Wikienfk5 - User contributions [en]

(re)Quest for the cultural landscape of Belgrade, Serbia

2010-05-20T12:13:58Z

Kovacevicj:

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''(re)Quest for the cultural landscape''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Belgrade''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Serbia''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Jovana Kovacevic, Mirjana Jovanovic, Nada Jadzic''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''April 2010.''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''July 2010. ''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''not listed''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''/''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:Squer Terazije 1935. and 2005., Belgrade.jpg]]

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</googlemap>

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| ||style="background:Lavender"|
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|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?
Belgrade, capital city of Serbia, is one of the oldest cities in Europe, was founded by Celts in the 3rd century BC and named Singidunum. Since then begins its long and turbulent history. Archaeological remainings of the first settlements are dating from prehistoric Vincha in the 4800th BC. In the 9th century AD it gets Slavic name Belgrade that was held until today.
Throughout its history, Belgrade has been in the government of the various nations, in different countries and had different functions during that period (fortress, Roman limes, capital city).
Belgrade conserved prints of all nations and cultures who have lived in it and therefore it deserves this [re]quest for its cultural landscape.
''

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background
Under the influence of globalization the city changes its distinctive cityscape, a characteristic human prints are disappearing. We believe it is a critical time to identify and preserve them before they are irretrievably gone.
Since in Serbia, the term ''cultural landscape'' is not legally defined, this case study opens the possibility to determine whether the cultural landscape of Belgrade exist. If it is recognized as such it could be identified and preserved. That would open perspective for legal regulation of term ''cultural landscape'' in Serbia.''

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics
The specific position of Belgrade, at the confluence of two rivers, at the meeting of the plains and hillside conditioned that it was inhabited from the earliest period (since the Paleolithic). Proximity to water and facilities for fishing, hunting and protected positions on the river banks attracted the first inhabitants of this area. Belgrade’s position may partly explain why the Slavs just settled in that place, as the title Slavs itself means ''people who live next to the river’’.

[[Image:Kalemegdan.JPG|left|thumb|]]

Later in history, the position of Belgrade was important in another sense, it meant strategic defense of the borders or the difficult conquest. Dominant position at the confluence of two rivers meant that one that governs the city is the one who controls waterway transport, trade, defense of the city etc. Thus, an important strategic position is the reason that, during its long history, Belgrade was many times conquered by different nations and thereby often destroyed and rebuilt, so that many historical traces disappeared irretrievably. Strategically most important point was the Kalemegdan fortress, located on the hill above the confluence of the Sava and Danube. It is believed that the first fortification on this spot was built by the Celts. Later, Romans built a military fortification there in the first century AD, after which the fort became part of the Roman defensive border (limes). At the same time, it is the oldest part of the city, the core around which the city has later grown.

Most turbulent period of the city and period of its most intense and most frequent destruction and re-building is certainly a period of early 15th century to the mid-19th century. During these 4 centuries, from the moment when Belgrade first became capital of the Serbian state (1403.) to the moment when it became that again, it was conquered several times by the Turks, Serbs and Austria - Hungarians. During this period the city was in constant wavering between Christianity and Islam, on the border between East and West, on the border between the Ottoman and Austria - Hungarian Empire influenced by both of the worlds. This duality is still reflected in its architecture and cultural monuments, and in themselves. However, the modern way of living and the processes of globalization are slowly but surely erasing the prints of cities unique history and character, so that many of them are already gone.

Throughout history, Belgrade has been a major crossroads between the West and the Orient. Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia, the city has an urban area of 360 square kilometers, while together with its metropolitan area it covers 3,223 km2. Belgrade lies 116.75 meters above sea level and is located at confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers. The historical core of Belgrade, today's Kalemegdan, is on the right bank of the rivers. Since the 19th century, the city has been expanding to the south and east, after World War II, New Belgrade was built on the Sava's left bank, merging Belgrade with Zemun.On the right bank of the Sava, central Belgrade has a hilly terrain, while the highest point of Belgrade proper is Torlak hill at 303 m. The mountains of Avala 511 m and Kosmaj 628 m lie south of the city. Across the Sava and Danube, the land is mostly flat, consisting of alluvial plains and loessial plateaus.

In the very center of Belgrade, were found, Neanderthal skeletons who was killed in battle with the mammoth, which is evidence of the prehistoric times on today’s territory of Belgrade. The Neolithic Starčevo and Vinča cultures existed in Belgrade and dominated the Balkans (as well as parts of Central Europe and Asia Minor) about 7,000 years ago(4800 BC). The Paleo-Balkan tribes of Dacians and Thracians dwelled in the area before being settled in the 4th century BC by a Celtic tribe, the Scordisci, the city's recorded name was Singidūn, before becoming the romanized Singidunum in the first century AD. In 34-33BC the Roman army under Silanus reached Belgrade. In the mid 2nd century, the city was proclaimed a municipium by the Roman authorities, evolving into a full fledged colonia (highest class Roman city) by the end of the century. In 395 AD, the site passed to the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Across the Sava from Singidunum was the Celtic city ofTaurunum (Zemun), Singidunum was occupied and often ravaged by successive invasions of Huns, Sarmatians, Gepids,Ostrogoths and Avars before the arrival of the Slavs (which means people who live near water) around 630 AD. The first records of the Slavic name Belgrade dates back to 878th year, during the reign of the First Bulgarian Empire. The city is still continue to be the subject of disputes between Byzantium, Hungary and Bulgaria next four centuries.The city eventually exceeds the power of the Serbs as part of Srem 1284th year.The first Serbian king who ruled Belgrade was Dragutin Stefan (1276-1282), ruler of the Kingdom of Srem. After heavy losses in the Battle of Kosovo 1389th The Serbian Empire began to disintegrate and its southern parts of the high-speed cross into the hands of Ottoman Turks. Serbian despot Stefan Lazarevic Belgrade received from Hungary and Roman King Sigismund of Luxembourg, after which he became his vassal. In 1405thStefan Lazarevic Belgrade declared its capital city. Since that Belgrade has had a great climb. Belgrade has become a refuge to many Balkan peoples fleeing from Ottoman authorities. It is believed that the population at this time high as 40000-50000. During the reign of Đurađa Brankovic, great part of Serbia falls under the Turkish Empire, however, Belgrade came under the protection of Hungarian kings. The Turks wanted to conquer Belgrade because it was an obstacle to further progress towards Central Europe. The army under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent, 28 August 1521st won the Belgrade from the Hungarians, which marked the fall of the city under the Ottoman Empire. About 1571stin Belgrade was 27 settlements. The city's 1594th affected a large Serbian rebellion that the Turks were able to repress, burned many churches. In the 16th century the city was quiet and it was an important seat of the county connected by road to Istanbul Constantinople. Attracted many traders and residents - Turks, Armenians, Greeks, Roma and others. He became more than just a city, with Islamic architecture, public bathrooms, and many new mosques. Belgrade is three times from the Turks conquered by Austria (1688-1690, 1717-1739, 1789-1791), and the Ottoman Turks occupied it again, with great destruction. Belgrade becomes “Town of war”. During this period, the city was engulfed by two large migrations of Serbs, in which hundreds of thousands of Serbs, led by the patriarchs, retreated together with the Austrian Habsburg Empire in the 1690th and 1737-39, where they settled in what is now Vojvodina and Slavonia. After the Turkish defeat at Vienna in September 1688th The Austrians captured Belgrade. During the first Austrian conquest (1688-1690) many mosques were destroyed, and those that are left, turned into a Christian church. When the army under the command of the Austrian Empire Archduke Eugene of Savoy for the second time won the Belgrade (1717-1739) destroyed the mosque minarets of the Belgrade fortress, so the panorama of the city can look more European. Then in Belgrade has left the Muslim population because they withdrew in the midst of the invasion. After the victory over the Austrian army 1739th years of Grocka, the Ottoman Turks ruled Belgrade again, and it ruled the next 50 years (1739 to 1789. years). During that time they fix many of the damaged mosques and restored to its original state many turned to the church. During the great battle for Belgrade 1739th years, ruined about 30 mosques. The number of mosques are mostly held by the First Serbian Uprising. The First Serbian Uprising, during the struggle for the liberation of Belgrade 1806th years, many mosques were damaged, the rebels held the city of 8 January 1806th until 1813, when the Ottomans retook it. The Serbian authorities, 1836th The registration of mosques in Belgrade, and that list was found 16 mosques. Eviction "Turkish" population from Beograda1867. Today the only remaining mosque in Dorcol Bajrakli. Since 1817th was the capital of the Principality of Serbia When the Serbian gained full independence 1878th and became the Kingdom of Serbia, Belgrade has again become a key city in the Balkans that is rapidly developing. Belgrade in 1900. had only 69,100 inhabitants. Soon, 1905th population is growing at more than 80,000, and at the beginning of World War 1914th and up to 100,000, not counting Zemun which then belonged to Austria Hungary.. After the First World War and the occupation by the Austro-Hungary and German troops, Belgrade has experienced rapid growth and a significant modernization of the capital of the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A little known fact that Belgrade was then one of the first Buddhist temple in Europe. During the twenties and thirties of the 20th century, the population would grow to 239 000 to 1931st together with the western suburb of Zemun, who was formerly in Austria-Hungary. By 1940, the population was about 320,000.
Yugoslavia on 25 mart 1941. signed the Tripartite Pact and joined the Axis powers. Because of this, on 27 March followed by mass protest in Belgrade and the coup. The city is 6 and 7 April heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, killing 2274 people. The bombing was set on fire and burned the National Library of Serbia, where they killed thousands of books and medieval manuscripts. Yugoslavia was attacked by German, Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian forces, with the help of the Albanians and Croats. After the capitulation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in Belgrade and central Serbia have supported the establishment of the Nazi government of Milan Nedic
Jews, Gypsies, communists, and other antifascists were taken to concentration camps and fairground Banjica, through which he passed during the war, about 125,000 inmates. Semlin killed about 40,000 Jews, Serbs and 7-8000 [32] [33]. In Banjica killed about 4200 people. Executions carried out by the German occupiers, while the prisoners were arrested mainly Serbian quislings, who had done the administration of Banjica camp.
The city was bombed and Allies 16th and 17 April 1944.
Struggle for the liberation of the town started 13th and 14 October, the city was finally liberated 20th October 1944. Liberated by the joint forces of the partisans and the Red Army. During the war, Belgrade lost about 50,000 people and suffered heavy destruction [30].
In the postwar period, Belgrade has developed as the capital of the new Yugoslavia, and soon grew into a major industrial center.
In 1951 began the construction of New Belgrade on the other side of the river Sava, where they were previously located just marsh and reeds. The city was, at least in the beginning, build voluntary youth work brigade.
The first Conference of NAM held in Belgrade 1961st year.
Belgrade was the scene of large student demonstrations 1968th
March 1972nd Belgrade is the center of the last outbreak of smallpox in Europe. Epidemic, which included a forced quarantine and mass vaccination ended in late May.
In May 1980th death is life president of Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito. In addition to nearly all the world's leading statesmen, and the funeral was attended by about 700,000 people.
'

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

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[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Serbia]]
[[Category:Belgrade]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Concept map Acoma - Landscape of Settlement.jpg

2010-05-09T20:57:25Z

Kovacevicj: New page: Image:Concept map Acoma - Landscape of Settlement.jpg

[[Image:Concept map Acoma - Landscape of Settlement.jpg]]

Literature and Resources Cultural Landscapes 2010

2010-05-09T20:56:25Z

Kovacevicj: /* Landscapes as a reflection of changing cultural processes */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Seminar Outline]'''

== Thematic fields according to the 2010 ECLAS conference "Cultural Landscapes" ==
[[Image:100410 cultural landscapes mind map.jpeg|thumb|1050px|Thematic map "Cultural Landscapes"|none]]

=== Cultural Landscapes: Education, research methods and approaches ===
''such as profession based education, multi-disciplinary education, interdisciplinary education etc.''

*'''Latz, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/02_time_visible.pdf The idea of making time visible] Topos 33/2000'''''
** Roya Sabri: [[The idea of making time visible - concept map]]

*'''Author: ''[moodle link Title] Topos issue'''''
** Student name: [[Title - concept map]]

=== Responses of cultural landscapes to changing natural processes ===
''such as climate change, re-colonization of abandoned lands, impact of emerging need for sustainability etc.''

*'''Latz, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/02_time_visible.pdf The idea of making time visible] Topos 33/2000'''''
** Roya Sabri: [[The idea of making time visible - concept map]]

*'''Yu, Kongjian: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/14_china.pdf Positioning Contemporary Landscape Architecture in China] Topos 56/2006'''''
** Hua Shu,Lu Sun,Ya Li: [[Landscape Architecture in China - concept map]]

=== Landscapes as a reflection of changing cultural processes ===
''such as globalization, multiculturalism, emerging awareness to sustainability, etc.''

*'''van Oers, Ron: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=1481 Safeguarding the Historic Urban Landscape] Topos 58/2007'''''
** Isin Barut: [[Safeguarding the Historic Urban Landscape - concept map]]

*'''Playdon, Dennis: Acoma - A Landscape of Settlement'''''
** Jovana Kovacevic: [[Concept map Acoma - Landscape of Settlement.jpg]]

=== Technology as a driver of cultural landscape change ===
''such as international styles, disappearing vernacular styles as a result of increased visual images through internet as well as advanced technology to enable new construction methods and techniques and capability to use new materials or recycled materials, etc. ''

*'''Latz, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/02_time_visible.pdf The idea of making time visible] Topos 33/2000'''''
** Roya Sabri: [[The idea of making time visible - concept map]]

*'''Author: ''[moodle link Title] Topos issue'''''
** Student name: [[Title - concept map]]

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Seminar Outline]'''

== Articles for reading exercise ==

* Dear students, please choose your favourite article here and write your name(s) behind it.
* Then create a concept map until Tuesday, May 11, 2010, with one of the recommended programs and make sure it has a suitable resolution for this WIKI (400x800 pix) and the contents are readible on screen.
* In addition, please copy the article quotation (author, moodle link, title) and paste it according to the given structure and the respective ECLAS thematic field above that you think might fit best.
* If your article relates to more than one theme, please copy the title also to any other appropriate section.
* In a last step, you upload your concept map illustration (jpg) with a suitable title to the WIKI and add it together with your name to your article (as shown in the prestructure). It will later be linked with the respective article on a new WIKI page.

=== '''Topos 26/1999 ''IBA - a renewal concept for a region ''''' ===

''The focus of Topos 26 is on one region in one country: the Emscher region in North Rhine-Westphalia, a part of the Ruhr district. Once the industrial heart of Europe, the site of ruthless industrialization, it had overslept structural change. Now it is the home of the IBA (International Building Exhibition) Emscher Park.''

*'''Schäfer, Robert: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/01_iba_emscher_park.pdf Emscher Park Building Exhibition: a motor of structural change]''''' In 1999, the IBA presents the outcome of projects and plans concerned with the regeneration of an old industrial region.

*'''Pehnt, Wolfgang: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/02_iba_emscher_park.pdf Changes have to take place in people's heads first]''''' The IBA Emscher Park has provided the Ruhr with a new identity and opened up new paths, both in the outside world and in people's minds.

*'''Dettmar, Jörg: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/04_iba_emscher_park.pdf Wilderness or park?]''''' The Leftover Land Project taking place as part of the Emscher Park IBA introduces the concept of "industrial nature".

*'''Poblotzki, Ursula: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/05_iba_emscher_park.pdf Transformation of a landscape]''''' The Ruhr is witnessing the application of urban green planning principles to a whole region as a motor of structural change.('''Yiting Wei,Chengkang Ye''')

*'''Schwarze-Rodrian, Michael: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/06_iba_emscher_park.pdf Intercommunal co-operation in the Emscher Landscape Park]''''' The new regional park in the Ruhr area could only have been planned and built by going across all borders. A concept and its strategies.

*'''Weilacher, Udo: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/07_iba_emscher_park.pdf Rusty-brown and Phacelia blue – landmark art by the IBA]''''' Mountains, rivers, churches or castles often lend character to landscapes. In the Ruhr, artistic landmarks help perform this role.

*'''Diedrich, Lisa: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/08_iba_emscher_park.pdf No politics, no park: the Duisburg-Nord model]''''' The Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park exemplifies the close co-operation between IBA managers and designers.

*'''Wachten, Kunibert: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/11_iba_emscher_park.pdf Housing developments in integrated sites]''''' The revived culture of the Ruhr area housing estates features new construction with moderate densities and makes use of historic capital.

=== '''Topos 33/2000 ''Intention and Reality''''' ===

''The urban future will be happening in the periphery because the core is usually occupied by history. Only Berlin had the unique opportunity to build the future right in the centre of town.''

*'''Isman, Fabio: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/01_cultural_assets.pdf Landscape as cultural assets]''''' Half of Italy is protected from development, yet the danger of famous landscapes being covered up with concrete still remains.

*'''Latz, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/02_time_visible.pdf The idea of making time visible]''''' Landscape architecture shows ecology as art that realises abstract ideas interpreting spatial patterns. '''(Roya Sabri)'''

=== '''Topos 44/2003 ''Conversion''''' ===

''Perforations, shrinkage, intermediate city – we know the terms for these processes but are not so sure about solutions for the problems caused by this landscape change. In any case, landscape is always involved.''

*'''Christiaanse, Kees: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/b6eea36d_H__fen.pdf New urbanism in former harbours] ''''' Colourful archipelago districts are appearing in harbour areas. Radically mixed uses provide an example for the whole city. '''(Koesler Barbara, Kazubski Sebastian)'''

*'''Leppert, Stefan: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/fb572c9b_Westpark.pdf Westpark Bochum, Germany]''''' Mainly involving provision of access to existing elements, the concept for the park at a former steelworks is a simple one.

*'''Weilacher, Udo and Dettmar, Jörg: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_44_2003/01_process.pdf Landscape as a process]''''' The city is wherever an urban lifestyle is. That means it is almost everywhere. What role does that give landscape?

*'''Prominski, Martin: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/bb305df8_Surplus.pdf Surplus land - Perspectives for the cultural landscape]''''' Farmers are going; new settlers are coming. Students at TU Berlin developed ideas for a different land use.

=== '''Topos 53/2005 ''Traffic''''' ===

''Bridges, roads, airports, boulevards, bicycle paths or railway tracks ? the range of traffic structures that should not only be well planned but also attractively designed in the context of their urban or rural surroundings is very broad.''

*'''Pachnicke, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_53_2005/01_ruhr_area.pdf The Bridge Landscape of Emscher Park]''''' Rehabilitating the River Emscher, misused as a wastewater canal, forms the foundation for redesigning the industrial landscape in the Ruhr district. The artistic bridges in the network of hiking and cycling trails are symbols of the new landscape.

*'''Suwanarit, Asan: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/c12884f6_Bangkok.pdf The Skytrain in Bangkok]''''' The enormous elevated structure of the Bangkok Transit System, commonly known as the Skytrain, has radically changed the means of experiencing passing through the heart of Bangkok's downtown. Today, this structure is continuing its transformation as a complex dynamic across this metropolitan landscape.

*'''Becker, Carlo W.: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_53_2005/02_leipzig.pdf Across the Periphery – Leipzig North]''''' In response to the strong transformation processes of past decades, the City of Leipzig commissioned a spatial concept for its periphery. bgmr Landscape Architects developed an urban cultural landscape.

*'''Detzlhofer, Anna: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_53_2005/03_vienna.pdf Landscape Becomes Established]''''' Large-scale modelling of the terrain integrates a new motorway on the south periphery of Vienna with the landscape. Geometrically shaped landmarks facilitate orientation for drivers and local residents.

=== '''Topos 56/2006 ''Cultural Landscapes''''' ===

''All over the world, the economic activities of mankind leave their mark on the landscape. Depending on land use, topography and climate, cultural landscapes differ greatly. Besides covering the preservation and rehabilitation of particular cultural landscapes, this issue of Topos focuses mainly on the transformations of landscapes and the challenges for planners involved. Examples range from an Italian wind farm to Bangkok's aquacultural landscape.''

*'''Moderini, Daniela and Selano, Giovanni: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/01_windscapes.pdf Windscapes]''''' The experimental wind farms of San Chirico and Spina combine renewable energy and information technologies with the region's distinguished culture to create an innovative strategy for communicating the landscape's inherent complexity. '''(Lukas Spriestersbach)'''

*'''Briand, Gilles and Mousquet, François-Xavier: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/d26ec62d_Basin.pdf Reversing the Image of a Coal Basin]''''' Long regarded as a serious handicap, the coal basin's brownfield sites in the French Nord Pas de Calais region, heritage of a glorious industrial past, constitute an experimental laboratory for the regeneration of derelict post-industrial land. '''(Andreia V. Quintas)'''

*'''Bokern, Anneke: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/03_westergasfabriek.pdf Westergasfabriek Cultural Park]''''' The interim cultural uses of the former gasworks in Amsterdam led to converting the grounds into a "cultural park". The design intends to demonstrate transformations in the relationship between humans and nature over the last century.

*'''McGrath, Brian and Thaitakoo, Danai: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/f2dd7b91_Agri.pdf Bangkok`s Agri- and Aquacultural Fringe]''''' Bangkok's contemporary transportation system reflects ancient layers of waterborne urbanism overlaid with a modern automobile-driven metropolis. Between these conditions, a fresh opportunity arises to re-assess the composite cultural landscape for future bio-energy production.

*'''Dailami, Ahmed and Doherty, Gareth: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/05_bahrain.pdf Cultural Continuums in Bahrain]''''' Bahrain is experiencing a tumultuous period of restructuring and expansion with an architectural language rooted in a silently salient binary of traditional versus contemporary. Transition and change are not new to Bahrain, having formed an assortment of landscapes that speak of a far more varied and complex place.

*'''Akerlund, Ulrika : ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/06_russian_country.pdf Russian Coutnry Estates]''''' Primarily a country base for the bourgeois, the usadba had a significant social role in pre-revolutionary Russia. Although many are now in ruins, and the needs and structure of society have changed, the agency of the usadba as a cultural hub and focus for rural communities is being rediscovered.

*'''O'Donnell, Patricia M.: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/07_designed_landscapes.pdf Preserving Designed Cultural Landscapes]''''' There is a broad legacy of cultural landscapes as designed, evolved, relic and associative properties in the USA. While cultural landscapes of all types hold interest for the planning professions, understanding the designed landscape and intervening to further its preservation is most readily taken up by design professionals.

*'''Playdon, Dennis: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/c9811c28_Acoma.pdf Acoma - A Landscape of Settlement]''''' There is a broad legacy of cultural landscapes as designed, evolved, relic and associative properties in the USA. While cultural landscapes of all types hold interest for the planning professions, understanding the designed landscape and intervening to further its preservation is most readily taken up by design professionals.'''(Jovana Kovacevic)'''

*'''Shannon, Kelly: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/09_drosscape.pdf Drosscape]''''' New landscapes are continuously created while others are destroyed. The cultural landscapes of the 21st century include the globe's vast post-industrial landscapes, and territories simply consumed by sprawling development. '''(Ieva Kiesnere)'''

*'''Krebs, Stefanie: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/10_land_art.pdf Art and Landscape]''''' Artscape Nordland presents 33 works of art in the Norwegian fjord landscape. Different positions on art and landscape range from staging elementary forces and creating spaces for social interaction to re-romanticization and the sublime.

*'''Schmitz, Martin: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/11_lucius_burckhardt.pdf The Strollology of Lucius Burckhardt]''''' The political economist, sociologist, art historian and planning theorist Lucius Burckhardt founded "strollology" in the 1980s at the University of Kassel, Germany. It deals with human perception and its feedback into planning and building.

*'''Ranatunga, Priyanka: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/12_tsunami.pdf Cultural Landscape and Tsunami Resettlement]''''' Following the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka, landscape architects re-interpreted ancient human settlement patterns in order to re-locate affected peoples into culturally and ecological sensitive communities.

*'''Adams, Ann: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/13_holistic_landscape.pdf Dimbangombe Project – A Holistic Landscape Approach]''''' Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in natural capitalism and a holistic approach to resource management. The Dimbangombe Project in Zimbabwe focuses on creating a healthy landscape.

*'''Yu, Kongjian: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/14_china.pdf Positioning Contemporary Landscape Architecture in China]''''' In an era of multiple unprecedented challenges imposed by the processes of industrialization and urbanization, landscape architecture is now on the verge of change in China. It is time for this profession to take the great opportunity to position itself to play the key role in rebuilding the Land of Peach Blossoms for a new society of urbanized, globalized and inter-connected people. '''(Hua Shu,Lu Sun,Ya Li)'''

=== '''Topos 58/2007 ''City Strategies''''' ===

''Cities are responsible for accommodating most of the world population. Cities grow; big ones get even bigger; new satellite towns are supposed to ease the strain on city centres. Urban planners therefore face major tasks in creating liveable urban environments for millions of people. Topos presents examples of urban design strategies, in Sydney, Shanghai, Dubai, London, Madrid, Chicago, Vancouver and Bogotá.''

*'''Hawken, Scott: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/01_sydney.pdf Sydney – City of Landscapes]''''' Since the 2000 Olympics, and in light of an ongoing explosion in population, the need for a drastic overhaul of Sydney's urban system has become clear. A series of new landscape projects provide physical models that respond to diverse planning challenges.

*'''Kögel, Eduard: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/02_shanghai01.pdf Metropolitan Region Shanghai]''''' The town planning history of Shanghai has taken many turns with political change in the past century. A consistent planning strategy could not be implemented until the 1990s when development really took off. The achievements will be presented to an international audience at the World Expo 2010. '''(Yan Hu, Lei li)'''

*'''Ruff, Stefanie and Dong, Nannan: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/03_shanghai02.pdf Managing Urban Growth in Shanghai]''''' The targeted urbanisation of Shanghai's suburbs leads to a decentralized growth that forms a polycentric regional network. New Towns take various Western urban developments as their models.

*'''Woodman, Ellis: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/04_london.pdf Livingstone's London]''''' Mayor Ken Livingstone has already had considerable impact on London's built environment, but in the coming years his policies are set to transform the city to an unprecedented degree.

*'''Ng, Waikeen and Vegara, Alfonso: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/05_madrid.pdf Spain's Growing Capital City]''''' Large infrastructure projects represent a major step forward for Madrid's transport planning, preparing the city for the future – and the next Olympic bid.

*'''Davis, Mike : ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/06_dubai.pdf Fear and Money in Dubai]''''' Some may consider Dubai the prototype of the 21st century metropolis. Mike Davis describes the luxury urban enclave as the apotheosis of neo-liberalism. Petrodollars are invested in fantasy worlds and architectural landmarks to establish the city as a brand on the world market.

*'''Burger, Don, Roehr, Daniel and Soules, Matthew: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/07_vancouver.pdf Mirage Metropolis]''''' Vancouver has become such a global model for urbanism that Vancouverism refers to the twin ideals of increased residential density and liveability in the city core. The article critically reflects on this approach which, despite its many failings, nevertheless creates new possibilities for landscape.

*'''Lindke, Lybra: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/08_chicago01.pdf Chicago's Green Strategies]''''' Long since considered an industrial and economic workhorse within the United States, Chicago's approach to redefining its greenscape has changed its reputation from a city laden with underutilized and vacant manufacturing and industrial sites to a city striving to become a model for comprehensive green urbanism.

*'''Chappell, Jim: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/09_chicago02.pdf Chicago Central Area Plan]''''' Subtitled "Preparing the Central City for the 21st Century", the Chicago Central Area Plan is nothing less than the next step in Chicago's hundred-year quest to build the world's greatest city, and build it according to a plan.

*'''Fajardo, Martha Cecilia and Kawashima, Noboru: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/10_bogota.pdf Bogotá Transformations]''''' Implementation of a series of masterplans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks.

*'''van Oers, Ron: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=1481 Safeguarding the Historic Urban Landscape]''''' More and more historic cities adopt strategies and policies that assign an important role to heritage in the city's social and economic development. A well-managed historic urban landscape is a strong competitive tool as it attracts not only tourists, but capital and residents as well. It is essential to establish an active partnership between conservation and development. ('''Mirjana Jovanovic''', '''Nada Jadzic''')

File:Concept map Acoma - Landscape of Settlement.jpg

2010-05-09T20:55:36Z

Kovacevicj:

File:Concept map Acoma- Landscape of Settlement.jpg

2010-05-09T20:54:10Z

Kovacevicj: uploaded a new version of "Image:Concept map Acoma- Landscape of Settlement.jpg"

Concept map Acoma- Landscape of Settlement.jpg

2010-05-09T20:44:15Z

Kovacevicj: New page: Image:Concept map Acoma- Landscape of Settlement.jpg

[[Image:Concept map Acoma- Landscape of Settlement.jpg]]

Literature and Resources Cultural Landscapes 2010

2010-05-09T20:43:42Z

Kovacevicj: /* Landscapes as a reflection of changing cultural processes */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Seminar Outline]'''

== Thematic fields according to the 2010 ECLAS conference "Cultural Landscapes" ==
[[Image:100410 cultural landscapes mind map.jpeg|thumb|1050px|Thematic map "Cultural Landscapes"|none]]

=== Cultural Landscapes: Education, research methods and approaches ===
''such as profession based education, multi-disciplinary education, interdisciplinary education etc.''

*'''Latz, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/02_time_visible.pdf The idea of making time visible] Topos 33/2000'''''
** Roya Sabri: [[The idea of making time visible - concept map]]

*'''Author: ''[moodle link Title] Topos issue'''''
** Student name: [[Title - concept map]]

=== Responses of cultural landscapes to changing natural processes ===
''such as climate change, re-colonization of abandoned lands, impact of emerging need for sustainability etc.''

*'''Latz, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/02_time_visible.pdf The idea of making time visible] Topos 33/2000'''''
** Roya Sabri: [[The idea of making time visible - concept map]]

*'''Yu, Kongjian: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/14_china.pdf Positioning Contemporary Landscape Architecture in China] Topos 56/2006'''''
** Hua Shu,Lu Sun,Ya Li: [[Landscape Architecture in China - concept map]]

=== Landscapes as a reflection of changing cultural processes ===
''such as globalization, multiculturalism, emerging awareness to sustainability, etc.''

*'''van Oers, Ron: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=1481 Safeguarding the Historic Urban Landscape] Topos 58/2007'''''
** Isin Barut: [[Safeguarding the Historic Urban Landscape - concept map]]

*'''Playdon, Dennis: Acoma - A Landscape of Settlement'''''
** Jovana Kovacevic: [[Concept map Acoma- Landscape of Settlement.jpg]]

=== Technology as a driver of cultural landscape change ===
''such as international styles, disappearing vernacular styles as a result of increased visual images through internet as well as advanced technology to enable new construction methods and techniques and capability to use new materials or recycled materials, etc. ''

*'''Latz, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/02_time_visible.pdf The idea of making time visible] Topos 33/2000'''''
** Roya Sabri: [[The idea of making time visible - concept map]]

*'''Author: ''[moodle link Title] Topos issue'''''
** Student name: [[Title - concept map]]

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Seminar Outline]'''

== Articles for reading exercise ==

* Dear students, please choose your favourite article here and write your name(s) behind it.
* Then create a concept map until Tuesday, May 11, 2010, with one of the recommended programs and make sure it has a suitable resolution for this WIKI (400x800 pix) and the contents are readible on screen.
* In addition, please copy the article quotation (author, moodle link, title) and paste it according to the given structure and the respective ECLAS thematic field above that you think might fit best.
* If your article relates to more than one theme, please copy the title also to any other appropriate section.
* In a last step, you upload your concept map illustration (jpg) with a suitable title to the WIKI and add it together with your name to your article (as shown in the prestructure). It will later be linked with the respective article on a new WIKI page.

=== '''Topos 26/1999 ''IBA - a renewal concept for a region ''''' ===

''The focus of Topos 26 is on one region in one country: the Emscher region in North Rhine-Westphalia, a part of the Ruhr district. Once the industrial heart of Europe, the site of ruthless industrialization, it had overslept structural change. Now it is the home of the IBA (International Building Exhibition) Emscher Park.''

*'''Schäfer, Robert: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/01_iba_emscher_park.pdf Emscher Park Building Exhibition: a motor of structural change]''''' In 1999, the IBA presents the outcome of projects and plans concerned with the regeneration of an old industrial region.

*'''Pehnt, Wolfgang: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/02_iba_emscher_park.pdf Changes have to take place in people's heads first]''''' The IBA Emscher Park has provided the Ruhr with a new identity and opened up new paths, both in the outside world and in people's minds.

*'''Dettmar, Jörg: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/04_iba_emscher_park.pdf Wilderness or park?]''''' The Leftover Land Project taking place as part of the Emscher Park IBA introduces the concept of "industrial nature".

*'''Poblotzki, Ursula: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/05_iba_emscher_park.pdf Transformation of a landscape]''''' The Ruhr is witnessing the application of urban green planning principles to a whole region as a motor of structural change.('''Yiting Wei,Chengkang Ye''')

*'''Schwarze-Rodrian, Michael: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/06_iba_emscher_park.pdf Intercommunal co-operation in the Emscher Landscape Park]''''' The new regional park in the Ruhr area could only have been planned and built by going across all borders. A concept and its strategies.

*'''Weilacher, Udo: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/07_iba_emscher_park.pdf Rusty-brown and Phacelia blue – landmark art by the IBA]''''' Mountains, rivers, churches or castles often lend character to landscapes. In the Ruhr, artistic landmarks help perform this role.

*'''Diedrich, Lisa: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/08_iba_emscher_park.pdf No politics, no park: the Duisburg-Nord model]''''' The Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park exemplifies the close co-operation between IBA managers and designers.

*'''Wachten, Kunibert: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/11_iba_emscher_park.pdf Housing developments in integrated sites]''''' The revived culture of the Ruhr area housing estates features new construction with moderate densities and makes use of historic capital.

=== '''Topos 33/2000 ''Intention and Reality''''' ===

''The urban future will be happening in the periphery because the core is usually occupied by history. Only Berlin had the unique opportunity to build the future right in the centre of town.''

*'''Isman, Fabio: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/01_cultural_assets.pdf Landscape as cultural assets]''''' Half of Italy is protected from development, yet the danger of famous landscapes being covered up with concrete still remains.

*'''Latz, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/02_time_visible.pdf The idea of making time visible]''''' Landscape architecture shows ecology as art that realises abstract ideas interpreting spatial patterns. '''(Roya Sabri)'''

=== '''Topos 44/2003 ''Conversion''''' ===

''Perforations, shrinkage, intermediate city – we know the terms for these processes but are not so sure about solutions for the problems caused by this landscape change. In any case, landscape is always involved.''

*'''Christiaanse, Kees: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/b6eea36d_H__fen.pdf New urbanism in former harbours] ''''' Colourful archipelago districts are appearing in harbour areas. Radically mixed uses provide an example for the whole city. '''(Koesler Barbara, Kazubski Sebastian)'''

*'''Leppert, Stefan: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/fb572c9b_Westpark.pdf Westpark Bochum, Germany]''''' Mainly involving provision of access to existing elements, the concept for the park at a former steelworks is a simple one.

*'''Weilacher, Udo and Dettmar, Jörg: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_44_2003/01_process.pdf Landscape as a process]''''' The city is wherever an urban lifestyle is. That means it is almost everywhere. What role does that give landscape?

*'''Prominski, Martin: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/bb305df8_Surplus.pdf Surplus land - Perspectives for the cultural landscape]''''' Farmers are going; new settlers are coming. Students at TU Berlin developed ideas for a different land use.

=== '''Topos 53/2005 ''Traffic''''' ===

''Bridges, roads, airports, boulevards, bicycle paths or railway tracks ? the range of traffic structures that should not only be well planned but also attractively designed in the context of their urban or rural surroundings is very broad.''

*'''Pachnicke, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_53_2005/01_ruhr_area.pdf The Bridge Landscape of Emscher Park]''''' Rehabilitating the River Emscher, misused as a wastewater canal, forms the foundation for redesigning the industrial landscape in the Ruhr district. The artistic bridges in the network of hiking and cycling trails are symbols of the new landscape.

*'''Suwanarit, Asan: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/c12884f6_Bangkok.pdf The Skytrain in Bangkok]''''' The enormous elevated structure of the Bangkok Transit System, commonly known as the Skytrain, has radically changed the means of experiencing passing through the heart of Bangkok's downtown. Today, this structure is continuing its transformation as a complex dynamic across this metropolitan landscape.

*'''Becker, Carlo W.: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_53_2005/02_leipzig.pdf Across the Periphery – Leipzig North]''''' In response to the strong transformation processes of past decades, the City of Leipzig commissioned a spatial concept for its periphery. bgmr Landscape Architects developed an urban cultural landscape.

*'''Detzlhofer, Anna: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_53_2005/03_vienna.pdf Landscape Becomes Established]''''' Large-scale modelling of the terrain integrates a new motorway on the south periphery of Vienna with the landscape. Geometrically shaped landmarks facilitate orientation for drivers and local residents.

=== '''Topos 56/2006 ''Cultural Landscapes''''' ===

''All over the world, the economic activities of mankind leave their mark on the landscape. Depending on land use, topography and climate, cultural landscapes differ greatly. Besides covering the preservation and rehabilitation of particular cultural landscapes, this issue of Topos focuses mainly on the transformations of landscapes and the challenges for planners involved. Examples range from an Italian wind farm to Bangkok's aquacultural landscape.''

*'''Moderini, Daniela and Selano, Giovanni: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/01_windscapes.pdf Windscapes]''''' The experimental wind farms of San Chirico and Spina combine renewable energy and information technologies with the region's distinguished culture to create an innovative strategy for communicating the landscape's inherent complexity. '''(Lukas Spriestersbach)'''

*'''Briand, Gilles and Mousquet, François-Xavier: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/d26ec62d_Basin.pdf Reversing the Image of a Coal Basin]''''' Long regarded as a serious handicap, the coal basin's brownfield sites in the French Nord Pas de Calais region, heritage of a glorious industrial past, constitute an experimental laboratory for the regeneration of derelict post-industrial land. '''(Andreia V. Quintas)'''

*'''Bokern, Anneke: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/03_westergasfabriek.pdf Westergasfabriek Cultural Park]''''' The interim cultural uses of the former gasworks in Amsterdam led to converting the grounds into a "cultural park". The design intends to demonstrate transformations in the relationship between humans and nature over the last century.

*'''McGrath, Brian and Thaitakoo, Danai: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/f2dd7b91_Agri.pdf Bangkok`s Agri- and Aquacultural Fringe]''''' Bangkok's contemporary transportation system reflects ancient layers of waterborne urbanism overlaid with a modern automobile-driven metropolis. Between these conditions, a fresh opportunity arises to re-assess the composite cultural landscape for future bio-energy production.

*'''Dailami, Ahmed and Doherty, Gareth: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/05_bahrain.pdf Cultural Continuums in Bahrain]''''' Bahrain is experiencing a tumultuous period of restructuring and expansion with an architectural language rooted in a silently salient binary of traditional versus contemporary. Transition and change are not new to Bahrain, having formed an assortment of landscapes that speak of a far more varied and complex place.

*'''Akerlund, Ulrika : ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/06_russian_country.pdf Russian Coutnry Estates]''''' Primarily a country base for the bourgeois, the usadba had a significant social role in pre-revolutionary Russia. Although many are now in ruins, and the needs and structure of society have changed, the agency of the usadba as a cultural hub and focus for rural communities is being rediscovered.

*'''O'Donnell, Patricia M.: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/07_designed_landscapes.pdf Preserving Designed Cultural Landscapes]''''' There is a broad legacy of cultural landscapes as designed, evolved, relic and associative properties in the USA. While cultural landscapes of all types hold interest for the planning professions, understanding the designed landscape and intervening to further its preservation is most readily taken up by design professionals.

*'''Playdon, Dennis: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/c9811c28_Acoma.pdf Acoma - A Landscape of Settlement]''''' There is a broad legacy of cultural landscapes as designed, evolved, relic and associative properties in the USA. While cultural landscapes of all types hold interest for the planning professions, understanding the designed landscape and intervening to further its preservation is most readily taken up by design professionals.'''(Jovana Kovacevic)'''

*'''Shannon, Kelly: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/09_drosscape.pdf Drosscape]''''' New landscapes are continuously created while others are destroyed. The cultural landscapes of the 21st century include the globe's vast post-industrial landscapes, and territories simply consumed by sprawling development. '''(Ieva Kiesnere)'''

*'''Krebs, Stefanie: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/10_land_art.pdf Art and Landscape]''''' Artscape Nordland presents 33 works of art in the Norwegian fjord landscape. Different positions on art and landscape range from staging elementary forces and creating spaces for social interaction to re-romanticization and the sublime.

*'''Schmitz, Martin: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/11_lucius_burckhardt.pdf The Strollology of Lucius Burckhardt]''''' The political economist, sociologist, art historian and planning theorist Lucius Burckhardt founded "strollology" in the 1980s at the University of Kassel, Germany. It deals with human perception and its feedback into planning and building.

*'''Ranatunga, Priyanka: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/12_tsunami.pdf Cultural Landscape and Tsunami Resettlement]''''' Following the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka, landscape architects re-interpreted ancient human settlement patterns in order to re-locate affected peoples into culturally and ecological sensitive communities.

*'''Adams, Ann: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/13_holistic_landscape.pdf Dimbangombe Project – A Holistic Landscape Approach]''''' Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in natural capitalism and a holistic approach to resource management. The Dimbangombe Project in Zimbabwe focuses on creating a healthy landscape.

*'''Yu, Kongjian: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/14_china.pdf Positioning Contemporary Landscape Architecture in China]''''' In an era of multiple unprecedented challenges imposed by the processes of industrialization and urbanization, landscape architecture is now on the verge of change in China. It is time for this profession to take the great opportunity to position itself to play the key role in rebuilding the Land of Peach Blossoms for a new society of urbanized, globalized and inter-connected people. '''(Hua Shu,Lu Sun,Ya Li)'''

=== '''Topos 58/2007 ''City Strategies''''' ===

''Cities are responsible for accommodating most of the world population. Cities grow; big ones get even bigger; new satellite towns are supposed to ease the strain on city centres. Urban planners therefore face major tasks in creating liveable urban environments for millions of people. Topos presents examples of urban design strategies, in Sydney, Shanghai, Dubai, London, Madrid, Chicago, Vancouver and Bogotá.''

*'''Hawken, Scott: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/01_sydney.pdf Sydney – City of Landscapes]''''' Since the 2000 Olympics, and in light of an ongoing explosion in population, the need for a drastic overhaul of Sydney's urban system has become clear. A series of new landscape projects provide physical models that respond to diverse planning challenges.

*'''Kögel, Eduard: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/02_shanghai01.pdf Metropolitan Region Shanghai]''''' The town planning history of Shanghai has taken many turns with political change in the past century. A consistent planning strategy could not be implemented until the 1990s when development really took off. The achievements will be presented to an international audience at the World Expo 2010. '''(Yan Hu, Lei li)'''

*'''Ruff, Stefanie and Dong, Nannan: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/03_shanghai02.pdf Managing Urban Growth in Shanghai]''''' The targeted urbanisation of Shanghai's suburbs leads to a decentralized growth that forms a polycentric regional network. New Towns take various Western urban developments as their models.

*'''Woodman, Ellis: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/04_london.pdf Livingstone's London]''''' Mayor Ken Livingstone has already had considerable impact on London's built environment, but in the coming years his policies are set to transform the city to an unprecedented degree.

*'''Ng, Waikeen and Vegara, Alfonso: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/05_madrid.pdf Spain's Growing Capital City]''''' Large infrastructure projects represent a major step forward for Madrid's transport planning, preparing the city for the future – and the next Olympic bid.

*'''Davis, Mike : ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/06_dubai.pdf Fear and Money in Dubai]''''' Some may consider Dubai the prototype of the 21st century metropolis. Mike Davis describes the luxury urban enclave as the apotheosis of neo-liberalism. Petrodollars are invested in fantasy worlds and architectural landmarks to establish the city as a brand on the world market.

*'''Burger, Don, Roehr, Daniel and Soules, Matthew: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/07_vancouver.pdf Mirage Metropolis]''''' Vancouver has become such a global model for urbanism that Vancouverism refers to the twin ideals of increased residential density and liveability in the city core. The article critically reflects on this approach which, despite its many failings, nevertheless creates new possibilities for landscape.

*'''Lindke, Lybra: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/08_chicago01.pdf Chicago's Green Strategies]''''' Long since considered an industrial and economic workhorse within the United States, Chicago's approach to redefining its greenscape has changed its reputation from a city laden with underutilized and vacant manufacturing and industrial sites to a city striving to become a model for comprehensive green urbanism.

*'''Chappell, Jim: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/09_chicago02.pdf Chicago Central Area Plan]''''' Subtitled "Preparing the Central City for the 21st Century", the Chicago Central Area Plan is nothing less than the next step in Chicago's hundred-year quest to build the world's greatest city, and build it according to a plan.

*'''Fajardo, Martha Cecilia and Kawashima, Noboru: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/10_bogota.pdf Bogotá Transformations]''''' Implementation of a series of masterplans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks.

*'''van Oers, Ron: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=1481 Safeguarding the Historic Urban Landscape]''''' More and more historic cities adopt strategies and policies that assign an important role to heritage in the city's social and economic development. A well-managed historic urban landscape is a strong competitive tool as it attracts not only tourists, but capital and residents as well. It is essential to establish an active partnership between conservation and development. ('''Mirjana Jovanovic''', '''Nada Jadzic''')

File:Concept map Acoma- Landscape of Settlement.jpg

2010-05-09T20:37:29Z

Kovacevicj:

Literature and Resources Cultural Landscapes 2010

2010-05-03T18:32:35Z

Kovacevicj:

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Seminar Outline]'''

== Thematic fields according to the 2010 ECLAS conference "Cultural Landscapes" ==
[[Image:100410 cultural landscapes mind map.jpeg|thumb|1050px|Thematic map "Cultural Landscapes"|none]]

=== Cultural Landscapes: Education, research methods and approaches ===
''such as profession based education, multi-disciplinary education, interdisciplinary education etc.''

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=== Responses of cultural landscapes to changing natural processes ===
''such as climate change, re-colonization of abandoned lands, impact of emerging need for sustainability etc.''

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=== Landscapes as a reflection of changing cultural processes ===
''such as globalization, multiculturalism, emerging awareness to sustainability, etc.''

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=== Technology as a driver of cultural landscape change ===
''such as international styles, disappearing vernacular styles as a result of increased visual images through internet as well as advanced technology to enable new construction methods and techniques and capability to use new materials or recycled materials, etc. ''

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'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Seminar Outline]'''

== Articles for reading exercise ==

=== '''Topos 26/1999 ''IBA - a renewal concept for a region ''''' ===

''The focus of Topos 26 is on one region in one country: the Emscher region in North Rhine-Westphalia, a part of the Ruhr district. Once the industrial heart of Europe, the site of ruthless industrialization, it had overslept structural change. Now it is the home of the IBA (International Building Exhibition) Emscher Park.''

*'''Schäfer, Robert: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/01_iba_emscher_park.pdf Emscher Park Building Exhibition: a motor of structural change]''''' In 1999, the IBA presents the outcome of projects and plans concerned with the regeneration of an old industrial region.

*'''Pehnt, Wolfgang: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/02_iba_emscher_park.pdf Changes have to take place in people's heads first]''''' The IBA Emscher Park has provided the Ruhr with a new identity and opened up new paths, both in the outside world and in people's minds.

*'''Dettmar, Jörg: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/04_iba_emscher_park.pdf Wilderness or park?]''''' The Leftover Land Project taking place as part of the Emscher Park IBA introduces the concept of "industrial nature".

*'''Poblotzki, Ursula: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/05_iba_emscher_park.pdf Transformation of a landscape]''''' The Ruhr is witnessing the application of urban green planning principles to a whole region as a motor of structural change.

*'''Schwarze-Rodrian, Michael: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/06_iba_emscher_park.pdf Intercommunal co-operation in the Emscher Landscape Park]''''' The new regional park in the Ruhr area could only have been planned and built by going across all borders. A concept and its strategies.

*'''Weilacher, Udo: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/07_iba_emscher_park.pdf Rusty-brown and Phacelia blue – landmark art by the IBA]''''' Mountains, rivers, churches or castles often lend character to landscapes. In the Ruhr, artistic landmarks help perform this role.

*'''Diedrich, Lisa: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/08_iba_emscher_park.pdf No politics, no park: the Duisburg-Nord model]''''' The Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park exemplifies the close co-operation between IBA managers and designers.

*'''Wachten, Kunibert: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_26_1999/11_iba_emscher_park.pdf Housing developments in integrated sites]''''' The revived culture of the Ruhr area housing estates features new construction with moderate densities and makes use of historic capital.

=== '''Topos 33/2000 ''Intention and Reality''''' ===

''The urban future will be happening in the periphery because the core is usually occupied by history. Only Berlin had the unique opportunity to build the future right in the centre of town.''

*'''Isman, Fabio: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/01_cultural_assets.pdf Landscape as cultural assets]''''' Half of Italy is protected from development, yet the danger of famous landscapes being covered up with concrete still remains.

*'''Latz, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_33_2000/02_time_visible.pdf The idea of making time visible]''''' Landscape architecture shows ecology as art that realises abstract ideas interpreting spatial patterns. '''(Roya Sabri)'''

=== '''Topos 44/2003 ''Conversion''''' ===

''Perforations, shrinkage, intermediate city – we know the terms for these processes but are not so sure about solutions for the problems caused by this landscape change. In any case, landscape is always involved.''

*'''Christiaanse, Kees: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/b6eea36d_H__fen.pdf New urbanism in former harbours] ''''' Colourful archipelago districts are appearing in harbour areas. Radically mixed uses provide an example for the whole city. '''(Koesler Barbara, Kazubski Sebastian)'''

*'''Leppert, Stefan: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/fb572c9b_Westpark.pdf Westpark Bochum, Germany]''''' Mainly involving provision of access to existing elements, the concept for the park at a former steelworks is a simple one.

*'''Weilacher, Udo and Dettmar, Jörg: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_44_2003/01_process.pdf Landscape as a process]''''' The city is wherever an urban lifestyle is. That means it is almost everywhere. What role does that give landscape?

*'''Prominski, Martin: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/bb305df8_Surplus.pdf Surplus land - Perspectives for the cultural landscape]''''' Farmers are going; new settlers are coming. Students at TU Berlin developed ideas for a different land use.

=== '''Topos 53/2005 ''Traffic''''' ===

''Bridges, roads, airports, boulevards, bicycle paths or railway tracks ? the range of traffic structures that should not only be well planned but also attractively designed in the context of their urban or rural surroundings is very broad.''

*'''Pachnicke, Peter: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_53_2005/01_ruhr_area.pdf The Bridge Landscape of Emscher Park]''''' Rehabilitating the River Emscher, misused as a wastewater canal, forms the foundation for redesigning the industrial landscape in the Ruhr district. The artistic bridges in the network of hiking and cycling trails are symbols of the new landscape.

*'''Suwanarit, Asan: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/c12884f6_Bangkok.pdf The Skytrain in Bangkok]''''' The enormous elevated structure of the Bangkok Transit System, commonly known as the Skytrain, has radically changed the means of experiencing passing through the heart of Bangkok's downtown. Today, this structure is continuing its transformation as a complex dynamic across this metropolitan landscape.

*'''Becker, Carlo W.: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_53_2005/02_leipzig.pdf Across the Periphery – Leipzig North]''''' In response to the strong transformation processes of past decades, the City of Leipzig commissioned a spatial concept for its periphery. bgmr Landscape Architects developed an urban cultural landscape.

*'''Detzlhofer, Anna: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_53_2005/03_vienna.pdf Landscape Becomes Established]''''' Large-scale modelling of the terrain integrates a new motorway on the south periphery of Vienna with the landscape. Geometrically shaped landmarks facilitate orientation for drivers and local residents.

=== '''Topos 56/2006 ''Cultural Landscapes''''' ===

''All over the world, the economic activities of mankind leave their mark on the landscape. Depending on land use, topography and climate, cultural landscapes differ greatly. Besides covering the preservation and rehabilitation of particular cultural landscapes, this issue of Topos focuses mainly on the transformations of landscapes and the challenges for planners involved. Examples range from an Italian wind farm to Bangkok's aquacultural landscape.''

*'''Moderini, Daniela and Selano, Giovanni: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/01_windscapes.pdf Windscapes]''''' The experimental wind farms of San Chirico and Spina combine renewable energy and information technologies with the region's distinguished culture to create an innovative strategy for communicating the landscape's inherent complexity. '''(Lukas Spriestersbach)'''

*'''Briand, Gilles and Mousquet, François-Xavier: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/d26ec62d_Basin.pdf Reversing the Image of a Coal Basin]''''' Long regarded as a serious handicap, the coal basin's brownfield sites in the French Nord Pas de Calais region, heritage of a glorious industrial past, constitute an experimental laboratory for the regeneration of derelict post-industrial land. '''(Andreia V. Quintas)'''

*'''Bokern, Anneke: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/03_westergasfabriek.pdf Westergasfabriek Cultural Park]''''' The interim cultural uses of the former gasworks in Amsterdam led to converting the grounds into a "cultural park". The design intends to demonstrate transformations in the relationship between humans and nature over the last century.

*'''McGrath, Brian and Thaitakoo, Danai: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/f2dd7b91_Agri.pdf Bangkok`s Agri- and Aquacultural Fringe]''''' Bangkok's contemporary transportation system reflects ancient layers of waterborne urbanism overlaid with a modern automobile-driven metropolis. Between these conditions, a fresh opportunity arises to re-assess the composite cultural landscape for future bio-energy production.

*'''Dailami, Ahmed and Doherty, Gareth: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/05_bahrain.pdf Cultural Continuums in Bahrain]''''' Bahrain is experiencing a tumultuous period of restructuring and expansion with an architectural language rooted in a silently salient binary of traditional versus contemporary. Transition and change are not new to Bahrain, having formed an assortment of landscapes that speak of a far more varied and complex place.

*'''Akerlund, Ulrika : ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/06_russian_country.pdf Russian Coutnry Estates]''''' Primarily a country base for the bourgeois, the usadba had a significant social role in pre-revolutionary Russia. Although many are now in ruins, and the needs and structure of society have changed, the agency of the usadba as a cultural hub and focus for rural communities is being rediscovered.

*'''O'Donnell, Patricia M.: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/07_designed_landscapes.pdf Preserving Designed Cultural Landscapes]''''' There is a broad legacy of cultural landscapes as designed, evolved, relic and associative properties in the USA. While cultural landscapes of all types hold interest for the planning professions, understanding the designed landscape and intervening to further its preservation is most readily taken up by design professionals.

*'''Playdon, Dennis: ''[http://www.topos.de/media/Heftthema/c9811c28_Acoma.pdf Acoma - A Landscape of Settlement]''''' There is a broad legacy of cultural landscapes as designed, evolved, relic and associative properties in the USA. While cultural landscapes of all types hold interest for the planning professions, understanding the designed landscape and intervening to further its preservation is most readily taken up by design professionals.'''(Jovana Kovacevic)'''

*'''Shannon, Kelly: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/09_drosscape.pdf Drosscape]''''' New landscapes are continuously created while others are destroyed. The cultural landscapes of the 21st century include the globe's vast post-industrial landscapes, and territories simply consumed by sprawling development. '''(Ieva Kiesnere)'''

*'''Krebs, Stefanie: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/10_land_art.pdf Art and Landscape]''''' Artscape Nordland presents 33 works of art in the Norwegian fjord landscape. Different positions on art and landscape range from staging elementary forces and creating spaces for social interaction to re-romanticization and the sublime.

*'''Schmitz, Martin: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/11_lucius_burckhardt.pdf The Strollology of Lucius Burckhardt]''''' The political economist, sociologist, art historian and planning theorist Lucius Burckhardt founded "strollology" in the 1980s at the University of Kassel, Germany. It deals with human perception and its feedback into planning and building.

*'''Ranatunga, Priyanka: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/12_tsunami.pdf Cultural Landscape and Tsunami Resettlement]''''' Following the 2004 tsunami in Sri Lanka, landscape architects re-interpreted ancient human settlement patterns in order to re-locate affected peoples into culturally and ecological sensitive communities.

*'''Adams, Ann: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/13_holistic_landscape.pdf Dimbangombe Project – A Holistic Landscape Approach]''''' Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in natural capitalism and a holistic approach to resource management. The Dimbangombe Project in Zimbabwe focuses on creating a healthy landscape.

*'''Yu, Kongjian: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_56_2006/14_china.pdf Positioning Contemporary Landscape Architecture in China]''''' In an era of multiple unprecedented challenges imposed by the processes of industrialization and urbanization, landscape architecture is now on the verge of change in China. It is time for this profession to take the great opportunity to position itself to play the key role in rebuilding the Land of Peach Blossoms for a new society of urbanized, globalized and inter-connected people. '''(Shu Hua, Sun Lu)'''

=== '''Topos 58/2007 ''City Strategies''''' ===

''Cities are responsible for accommodating most of the world population. Cities grow; big ones get even bigger; new satellite towns are supposed to ease the strain on city centres. Urban planners therefore face major tasks in creating liveable urban environments for millions of people. Topos presents examples of urban design strategies, in Sydney, Shanghai, Dubai, London, Madrid, Chicago, Vancouver and Bogotá.''

*'''Hawken, Scott: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/01_sydney.pdf Sydney – City of Landscapes]''''' Since the 2000 Olympics, and in light of an ongoing explosion in population, the need for a drastic overhaul of Sydney's urban system has become clear. A series of new landscape projects provide physical models that respond to diverse planning challenges.

*'''Kögel, Eduard: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/02_shanghai01.pdf Metropolitan Region Shanghai]''''' The town planning history of Shanghai has taken many turns with political change in the past century. A consistent planning strategy could not be implemented until the 1990s when development really took off. The achievements will be presented to an international audience at the World Expo 2010. '''(Yan Hu, Lei li)'''

*'''Ruff, Stefanie and Dong, Nannan: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/03_shanghai02.pdf Managing Urban Growth in Shanghai]''''' The targeted urbanisation of Shanghai's suburbs leads to a decentralized growth that forms a polycentric regional network. New Towns take various Western urban developments as their models.

*'''Woodman, Ellis: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/04_london.pdf Livingstone's London]''''' Mayor Ken Livingstone has already had considerable impact on London's built environment, but in the coming years his policies are set to transform the city to an unprecedented degree.

*'''Ng, Waikeen and Vegara, Alfonso: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/05_madrid.pdf Spain's Growing Capital City]''''' Large infrastructure projects represent a major step forward for Madrid's transport planning, preparing the city for the future – and the next Olympic bid.

*'''Davis, Mike : ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/06_dubai.pdf Fear and Money in Dubai]''''' Some may consider Dubai the prototype of the 21st century metropolis. Mike Davis describes the luxury urban enclave as the apotheosis of neo-liberalism. Petrodollars are invested in fantasy worlds and architectural landmarks to establish the city as a brand on the world market.

*'''Burger, Don, Roehr, Daniel and Soules, Matthew: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/07_vancouver.pdf Mirage Metropolis]''''' Vancouver has become such a global model for urbanism that Vancouverism refers to the twin ideals of increased residential density and liveability in the city core. The article critically reflects on this approach which, despite its many failings, nevertheless creates new possibilities for landscape.

*'''Lindke, Lybra: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/08_chicago01.pdf Chicago's Green Strategies]''''' Long since considered an industrial and economic workhorse within the United States, Chicago's approach to redefining its greenscape has changed its reputation from a city laden with underutilized and vacant manufacturing and industrial sites to a city striving to become a model for comprehensive green urbanism.

*'''Chappell, Jim: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/09_chicago02.pdf Chicago Central Area Plan]''''' Subtitled "Preparing the Central City for the 21st Century", the Chicago Central Area Plan is nothing less than the next step in Chicago's hundred-year quest to build the world's greatest city, and build it according to a plan.

*'''Fajardo, Martha Cecilia and Kawashima, Noboru: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/file.php/75/Topos_58_2007/10_bogota.pdf Bogotá Transformations]''''' Implementation of a series of masterplans in recent years has turned Bogotá from a chaotic, unsafe city into a capital with a progressive transport system, public parks, pedestrian and cycle networks.

*'''van Oers, Ron: ''[http://moodle.hfwu.de/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?inpopup=true&id=1481 Safeguarding the Historic Urban Landscape]''''' More and more historic cities adopt strategies and policies that assign an important role to heritage in the city's social and economic development. A well-managed historic urban landscape is a strong competitive tool as it attracts not only tourists, but capital and residents as well. It is essential to establish an active partnership between conservation and development.