flooding, to allow them to flood their basins that would serve as wetlands for carbon dioxide accumulation. Wetlands could also serve as natural reserves for wildlife, water recycling and desalinization and absorb some of the city's heat problems along with implementation of green roofs.

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Karachi aerial.jpg|Aerial of Karachi City
Image:Karachi 1889.jpg|Karachi in 1889
Image:Karachi street 1890.jpg|Busy street scene in Karachi, 1890
Image:Karachi traffic.jpg|A traffic policeman fights a losing battle in Karachi
Image:Karachi_traffic_problem.jpg|Karachi traffic problem, 1994
Image:Mozar_Quaid-e-Azam.jpg|Mozar Quaid-e-Azam, the burial site of Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Image:Tropical cyclone 03B.jpg|Tropical Cyclone Gonu, Cyclone 03B, in June 2007 caused flooding and wind damage in Karachi
Image:Flood.jpg|Pakistanis wade through a flooded road caused by heavy monsoon rainfall in Karachi
</gallery>

=== References ===

1. Arif Hasan and Masooma Mohib (2003). ''Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 case study of Karachi, Pakistan'' [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/cities/karachi.htm]

2. Farhan Anwar (2012). ''Karachi City Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, Pakistan'' [http://www.scribd.com/doc/100286295/Karachi-City-Climate-Change-Adaptation-Stratergy-A-road-Map]

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:48:30Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971.

Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.

Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. [http://www.iten-online.ch itenonline] According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.jpg|.
Image:climate 2.jpg|.
Image:climate 3.jpg|.
</gallery>

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:35:54Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. [http://www.iten-online.ch itenonline] According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.jpg|.
Image:climate 2.jpg|.
Image:climate 3.jpg|.
</gallery>

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:33:33Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. [www.iten-online.ch itenonline] According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.jpg|.
Image:climate 2.jpg|.
Image:climate 3.jpg|.
</gallery>

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:32:32Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. [iten-online.ch itenonline] According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.jpg|.
Image:climate 2.jpg|.
Image:climate 3.jpg|.
</gallery>

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:29:35Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).

Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).

Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.

Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. (iten-online.ch)

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.jpg|.
Image:climate 2.jpg|.
Image:climate 3.jpg|.
</gallery>

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:28:06Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).

Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).

Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.

Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. (iten-online.ch)

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.png|The illustration above shows the statistic graph of Mumbai's population in history.
Image:climate 2.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's zoning area.
Image:climate 3.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's Land use.
</gallery>

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:25:00Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).

Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).

Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.

Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. (iten-online.ch)

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">

Image:climate 1.JPG|
Image:climate 2.JPG|
Image:climate 3.JPG|

</gallery>

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:23:52Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).

Image:climate 1.jpg|your image text

Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).

Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.

Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. (iten-online.ch)

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">

Image:climate 1.JPG|
Image:climate 2.JPG|
Image:climate 3.JPG|

</gallery>

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:13:26Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).

Image:climate 1.jpg|your image text

Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).

Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.

Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. (iten-online.ch)

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

[[File:climate 1.jpg|200px|thumb|left|]]
[[File:climate 2.jpg|200px|thumb|left|]]
[[File:climate 3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|]]

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.jpg|your image text
Image:climate 2.jpg|your image text
Image:climate 3.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T13:10:36Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).

Image:climate 1.jpg|your image text

Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).

Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.

Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. (iten-online.ch)

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

Image:climate 2.jpg|your image text

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Image:climate 2.jpg|your image text

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.jpg|your image text
Image:climate 2.jpg|your image text
Image:climate 3.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group H - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T10:44:31Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group H - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Amsterdam''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Netherlands''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities - case study from Amsterdam, Netherland''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Sonja Jankovic, Zhang Yanjing, Martin Antonov''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Amsterdam.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=52.37306
|lng=4.8922
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*Please summarise:- e.g. previous experience, is it your everyday environment?, specific vulnerability, previous research being done etc.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country.
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?
Since the city is in canals, We will focus on flood-as one of the main problems that Amsterdam has today, which will in the future be even more pronounced due to climate changes that are expected, as our core issue.
Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:EU location NED.png|Nethelands location
Image:Kingdom-of-the-netherlands-map.jpg|[http://www.planetware.com/map/netherlands-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-map-nl-nlreg.htm Provinces of Netherlands 1970]
Image:Netherlands pop 1970.jpg|Population of Netherlands 1970
Image:Netherlands ind 1970.jpg|Industris 1970
Image:Netherlands pol87.jpg|Roads
Image:Nlcolor.gif|Netherlands elevation
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Source of image
/http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam
/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/EU_location_NED.png
/http://www.vidiani.com/maps/maps_of_europe/maps_of_netherlands/road_map_of_netherlands.jpg
/http://www.planetware.com/map/netherlands-kingdom-of-the-netherlands-map-nl-nlreg.htm
/http://maps.nationmaster.com/country/nl/1
/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/lgcolor/nlcolorlf.htm
----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group K - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T09:52:16Z

Kun: /* Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group K - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Mediterranean Sea Region''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Alexandria''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Egypt''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|Martina Sekutor, Ilze Draudina, Emil Tanner''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=31.213389
|lng=29.920475
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
Climate changes are already having an enormous effect on ecosystems, agriculture, forests, hydrological cycle, air quality etc. The Mediterranean region is one of the most threatened on the Earth. Mediterranean climates are found in only five places on the Earth: California and northern Baja California, the basin of the Mediterranean Sea, southwestern Australia, the western cape of South Africa and the central coast of Chile [http://www.medclimatechangeinitiative.org/ (Mediterranean climate change…)]. These regions cover only a small part of the Earths land surface (about 2,2 percent), but it also incorporates about 20 percent of all known plant species. Only the tropical rainforests of the western hemisphere and Southeast Asia have a bigger density of plant species (Shaw, 2010). By 2100, the Mediterranean biome is presumed to loose poportionally the largest biodiversity of all terrestrial biomes because of its sensitivity to multiple biodiversity threats(Klausmeyer and Shaw, 2009).
One of the most noticeable coastal villages in the Mediterranean Sea region is Alexandria in Egypt and it is chosen as a case study area. Alexandria is an important area for industry, agriculture,fishery and tourism. Because of lack of environmental monitoring and legal framework Alexandria is subordinated to serious changes. For all of our group members this area is a new challenge and a great opportunity to study the impact of climate change on the high value coastal areas.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
One of the requirements of landscape architecture as a profession is to try to always take climate change into consideration. This becomes especially important when dealing with plans for larger scale projects and areas inhabited by people (urban or rural) because it is likely that any action taken or measure implemented will have an impact on a larger number of people. Considering landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field we believe landscape architects can offer a unique view on problems caused by climate change and provide solutions that represent an optimal compromise that will benefit an area in it's entirety, and not just some of it's elements.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Alexandria lies on the Mediterranean coast in the north central part of Egypt. With a population of about 4.1 million, it is the second-largest city in Egypt. With its northerly coastal boundaries stretching nearly 32 km or 20 mi, Alexandria is considered to be the largest coastal city on the Mediterranean sea.
Being the standpoint to Egypt’s largest seaport and natural gas and oil pipelines from the Suez, the city is of great economic importance. The port handles close to 80% of Egypt’s imports and exports.
Alexandria is also an attractive tourist destination with its beaches and monuments.
Looking at satellite imagery, most of Alexandria is densely built with very few green spaces available.
(To be further edited)

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

The Mediterranean climate change. Retrieved December 10, 2012 from the Mediterranean climate change Website at: http://www.medclimatechangeinitiative.org/

Klausmeyer, K., and Shaw, R. (2009). Climate change, habitat loss, protected areas and the climate adaptation potential of species in mediterranean ecosystems worldwide. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from PLoS ONE Website at:http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006392

Shaw, R. (2010). The nature conservancy in california - Mediterranean q&a with rebecca shaw. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from The Nature Conservancy Website at: http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/explore/mediterranean-qa-with-rebecca-shaw.xml

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group K - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-15T09:51:54Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group K - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''The Mediterranean Sea Region''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Alexandria''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Egypt''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|Martina Sekutor, Ilze Draudina, Emil Tanner''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=31.213389
|lng=29.920475
|zoom=10
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
Climate changes are already having an enormous effect on ecosystems, agriculture, forests, hydrological cycle, air quality etc. The Mediterranean region is one of the most threatened on the Earth. Mediterranean climates are found in only five places on the Earth: California and northern Baja California, the basin of the Mediterranean Sea, southwestern Australia, the western cape of South Africa and the central coast of Chile (Mediterranean climate change…)[http://www.medclimatechangeinitiative.org/ (Mediterranean climate change…)]. These regions cover only a small part of the Earths land surface (about 2,2 percent), but it also incorporates about 20 percent of all known plant species. Only the tropical rainforests of the western hemisphere and Southeast Asia have a bigger density of plant species (Shaw, 2010). By 2100, the Mediterranean biome is presumed to loose poportionally the largest biodiversity of all terrestrial biomes because of its sensitivity to multiple biodiversity threats(Klausmeyer and Shaw, 2009).
One of the most noticeable coastal villages in the Mediterranean Sea region is Alexandria in Egypt and it is chosen as a case study area. Alexandria is an important area for industry, agriculture,fishery and tourism. Because of lack of environmental monitoring and legal framework Alexandria is subordinated to serious changes. For all of our group members this area is a new challenge and a great opportunity to study the impact of climate change on the high value coastal areas.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
One of the requirements of landscape architecture as a profession is to try to always take climate change into consideration. This becomes especially important when dealing with plans for larger scale projects and areas inhabited by people (urban or rural) because it is likely that any action taken or measure implemented will have an impact on a larger number of people. Considering landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field we believe landscape architects can offer a unique view on problems caused by climate change and provide solutions that represent an optimal compromise that will benefit an area in it's entirety, and not just some of it's elements.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Alexandria lies on the Mediterranean coast in the north central part of Egypt. With a population of about 4.1 million, it is the second-largest city in Egypt. With its northerly coastal boundaries stretching nearly 32 km or 20 mi, Alexandria is considered to be the largest coastal city on the Mediterranean sea.
Being the standpoint to Egypt’s largest seaport and natural gas and oil pipelines from the Suez, the city is of great economic importance. The port handles close to 80% of Egypt’s imports and exports.
Alexandria is also an attractive tourist destination with its beaches and monuments.
Looking at satellite imagery, most of Alexandria is densely built with very few green spaces available.
(To be further edited)

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

The Mediterranean climate change. Retrieved December 10, 2012 from the Mediterranean climate change Website at: http://www.medclimatechangeinitiative.org/

Klausmeyer, K., and Shaw, R. (2009). Climate change, habitat loss, protected areas and the climate adaptation potential of species in mediterranean ecosystems worldwide. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from PLoS ONE Website at:http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006392

Shaw, R. (2010). The nature conservancy in california - Mediterranean q&a with rebecca shaw. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from The Nature Conservancy Website at: http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/california/explore/mediterranean-qa-with-rebecca-shaw.xml

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group Q - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T20:09:48Z

Kun:

Group Q - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T19:57:31Z

Kun:

Group Q - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T19:47:01Z

Kun:

Group R - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T13:13:15Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group R - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"| ''Mumbai (Bombay)''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''India''
|-
| '''Topic'''|| style="background:Lavender"|''Effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities - case study from Mumbai , India'' ||
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Nisit Chobdamrongtham, Ivankovic Dijana, Milena Ignjatijevic''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mumbai_INDIA.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''Source''' || style="background:Lavender"|''http://www.corfu-fp7.eu/home/page2894.html''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=18.5830
|lng=72.4933
|zoom=5
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
We have selected the area of the city Mumbai,which is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra,because this area is one of the most vulnerable region in the world to climate change. We choose this area, because impacts in India are already being seen in unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salinisation of the coastline and effects on agriculture, fisheries and health.
Challenges of urban poverty in India are intimately tied with challenges of the country’s fast development.Such high-speed, colossal growth, as impressive as it may be, poses several problems if not threats: pollution (air, soil, water), and a disproportionate concentration of poverty, among others.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
Whether they are induced by human action or the natural cycle of the planet earth, experts agree on one thing, climate change must be seen as a serious threat to the sustainable development of mankind, with the expected adverse effects to the environment, human health, access to food and natural resources, economic and physical infrastructure. As landscape architects who are closely associated with climate, we should be involved in finding new ways to fight against the consequences of its disruption.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Mumbai is the second largest city in the world, and the biggest city in India. It was named a Global City in 2009 and it's most dense megalopolis in the world. Аn increasing number of India’s population are moving to urban centers and now, the average density surpasses 27,000 people per km². It is not unusual that Mumbai’s slums accommodate as many as 100,000 persons per km².

The urban image of Mumbai is one of extremes. On one hand, images of slum dwellers living in substandard conditions are synonymous with the city, yet on the other hand, luxury developments and tall buildings are becoming an increasingly prominent part of the city. These contrasts strongly impact the urban sustainability and economy debate both in local and global discussions. [http://thisbigcity.net/understanding-mumbai-indias-biggest-city-in-a-global-context/]

Historically, Mumbai was formed by land reclamation projects of seven islands which are located on the western coast of India. Mumbai is surrounding with the Arabian Sea. Many parts of the city stand around 10 - 15 m above sea level(average elevation is 14 m). Northern Mumbai(Mumbai Suburban District; Salsette Island) is hilly and the highest point is merely 450 m. There are six major lakes that supply water to the city including three small rivers are situated in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits, one supply from the lake is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Mumbai is covered with large mangrove swamps which are fully in biodiversity while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city area is affected from sandy near to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is mainly alluvium and loam. Furthermore, Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone is classified as a Seismic Zone III region that means it has possibilities to occur an earthquake up to 6.5 Richter.[source:India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map (Map). Retrieved 20 July 2008.]

Mumbai has traditional prosperity about textile mills and harbor until the 1980s. Then these are now increasingly being replaced by industries employing more skilled labor such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Presently, Mumbai is India's city which has the most population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country also serves as an economic hub. Nevertheless, Mumbai still has many unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed citizenry, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers and mechanics.

Mumbai suffers from the major urbanisation problems that are seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries. The outcome are widespread in poverty, unemployment, poor public health, poor civic, low educational standards. With restrictive land, Mumbai residents often settle in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit or traffic jam roadways. By forecasting, demographers said Mumbai's people shifts are in keeping with global trends where population expectedly peaks at the initial stages of development and subsequently falls.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/mumbai/32631701_1_population-growth-world-population-day-decline]

Rapid changes in land use and occupational patterns of urban spaces in developing cities bring upfront the conflict between housing requirements and the preservation of green spaces. Mumbai, where 50% of the population lives on 8% of the land while the city has very limited green spaces except for a large urban forest. In the 1990s, settlements grew within the forest and led one environmental association to file a public interest litigation in order to protect this natural habitat. The analysis is carried out along two main lines. First, it focuses on the impact of urban governance disfunctioning on the peripheries of Indian cities. It demonstrates that peri-urban areas are used as a land reserve fund for relocation programs in order to relegate the poor outside the city central areas. Second, it explores the manner in which the relationships between the poor and the environment are framed on the conservative premises that poor encroachers were mostly responsible for the degradation of the park. Overall, the conflict underscores the constant vulnerability of the urban poor as well as their ability to challenge collectively unfavourable urban policies. New and apparently legitimate forms of urban governance, in our case the judiciary, maintain social prejudices and contribute to displace the poor to the periphery.

The urban or built-up area lay down plain land almost 70% of land area along surround hilly reserved zone as green zonal area, green area is 25% of land area
the other shall be blue area which include wetland and coastal forest about less than 5% of total land area<ref name="land use"> Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Area 1996-2011/Mumbai/Bombay pages </ref> <ref name="land use 2"> Environment&Urbanization Copyright 2007 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) </ref>.
Ratio of green : blue = 5 : 1
Ratio of sealed : built-up = 2.3 : 1

Illustrations:

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay.png‎|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in history[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay_en.svg. Seven Islands of Bombay]
Image:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in present.
Image:Vegetation map.jpg‎|India natural vegetation map [http://maps.howstuffworks.com/india-natural-vegetation-map.htm]
Image:Mumbai4.png|The illustration above shows the statistic graph of Mumbai's population in history.[http://www.newgeography.com/content/002172-the-evolving-urban-form-mumbai]
Image:IMG_0434.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's zoning area.
Image:IMG_0435.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's Land use.
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
<references/>

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group R - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T13:12:05Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group R - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"| ''Mumbai (Bombay)''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''India''
|-
| '''Topic'''|| style="background:Lavender"|''Effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities - case study from Mumbai , India'' ||
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Nisit Chobdamrongtham, Ivankovic Dijana, Milena Ignjatijevic''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mumbai_INDIA.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''Source''' || style="background:Lavender"|''http://www.corfu-fp7.eu/home/page2894.html''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=18.5830
|lng=72.4933
|zoom=5
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
We have selected the area of the city Mumbai,which is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra,because this area is one of the most vulnerable region in the world to climate change. We choose this area, because impacts in India are already being seen in unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salinisation of the coastline and effects on agriculture, fisheries and health.
Challenges of urban poverty in India are intimately tied with challenges of the country’s fast development.Such high-speed, colossal growth, as impressive as it may be, poses several problems if not threats: pollution (air, soil, water), and a disproportionate concentration of poverty, among others.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
Whether they are induced by human action or the natural cycle of the planet earth, experts agree on one thing, climate change must be seen as a serious threat to the sustainable development of mankind, with the expected adverse effects to the environment, human health, access to food and natural resources, economic and physical infrastructure. As landscape architects who are closely associated with climate, we should be involved in finding new ways to fight against the consequences of its disruption.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Mumbai is the second largest city in the world, and the biggest city in India. It was named a Global City in 2009 and it's most dense megalopolis in the world. Аn increasing number of India’s population are moving to urban centers and now, the average density surpasses 27,000 people per km². It is not unusual that Mumbai’s slums accommodate as many as 100,000 persons per km².

The urban image of Mumbai is one of extremes. On one hand, images of slum dwellers living in substandard conditions are synonymous with the city, yet on the other hand, luxury developments and tall buildings are becoming an increasingly prominent part of the city. These contrasts strongly impact the urban sustainability and economy debate both in local and global discussions. [http://thisbigcity.net/understanding-mumbai-indias-biggest-city-in-a-global-context/]

Historically, Mumbai was formed by land reclamation projects of seven islands which are located on the western coast of India. Mumbai is surrounding with the Arabian Sea. Many parts of the city stand around 10 - 15 m above sea level(average elevation is 14 m). Northern Mumbai(Mumbai Suburban District; Salsette Island) is hilly and the highest point is merely 450 m. There are six major lakes that supply water to the city including three small rivers are situated in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits, one supply from the lake is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Mumbai is covered with large mangrove swamps which are fully in biodiversity while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city area is affected from sandy near to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is mainly alluvium and loam. Furthermore, Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone is classified as a Seismic Zone III region that means it has possibilities to occur an earthquake up to 6.5 Richter.[source:India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map (Map). Retrieved 20 July 2008.]

Mumbai has traditional prosperity about textile mills and harbor until the 1980s. Then these are now increasingly being replaced by industries employing more skilled labor such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Presently, Mumbai is India's city which has the most population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country also serves as an economic hub. Nevertheless, Mumbai still has many unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed citizenry, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers and mechanics.

Mumbai suffers from the major urbanisation problems that are seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries. The outcome are widespread in poverty, unemployment, poor public health, poor civic, low educational standards. With restrictive land, Mumbai residents often settle in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit or traffic jam roadways. By forecasting, demographers said Mumbai's people shifts are in keeping with global trends where population expectedly peaks at the initial stages of development and subsequently falls.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/mumbai/32631701_1_population-growth-world-population-day-decline]

Rapid changes in land use and occupational patterns of urban spaces in developing cities bring upfront the conflict between housing requirements and the preservation of green spaces. Mumbai, where 50% of the population lives on 8% of the land while the city has very limited green spaces except for a large urban forest. In the 1990s, settlements grew within the forest and led one environmental association to file a public interest litigation in order to protect this natural habitat. The analysis is carried out along two main lines. First, it focuses on the impact of urban governance disfunctioning on the peripheries of Indian cities. It demonstrates that peri-urban areas are used as a land reserve fund for relocation programs in order to relegate the poor outside the city central areas. Second, it explores the manner in which the relationships between the poor and the environment are framed on the conservative premises that poor encroachers were mostly responsible for the degradation of the park. Overall, the conflict underscores the constant vulnerability of the urban poor as well as their ability to challenge collectively unfavourable urban policies. New and apparently legitimate forms of urban governance, in our case the judiciary, maintain social prejudices and contribute to displace the poor to the periphery.

The urban or built-up area lay down plain land almost 70% of land area along surround hilly reserved zone as green zonal area, green area is 25% of land area
the other shall be blue area which include wetland and coastal forest about less than 5% of total land area<ref name="land use"> Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Area 1996-2011/Mumbai/Bombay pages </ref>.<ref name="land use 2"> Environment&Urbanization Copyright 2007 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) </ref>.
Ratio of green : blue = 5 : 1
Ratio of sealed : built-up = 2.3 : 1

Illustrations:

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay.png‎|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in history[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay_en.svg. Seven Islands of Bombay]
Image:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in present.
Image:Vegetation map.jpg‎|India natural vegetation map [http://maps.howstuffworks.com/india-natural-vegetation-map.htm]
Image:Mumbai4.png|The illustration above shows the statistic graph of Mumbai's population in history.[http://www.newgeography.com/content/002172-the-evolving-urban-form-mumbai]
Image:IMG_0434.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's zoning area.
Image:IMG_0435.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's Land use.
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
<references/>

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group R - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T13:11:12Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group R - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"| ''Mumbai (Bombay)''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''India''
|-
| '''Topic'''|| style="background:Lavender"|''Effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities - case study from Mumbai , India'' ||
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Nisit Chobdamrongtham, Ivankovic Dijana, Milena Ignjatijevic''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mumbai_INDIA.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''Source''' || style="background:Lavender"|''http://www.corfu-fp7.eu/home/page2894.html''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=18.5830
|lng=72.4933
|zoom=5
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
We have selected the area of the city Mumbai,which is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra,because this area is one of the most vulnerable region in the world to climate change. We choose this area, because impacts in India are already being seen in unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salinisation of the coastline and effects on agriculture, fisheries and health.
Challenges of urban poverty in India are intimately tied with challenges of the country’s fast development.Such high-speed, colossal growth, as impressive as it may be, poses several problems if not threats: pollution (air, soil, water), and a disproportionate concentration of poverty, among others.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
Whether they are induced by human action or the natural cycle of the planet earth, experts agree on one thing, climate change must be seen as a serious threat to the sustainable development of mankind, with the expected adverse effects to the environment, human health, access to food and natural resources, economic and physical infrastructure. As landscape architects who are closely associated with climate, we should be involved in finding new ways to fight against the consequences of its disruption.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Mumbai is the second largest city in the world, and the biggest city in India. It was named a Global City in 2009 and it's most dense megalopolis in the world. Аn increasing number of India’s population are moving to urban centers and now, the average density surpasses 27,000 people per km². It is not unusual that Mumbai’s slums accommodate as many as 100,000 persons per km².

The urban image of Mumbai is one of extremes. On one hand, images of slum dwellers living in substandard conditions are synonymous with the city, yet on the other hand, luxury developments and tall buildings are becoming an increasingly prominent part of the city. These contrasts strongly impact the urban sustainability and economy debate both in local and global discussions. [http://thisbigcity.net/understanding-mumbai-indias-biggest-city-in-a-global-context/]

Historically, Mumbai was formed by land reclamation projects of seven islands which are located on the western coast of India. Mumbai is surrounding with the Arabian Sea. Many parts of the city stand around 10 - 15 m above sea level(average elevation is 14 m). Northern Mumbai(Mumbai Suburban District; Salsette Island) is hilly and the highest point is merely 450 m. There are six major lakes that supply water to the city including three small rivers are situated in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits, one supply from the lake is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Mumbai is covered with large mangrove swamps which are fully in biodiversity while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city area is affected from sandy near to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is mainly alluvium and loam. Furthermore, Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone is classified as a Seismic Zone III region that means it has possibilities to occur an earthquake up to 6.5 Richter.[source:India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map (Map). Retrieved 20 July 2008.]

Mumbai has traditional prosperity about textile mills and harbor until the 1980s. Then these are now increasingly being replaced by industries employing more skilled labor such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Presently, Mumbai is India's city which has the most population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country also serves as an economic hub. Nevertheless, Mumbai still has many unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed citizenry, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers and mechanics.

Mumbai suffers from the major urbanisation problems that are seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries. The outcome are widespread in poverty, unemployment, poor public health, poor civic, low educational standards. With restrictive land, Mumbai residents often settle in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit or traffic jam roadways. By forecasting, demographers said Mumbai's people shifts are in keeping with global trends where population expectedly peaks at the initial stages of development and subsequently falls.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/mumbai/32631701_1_population-growth-world-population-day-decline]

Rapid changes in land use and occupational patterns of urban spaces in developing cities bring upfront the conflict between housing requirements and the preservation of green spaces. Mumbai, where 50% of the population lives on 8% of the land while the city has very limited green spaces except for a large urban forest. In the 1990s, settlements grew within the forest and led one environmental association to file a public interest litigation in order to protect this natural habitat. The analysis is carried out along two main lines. First, it focuses on the impact of urban governance disfunctioning on the peripheries of Indian cities. It demonstrates that peri-urban areas are used as a land reserve fund for relocation programs in order to relegate the poor outside the city central areas. Second, it explores the manner in which the relationships between the poor and the environment are framed on the conservative premises that poor encroachers were mostly responsible for the degradation of the park. Overall, the conflict underscores the constant vulnerability of the urban poor as well as their ability to challenge collectively unfavourable urban policies. New and apparently legitimate forms of urban governance, in our case the judiciary, maintain social prejudices and contribute to displace the poor to the periphery.

The urban or built-up area lay down plain land almost 70% of land area along surround hilly reserved zone as green zonal area, green area is 25% of land area
the other shall be blue area which include wetland and coastal forest about less than 5% of total land area<ref name="land use"> Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Area 1996-2011/Mumbai/Bombay pages </ref>.<ref name="land use 2"> Environment&Urbanization Copyright 2007 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) </ref>.
Ratio of green : blue = 5 : 1
Ratio of sealed : built-up = 2.3 : 1

[source:Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Area 1996-2011/Mumbai/Bombay pages]
[source:Environment&Urbanization Copyright 2007 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)]

Illustrations:

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay.png‎|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in history[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay_en.svg. Seven Islands of Bombay]
Image:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in present.
Image:Vegetation map.jpg‎|India natural vegetation map [http://maps.howstuffworks.com/india-natural-vegetation-map.htm]
Image:Mumbai4.png|The illustration above shows the statistic graph of Mumbai's population in history.[http://www.newgeography.com/content/002172-the-evolving-urban-form-mumbai]
Image:IMG_0434.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's zoning area.
Image:IMG_0435.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's Land use.
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
<references/>

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group R - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T13:08:24Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group R - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"| ''Mumbai (Bombay)''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''India''
|-
| '''Topic'''|| style="background:Lavender"|''Effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities - case study from Mumbai , India'' ||
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Nisit Chobdamrongtham, Ivankovic Dijana, Milena Ignjatijevic''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mumbai_INDIA.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''Source''' || style="background:Lavender"|''http://www.corfu-fp7.eu/home/page2894.html''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=18.5830
|lng=72.4933
|zoom=5
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
We have selected the area of the city Mumbai,which is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra,because this area is one of the most vulnerable region in the world to climate change. We choose this area, because impacts in India are already being seen in unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salinisation of the coastline and effects on agriculture, fisheries and health.
Challenges of urban poverty in India are intimately tied with challenges of the country’s fast development.Such high-speed, colossal growth, as impressive as it may be, poses several problems if not threats: pollution (air, soil, water), and a disproportionate concentration of poverty, among others.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
Whether they are induced by human action or the natural cycle of the planet earth, experts agree on one thing, climate change must be seen as a serious threat to the sustainable development of mankind, with the expected adverse effects to the environment, human health, access to food and natural resources, economic and physical infrastructure. As landscape architects who are closely associated with climate, we should be involved in finding new ways to fight against the consequences of its disruption.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Mumbai is the second largest city in the world, and the biggest city in India. It was named a Global City in 2009 and it's most dense megalopolis in the world. Аn increasing number of India’s population are moving to urban centers and now, the average density surpasses 27,000 people per km². It is not unusual that Mumbai’s slums accommodate as many as 100,000 persons per km².

The urban image of Mumbai is one of extremes. On one hand, images of slum dwellers living in substandard conditions are synonymous with the city, yet on the other hand, luxury developments and tall buildings are becoming an increasingly prominent part of the city. These contrasts strongly impact the urban sustainability and economy debate both in local and global discussions. [http://thisbigcity.net/understanding-mumbai-indias-biggest-city-in-a-global-context/]

Historically, Mumbai was formed by land reclamation projects of seven islands which are located on the western coast of India. Mumbai is surrounding with the Arabian Sea. Many parts of the city stand around 10 - 15 m above sea level(average elevation is 14 m). Northern Mumbai(Mumbai Suburban District; Salsette Island) is hilly and the highest point is merely 450 m. There are six major lakes that supply water to the city including three small rivers are situated in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits, one supply from the lake is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Mumbai is covered with large mangrove swamps which are fully in biodiversity while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city area is affected from sandy near to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is mainly alluvium and loam. Furthermore, Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone is classified as a Seismic Zone III region that means it has possibilities to occur an earthquake up to 6.5 Richter.[source:India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map (Map). Retrieved 20 July 2008.]

Mumbai has traditional prosperity about textile mills and harbor until the 1980s. Then these are now increasingly being replaced by industries employing more skilled labor such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Presently, Mumbai is India's city which has the most population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country also serves as an economic hub. Nevertheless, Mumbai still has many unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed citizenry, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers and mechanics.

Mumbai suffers from the major urbanisation problems that are seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries. The outcome are widespread in poverty, unemployment, poor public health, poor civic, low educational standards. With restrictive land, Mumbai residents often settle in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit or traffic jam roadways. By forecasting, demographers said Mumbai's people shifts are in keeping with global trends where population expectedly peaks at the initial stages of development and subsequently falls.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/mumbai/32631701_1_population-growth-world-population-day-decline]

Rapid changes in land use and occupational patterns of urban spaces in developing cities bring upfront the conflict between housing requirements and the preservation of green spaces. Mumbai, where 50% of the population lives on 8% of the land while the city has very limited green spaces except for a large urban forest. In the 1990s, settlements grew within the forest and led one environmental association to file a public interest litigation in order to protect this natural habitat. The analysis is carried out along two main lines. First, it focuses on the impact of urban governance disfunctioning on the peripheries of Indian cities. It demonstrates that peri-urban areas are used as a land reserve fund for relocation programs in order to relegate the poor outside the city central areas. Second, it explores the manner in which the relationships between the poor and the environment are framed on the conservative premises that poor encroachers were mostly responsible for the degradation of the park. Overall, the conflict underscores the constant vulnerability of the urban poor as well as their ability to challenge collectively unfavourable urban policies. New and apparently legitimate forms of urban governance, in our case the judiciary, maintain social prejudices and contribute to displace the poor to the periphery.

The urban or built-up area lay down plain land almost 70% of land area along surround hilly reserved zone as green zonal area, green area is 25% of land area
the other shall be blue area which include wetland and coastal forest about less than 5% of total land area<ref name="land use"> Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Area 1996-2011/Mumbai/Bombay pages </ref>.<ref name="land use 2"> Environment&Urbanization Copyright 2007 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) </ref>.
Ratio of green : blue = 5 : 1
Ratio of sealed : built-up = 2.3 : 1

[source:Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Area 1996-2011/Mumbai/Bombay pages]
[source:Environment&Urbanization Copyright 2007 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)]

Illustrations:

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay.png‎|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in history[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay_en.svg. Seven Islands of Bombay]
Image:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in present.
Image:Vegetation map.jpg‎|India natural vegetation map [http://maps.howstuffworks.com/india-natural-vegetation-map.htm]
Image:Mumbai4.png|The illustration above shows the statistic graph of Mumbai's population in history.[http://www.newgeography.com/content/002172-the-evolving-urban-form-mumbai]
Image:IMG_0434.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's zoning area.
Image:IMG_0435.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's Land use.
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group R - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T13:00:30Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group R - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"| ''Mumbai (Bombay)''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''India''
|-
| '''Topic'''|| style="background:Lavender"|''Effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities - case study from Mumbai , India'' ||
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Nisit Chobdamrongtham, Ivankovic Dijana, Milena Ignjatijevic''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mumbai_INDIA.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''Source''' || style="background:Lavender"|''http://www.corfu-fp7.eu/home/page2894.html''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=18.5830
|lng=72.4933
|zoom=5
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
We have selected the area of the city Mumbai,which is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra,because this area is one of the most vulnerable region in the world to climate change. We choose this area, because impacts in India are already being seen in unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salinisation of the coastline and effects on agriculture, fisheries and health.
Challenges of urban poverty in India are intimately tied with challenges of the country’s fast development.Such high-speed, colossal growth, as impressive as it may be, poses several problems if not threats: pollution (air, soil, water), and a disproportionate concentration of poverty, among others.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
Whether they are induced by human action or the natural cycle of the planet earth, experts agree on one thing, climate change must be seen as a serious threat to the sustainable development of mankind, with the expected adverse effects to the environment, human health, access to food and natural resources, economic and physical infrastructure. As landscape architects who are closely associated with climate, we should be involved in finding new ways to fight against the consequences of its disruption.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Mumbai is the second largest city in the world, and the biggest city in India. It was named a Global City in 2009 and it's most dense megalopolis in the world. Аn increasing number of India’s population are moving to urban centers and now, the average density surpasses 27,000 people per km². It is not unusual that Mumbai’s slums accommodate as many as 100,000 persons per km².

The urban image of Mumbai is one of extremes. On one hand, images of slum dwellers living in substandard conditions are synonymous with the city, yet on the other hand, luxury developments and tall buildings are becoming an increasingly prominent part of the city. These contrasts strongly impact the urban sustainability and economy debate both in local and global discussions. [http://thisbigcity.net/understanding-mumbai-indias-biggest-city-in-a-global-context/]

Historically, Mumbai was formed by land reclamation projects of seven islands which are located on the western coast of India. Mumbai is surrounding with the Arabian Sea. Many parts of the city stand around 10 - 15 m above sea level(average elevation is 14 m). Northern Mumbai(Mumbai Suburban District; Salsette Island) is hilly and the highest point is merely 450 m. There are six major lakes that supply water to the city including three small rivers are situated in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits, one supply from the lake is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Mumbai is covered with large mangrove swamps which are fully in biodiversity while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city area is affected from sandy near to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is mainly alluvium and loam. Furthermore, Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone is classified as a Seismic Zone III region that means it has possibilities to occur an earthquake up to 6.5 Richter.[source:India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map (Map). Retrieved 20 July 2008.]

Mumbai has traditional prosperity about textile mills and harbor until the 1980s. Then these are now increasingly being replaced by industries employing more skilled labor such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Presently, Mumbai is India's city which has the most population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country also serves as an economic hub. Nevertheless, Mumbai still has many unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed citizenry, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers and mechanics.

Mumbai suffers from the major urbanisation problems that are seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries. The outcome are widespread in poverty, unemployment, poor public health, poor civic, low educational standards. With restrictive land, Mumbai residents often settle in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit or traffic jam roadways. By forecasting, demographers said Mumbai's people shifts are in keeping with global trends where population expectedly peaks at the initial stages of development and subsequently falls.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/mumbai/32631701_1_population-growth-world-population-day-decline]

Rapid changes in land use and occupational patterns of urban spaces in developing cities bring upfront the conflict between housing requirements and the preservation of green spaces. Mumbai, where 50% of the population lives on 8% of the land while the city has very limited green spaces except for a large urban forest. In the 1990s, settlements grew within the forest and led one environmental association to file a public interest litigation in order to protect this natural habitat. The analysis is carried out along two main lines. First, it focuses on the impact of urban governance disfunctioning on the peripheries of Indian cities. It demonstrates that peri-urban areas are used as a land reserve fund for relocation programs in order to relegate the poor outside the city central areas. Second, it explores the manner in which the relationships between the poor and the environment are framed on the conservative premises that poor encroachers were mostly responsible for the degradation of the park. Overall, the conflict underscores the constant vulnerability of the urban poor as well as their ability to challenge collectively unfavourable urban policies. New and apparently legitimate forms of urban governance, in our case the judiciary, maintain social prejudices and contribute to displace the poor to the periphery.

The urban or built-up area lay down plain land almost 70% of land area along surround hilly reserved zone as green zonal area, green area is 25% of land area
the other shall be blue area which include wetland and coastal forest about less than 5% of total land area
Ratio of green : blue = 5 : 1
Ratio of sealed : built-up = 2.3 : 1

[source:Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Area 1996-2011/Mumbai/Bombay pages]
[source:Environment&Urbanization Copyright 2007 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)]

Illustrations:

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay.png‎|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in history[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay_en.svg. Seven Islands of Bombay]
Image:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in present.
Image:Vegetation map.jpg‎|India natural vegetation map [http://maps.howstuffworks.com/india-natural-vegetation-map.htm]
Image:Mumbai4.png|The illustration above shows the statistic graph of Mumbai's population in history.[http://www.newgeography.com/content/002172-the-evolving-urban-form-mumbai]
Image:IMG_0434.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's zoning area.
Image:IMG_0435.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's Land use.
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group R - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T12:59:49Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group R - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"| ''Mumbai (Bombay)''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''India''
|-
| '''Topic'''|| style="background:Lavender"|''Effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities - case study from Mumbai , India'' ||
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Nisit Chobdamrongtham, Ivankovic Dijana, Milena Ignjatijevic''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mumbai_INDIA.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''Source''' || style="background:Lavender"|''http://www.corfu-fp7.eu/home/page2894.html''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=18.5830
|lng=72.4933
|zoom=5
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
We have selected the area of the city Mumbai,which is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra,because this area is one of the most vulnerable region in the world to climate change. We choose this area, because impacts in India are already being seen in unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salinisation of the coastline and effects on agriculture, fisheries and health.
Challenges of urban poverty in India are intimately tied with challenges of the country’s fast development.Such high-speed, colossal growth, as impressive as it may be, poses several problems if not threats: pollution (air, soil, water), and a disproportionate concentration of poverty, among others.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
Whether they are induced by human action or the natural cycle of the planet earth, experts agree on one thing, climate change must be seen as a serious threat to the sustainable development of mankind, with the expected adverse effects to the environment, human health, access to food and natural resources, economic and physical infrastructure. As landscape architects who are closely associated with climate, we should be involved in finding new ways to fight against the consequences of its disruption.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Mumbai is the second largest city in the world, and the biggest city in India. It was named a Global City in 2009 and it's most dense megalopolis in the world. Аn increasing number of India’s population are moving to urban centers and now, the average density surpasses 27,000 people per km². It is not unusual that Mumbai’s slums accommodate as many as 100,000 persons per km².

The urban image of Mumbai is one of extremes. On one hand, images of slum dwellers living in substandard conditions are synonymous with the city, yet on the other hand, luxury developments and tall buildings are becoming an increasingly prominent part of the city. These contrasts strongly impact the urban sustainability and economy debate both in local and global discussions. [http://thisbigcity.net/understanding-mumbai-indias-biggest-city-in-a-global-context/]

Historically, Mumbai was formed by land reclamation projects of seven islands which are located on the western coast of India. Mumbai is surrounding with the Arabian Sea. Many parts of the city stand around 10 - 15 m above sea level(average elevation is 14 m). Northern Mumbai(Mumbai Suburban District; Salsette Island) is hilly and the highest point is merely 450 m. There are six major lakes that supply water to the city including three small rivers are situated in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits, one supply from the lake is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Mumbai is covered with large mangrove swamps which are fully in biodiversity while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city area is affected from sandy near to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is mainly alluvium and loam. Furthermore, Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone is classified as a Seismic Zone III region that means it has possibilities to occur an earthquake up to 6.5 Richter.[source:India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map (Map). Retrieved 20 July 2008.]

Mumbai has traditional prosperity about textile mills and harbor until the 1980s. Then these are now increasingly being replaced by industries employing more skilled labor such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Presently, Mumbai is India's city which has the most population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country also serves as an economic hub. Nevertheless, Mumbai still has many unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed citizenry, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers and mechanics.

Mumbai suffers from the major urbanisation problems that are seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries. The outcome are widespread in poverty, unemployment, poor public health, poor civic, low educational standards. With restrictive land, Mumbai residents often settle in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit or traffic jam roadways. By forecasting, demographers said Mumbai's people shifts are in keeping with global trends where population expectedly peaks at the initial stages of development and subsequently falls.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/mumbai/32631701_1_population-growth-world-population-day-decline]

Rapid changes in land use and occupational patterns of urban spaces in developing cities bring upfront the conflict between housing requirements and the preservation of green spaces. Mumbai, where 50% of the population lives on 8% of the land while the city has very limited green spaces except for a large urban forest. In the 1990s, settlements grew within the forest and led one environmental association to file a public interest litigation in order to protect this natural habitat. The analysis is carried out along two main lines. First, it focuses on the impact of urban governance disfunctioning on the peripheries of Indian cities. It demonstrates that peri-urban areas are used as a land reserve fund for relocation programs in order to relegate the poor outside the city central areas. Second, it explores the manner in which the relationships between the poor and the environment are framed on the conservative premises that poor encroachers were mostly responsible for the degradation of the park. Overall, the conflict underscores the constant vulnerability of the urban poor as well as their ability to challenge collectively unfavourable urban policies. New and apparently legitimate forms of urban governance, in our case the judiciary, maintain social prejudices and contribute to displace the poor to the periphery.

The urban or built-up area lay down plain land almost 70% of land area along surround hilly reserved zone as green zonal area, green area is 25% of land area
the other shall be blue area which include wetland and coastal forest about less than 5% of total land area
Ratio of green : blue = 5 : 1
Ratio of sealed : built-up = 2.3 : 1

[source:Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Area 1996-2011/Mumbai/Bombay pages]
[source:Environment&Urbanization Copyright 2007 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)]

Illustrations:

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay.png‎|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in history[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay_en.svg.Seven Islands of Bombay]
Image:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in present.
Image:Vegetation map.jpg‎|India natural vegetation map [http://maps.howstuffworks.com/india-natural-vegetation-map.htm]
Image:Mumbai4.png|The illustration above shows the statistic graph of Mumbai's population in history.[http://www.newgeography.com/content/002172-the-evolving-urban-form-mumbai]
Image:IMG_0434.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's zoning area.
Image:IMG_0435.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's Land use.
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group R - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T12:58:42Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group R - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"| ''Mumbai (Bombay)''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''India''
|-
| '''Topic'''|| style="background:Lavender"|''Effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities - case study from Mumbai , India'' ||
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Nisit Chobdamrongtham, Ivankovic Dijana, Milena Ignjatijevic''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Mumbai_INDIA.jpg|300px]]
|-
|'''Source''' || style="background:Lavender"|''http://www.corfu-fp7.eu/home/page2894.html''
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=18.5830
|lng=72.4933
|zoom=5
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
We have selected the area of the city Mumbai,which is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra,because this area is one of the most vulnerable region in the world to climate change. We choose this area, because impacts in India are already being seen in unprecedented heat waves, cyclones, floods, salinisation of the coastline and effects on agriculture, fisheries and health.
Challenges of urban poverty in India are intimately tied with challenges of the country’s fast development.Such high-speed, colossal growth, as impressive as it may be, poses several problems if not threats: pollution (air, soil, water), and a disproportionate concentration of poverty, among others.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
Whether they are induced by human action or the natural cycle of the planet earth, experts agree on one thing, climate change must be seen as a serious threat to the sustainable development of mankind, with the expected adverse effects to the environment, human health, access to food and natural resources, economic and physical infrastructure. As landscape architects who are closely associated with climate, we should be involved in finding new ways to fight against the consequences of its disruption.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===

Mumbai is the second largest city in the world, and the biggest city in India. It was named a Global City in 2009 and it's most dense megalopolis in the world. Аn increasing number of India’s population are moving to urban centers and now, the average density surpasses 27,000 people per km². It is not unusual that Mumbai’s slums accommodate as many as 100,000 persons per km².

The urban image of Mumbai is one of extremes. On one hand, images of slum dwellers living in substandard conditions are synonymous with the city, yet on the other hand, luxury developments and tall buildings are becoming an increasingly prominent part of the city. These contrasts strongly impact the urban sustainability and economy debate both in local and global discussions. [http://thisbigcity.net/understanding-mumbai-indias-biggest-city-in-a-global-context/]

Historically, Mumbai was formed by land reclamation projects of seven islands which are located on the western coast of India. Mumbai is surrounding with the Arabian Sea. Many parts of the city stand around 10 - 15 m above sea level(average elevation is 14 m). Northern Mumbai(Mumbai Suburban District; Salsette Island) is hilly and the highest point is merely 450 m. There are six major lakes that supply water to the city including three small rivers are situated in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits, one supply from the lake is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays. The eastern coast of Mumbai is covered with large mangrove swamps which are fully in biodiversity while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city area is affected from sandy near to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is mainly alluvium and loam. Furthermore, Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone is classified as a Seismic Zone III region that means it has possibilities to occur an earthquake up to 6.5 Richter.[source:India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map (Map). Retrieved 20 July 2008.]

Mumbai has traditional prosperity about textile mills and harbor until the 1980s. Then these are now increasingly being replaced by industries employing more skilled labor such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare and information technology. Presently, Mumbai is India's city which has the most population and is the financial and commercial capital of the country also serves as an economic hub. Nevertheless, Mumbai still has many unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed citizenry, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers and mechanics.

Mumbai suffers from the major urbanisation problems that are seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries. The outcome are widespread in poverty, unemployment, poor public health, poor civic, low educational standards. With restrictive land, Mumbai residents often settle in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit or traffic jam roadways. By forecasting, demographers said Mumbai's people shifts are in keeping with global trends where population expectedly peaks at the initial stages of development and subsequently falls.[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-11/mumbai/32631701_1_population-growth-world-population-day-decline]

Rapid changes in land use and occupational patterns of urban spaces in developing cities bring upfront the conflict between housing requirements and the preservation of green spaces. Mumbai, where 50% of the population lives on 8% of the land while the city has very limited green spaces except for a large urban forest. In the 1990s, settlements grew within the forest and led one environmental association to file a public interest litigation in order to protect this natural habitat. The analysis is carried out along two main lines. First, it focuses on the impact of urban governance disfunctioning on the peripheries of Indian cities. It demonstrates that peri-urban areas are used as a land reserve fund for relocation programs in order to relegate the poor outside the city central areas. Second, it explores the manner in which the relationships between the poor and the environment are framed on the conservative premises that poor encroachers were mostly responsible for the degradation of the park. Overall, the conflict underscores the constant vulnerability of the urban poor as well as their ability to challenge collectively unfavourable urban policies. New and apparently legitimate forms of urban governance, in our case the judiciary, maintain social prejudices and contribute to displace the poor to the periphery.

The urban or built-up area lay down plain land almost 70% of land area along surround hilly reserved zone as green zonal area, green area is 25% of land area
the other shall be blue area which include wetland and coastal forest about less than 5% of total land area
Ratio of green : blue = 5 : 1
Ratio of sealed : built-up = 2.3 : 1

[source:Regional Plan for Mumbai Metropolitan Area 1996-2011/Mumbai/Bombay pages]
[source:Environment&Urbanization Copyright 2007 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)]

Illustrations:

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay.png‎|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in history[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven_Islands_of_Bombay_en.svg.Seven_Islands_of_Bombay]
Image:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|The illustration above shows Mumbai's region in present.
Image:Vegetation map.jpg‎|India natural vegetation map [http://maps.howstuffworks.com/india-natural-vegetation-map.htm]
Image:Mumbai4.png|The illustration above shows the statistic graph of Mumbai's population in history.[http://www.newgeography.com/content/002172-the-evolving-urban-form-mumbai]
Image:IMG_0434.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's zoning area.
Image:IMG_0435.JPG|The illustration above shows Mumbai's Land use.
</gallery>

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group D - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-14T11:28:41Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group D - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]
{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Aranjuez''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Spain''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Effects of climate change and adaptation possibilities - case study from Aranjuez, Spain''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Eduardo Casado Fernández, Fang Yi, Daniela Staykova''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Aranjuez.JPG|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=40.03219
|lng=-3.602671
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
*Aranjuez is a town and lying 48 km south of Madrid in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Community of Madrid.
As of 2009, it has a population of 54,055.
It is in the Wolrd Heritage List as Cultural Landscape.
Climate change is affecting the gardens which are one of the most important elements of the cultural landscape and is affecting the massive trees, mainly specimens of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanus_%C3%97_acerifolia ''Platanus'' x ''hispanica''](more than 20-30 m high), and either urban planning is not being helpful either. There are also some other important problems, that should be addressed as soon as possible e.g. the nightmare of the access to the city and its collateral effects.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* As landscape architecs we have an important role to play defining policies (i.e. urban ordinances) designing and applying strategies to improve urban design to preserve the core value of the Cultural Landscape of Aranjuez represented by the historical Gardens of Aranjuez linked to the Royal Palace. Also it is necessary to define policies for landscaping and integrating vegetation regarding other places of the city.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-11T10:56:33Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.
Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.
Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).

Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).

Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.

Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. (iten-online.ch)

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.jpg|your image text
Image:climate 2.jpg|your image text
Image:climate 3.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-11T10:54:30Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.
Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.
Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).

Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).

Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.

Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. (iten-online.ch)

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:climate 1.jpg|your image text
Image:climate 2.jpg|your image text
Image:climate 3.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-11T10:53:25Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.
Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.
Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

The climate of Dhaka is tropical. It characteristics are hot, wet and humid. Dhaka has a distinct monsoon season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C. The temperature is varying between 18 °C in January and 29 °C in August (diagram below).

Bangladesh itself can be divided into three different seasons. Firstly the wet season from end of may till beginning of October. Secondly the cold season from October till the end of February. And thirdly the hot season from mid of march until the middle of may. Beside this classification is the climate divided from the local people into six parts. Basanto (spring), Grishma (summer), Barsha (rain time), Sharat (fall), Hemanto (foggy) und Sheet (winter).
Nearly 80% of the average rainfall occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May till the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems in the city. Affecting public health and the living quality.

Water bodies and wetlands are partly destroyed for buildings and other real estate developments Coupled with the mentioned pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy slowly the regional biodiversity. (iten-online.ch)

According to the climate change vulnerability index from 2011 Bangladesh and therefore Dhaka have an extremely high risk to get affected by the climate change during the next years and decades.

The biggest concern for Dhaka will be the impacts of flooding. Especially near to the coast lines where the population density is very high. This leads to massive problems by the case of a flood. Many people could loos there home and working place. Areas for agriculture and feeding will be overflooded and useless.

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

File:Climate 3.jpg

2012-12-11T10:51:36Z

Kun:

File:Climate 2.jpg

2012-12-11T10:51:16Z

Kun:

File:Climate 1.jpg

2012-12-11T10:51:03Z

Kun:

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-11T07:32:15Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.
Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.
Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-11T07:32:00Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

try

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.
Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.
Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2012-12-07T08:53:32Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''please enter the area name here''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Dhaka''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Bangladesh''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''please enter the topic here''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Please enter your name(s)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Riverfinal.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=-18.955649
|lng=-179.83881
|zoom=11
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===

In Bangladesh, climate change is a matter of life and death. Climate change in Bangladesh is an extremely crucial issue and according to National Geographic, Bangladesh ranks first as the most vulnerable nation to the impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Bangladesh is the most vulnerable nation due to global climate change in the world according to German Watch’s Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of 2011. Shortage of land to accommodate the people, food security, human health, illiteracy, and so forth.
Dhaka is one of the ten mega-cities in the world. Growing at a very fast rate, the population of Dhaka urban area is predicted to increase to about 21 million by 2015 from the current population of 11.3 million. Dhaka’s rapid development, its fast-changing urban landscape and the associated critical environmental challenges call for holistic urban planning, strengthening of institutions responsible for urban development and good governance.
Eventually, we decided to explore the most important problems, negative and positive impacts in this country.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study?

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
*Biogeography, land use patterns, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics
* ratio of green/blue and sealed/built-up areas

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Cultural/social/political context===
*Brief explanation of culture, political economy, legal framework

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
The Bangladesh poverty rate has reduced by 1% per year since 1990. Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 50% in 2000. Growth in GDP per head has increased from 1% per annum during the 1970s to 3% since the early 1990s.
Life expectancy has increased by more than 15 years over this period. A decline in the total fertility rate reduced population growth to 1.5% a year by the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the Human Poverty Index (HPI), which reflects income poverty, illiteracy and health deprivation, has declined dramatically from 61% in 1981-83 to 36% in 2004.
Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has experienced different types of government regime. These are: democratic rule (1971-75), military rule and an attempt to return to democracy (1975-81), military rule (1981-1991) and return to multiparty democracy in 1991. In 1991, a major political party was elected through a general election conducted under a care-taker neutral government. But politics in Bangladesh always remain confrontational, one party distrusting and blaming the other when it fails to win election and get power. Elected parliaments have been made ineffective by continuous boycott of parliamentary session by those who are not in power. As a result a “culture of conflict” has developed where the politics of exclusion dominate rather than the politics of inclusion, affecting the total economy and society. Political agitations that take the form of frequent strikes, hartals and blockade cause huge loss to the economy. Recently the magnitude of hartal and blockade has increased significantly. “After a decade of democratic renewal in the 1990s, which succeeded 16 years of cantonment raj, our politics is becoming increasingly dysfunctional. Linguistically, culturally, socially Bangladesh is a homogenous country. People in Bangladesh do not have the freedom to develop themselves according to their choice, and are instead embedded in certain unfreedoms. The removal of substantial unfreedoms is constitutive of development (Sen 2000). There are five different types of rights and opportunities that help to advance the general capability of a person. These are: political freedoms; economic facilities; social opportunities; transparency guarantees and protective security. These are indeed mutually reinforcing and complementary (Sen 2000:10). These unfreedoms are accentuated by the state which fails to play its neutral and benevolent role in providing succour to the people.
Bangladesh’s legal framework for international cooperation in corruption cases consists essentially of the Extradition Act and, to a limited extent, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on evidence commissions. Extradition to and from countries is, however, subject to the existence of a treaty. Until recently, the lack of treaties no doubt presented the greatest obstacle for cooperation. Since the ratification of the UNCAC in 2007, Bangladesh may now seek and provide extradition and MLA to and from States Parties to the Convention.

=== Local Climate ===
*What are the climatic conditions at present? Have there been extreme weather events in the near past?
*Which changes are expected? Is there any evidence?

Illustration: Table or time line

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
*If you consider these potential changes - which aspects/functions of your case study would be affected?

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===
* How could your case study area become more resilient to climate change?
* Which measures would need to be taken to adapt to the new situation?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===
* Which measures would need to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other drivers of climate change within your case study area?
* How could you assure sustainability of these measures?
* Please describe 2-3 measures

=== Your scenario ===
*How will this area look like in 2060?
*Please forecast one potential future development taking climate change into account

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*Are there any important theoretical insights?
*Which research questions does it generate?
*Short statement plus background notes

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
Image:yourimage.jpg|your image text
</gallery>

=== References ===
Please add literature, documentations and weblinks

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

{{#widget:WidgetName|param1=value1|param2=value2}}

Group F - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-20T18:15:37Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group F - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Titel of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:Online augabe2-copy.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

File:Online augabe2-copy.jpg

2012-11-20T18:14:55Z

Kun:

Group V - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:32:24Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group V - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

Group U - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:32:08Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group U - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

Group T - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:31:50Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group T - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

Group R - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:31:35Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group R - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

Group Q - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:31:19Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group Q - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

Group P - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:31:02Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group P - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

Group O - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:30:34Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group O - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:30:20Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

Group M - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:30:03Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group M - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion

Group L - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics

2012-11-19T12:29:48Z

Kun:

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group L - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project]]

== Title of Topic ''(to be adjusted)'' ==

== Concept Map ==
[[Image:NewClimatechangerisk.jpg|thumb|300px|none|This file is a placeholder for your concept map, please upload your concept map to the wiki in jpg format and adjust the filename 'Climate change risk.jpg' at the beginning of this line to your actual file name, then it will be displayed here. Please check the help section for more details on uploading images.]]

== Discussion ==
Please sum up the core themes of your group discussion