Wikienfk5 - User contributions [en]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-24T16:11:21Z

Damla tas: /* Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") */

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-24T16:08:26Z

Damla tas: /* Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective") */

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-24T15:49:51Z

Damla tas: /* Socio-political context */

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-24T15:47:35Z

Damla tas: /* Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") */

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-24T15:39:49Z

Damla tas: /* Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") */

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-24T15:34:17Z

Damla tas: /* Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective") */

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-24T14:53:06Z

Damla tas: /* References */

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-24T14:47:59Z

Damla tas: /* Socio-political context */

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-24T13:23:48Z

Damla tas: /* References */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Several reasons stand out why Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia is interesting:
*Cappadocia is truly unique in the world.
*Cappadocia is on the UNESCO shortlist for regions of world heritage.
*Cappadocia has the basic, though elemental, infrastructure deemed necessary for tourism.
*Existing facilities and capabilities for transportation by air and by land are sufficiently developed for serving any high-capacity destination point.
*Cappadocia is literally an open air museum for ancient and prehistoric cultures who populated the region for more than five millennia.
*Cappadocia is on the historic Silk Road.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration: Bullet points, image, background notes

After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

That's a unique world shaped by Mother Nature with the help of lava, wind and water.
The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''

Use of site/property

• Visitor attraction, urban centre, national park,
religious use, rural landscape

• Tourist activities and accommodations
throughout the region

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Future actions:

• A management plan will be prepared

• Local conservation, implementation and
monitoring units will be established in the
municipalities

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-19T15:30:34Z

Damla tas: /* Future development directions */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Several reasons stand out why Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia is interesting:
*Cappadocia is truly unique in the world.
*Cappadocia is on the UNESCO shortlist for regions of world heritage.
*Cappadocia has the basic, though elemental, infrastructure deemed necessary for tourism.
*Existing facilities and capabilities for transportation by air and by land are sufficiently developed for serving any high-capacity destination point.
*Cappadocia is literally an open air museum for ancient and prehistoric cultures who populated the region for more than five millennia.
*Cappadocia is on the historic Silk Road.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

That's a unique world shaped by Mother Nature with the help of lava, wind and water.
The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''

Use of site/property

• Visitor attraction, urban centre, national park,
religious use, rural landscape

• Tourist activities and accommodations
throughout the region

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Future actions:

• A management plan will be prepared

• Local conservation, implementation and
monitoring units will be established in the
municipalities

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]
[[Image:historical map.jpg]]
[[Image:Göreme National Park.jpg]]
[[Image:Goreme Valley.jpg]]
[[Image:map2.jpg]]
[[Image:balon1.jpg]]
[[Image:balon2.jpg]]
[[Image:fairy chimneys.jpg]]
[[Image:balon3.jpg]]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/cappadocia.html
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Goreme.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V9R-3VFGVXX-9-2&_cdi=5905&_user=4861060&_pii=S0261517798000685&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1998&_sk=999809993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=c1cd8c66323409fb7bdbeffae91c9807&ie=/sdarticle.pdf

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-19T15:29:29Z

Damla tas: /* Analysis of use/users */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Several reasons stand out why Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia is interesting:
*Cappadocia is truly unique in the world.
*Cappadocia is on the UNESCO shortlist for regions of world heritage.
*Cappadocia has the basic, though elemental, infrastructure deemed necessary for tourism.
*Existing facilities and capabilities for transportation by air and by land are sufficiently developed for serving any high-capacity destination point.
*Cappadocia is literally an open air museum for ancient and prehistoric cultures who populated the region for more than five millennia.
*Cappadocia is on the historic Silk Road.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

That's a unique world shaped by Mother Nature with the help of lava, wind and water.
The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''

Use of site/property

• Visitor attraction, urban centre, national park,
religious use, rural landscape

• Tourist activities and accommodations
throughout the region

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]
[[Image:historical map.jpg]]
[[Image:Göreme National Park.jpg]]
[[Image:Goreme Valley.jpg]]
[[Image:map2.jpg]]
[[Image:balon1.jpg]]
[[Image:balon2.jpg]]
[[Image:fairy chimneys.jpg]]
[[Image:balon3.jpg]]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/cappadocia.html
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Goreme.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V9R-3VFGVXX-9-2&_cdi=5905&_user=4861060&_pii=S0261517798000685&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1998&_sk=999809993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=c1cd8c66323409fb7bdbeffae91c9807&ie=/sdarticle.pdf

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-19T15:29:03Z

Damla tas: /* Analysis of use/users */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Several reasons stand out why Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia is interesting:
*Cappadocia is truly unique in the world.
*Cappadocia is on the UNESCO shortlist for regions of world heritage.
*Cappadocia has the basic, though elemental, infrastructure deemed necessary for tourism.
*Existing facilities and capabilities for transportation by air and by land are sufficiently developed for serving any high-capacity destination point.
*Cappadocia is literally an open air museum for ancient and prehistoric cultures who populated the region for more than five millennia.
*Cappadocia is on the historic Silk Road.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

That's a unique world shaped by Mother Nature with the help of lava, wind and water.
The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''
Use of site/property
• Visitor attraction, urban centre, national park,
religious use, rural landscape

• Tourist activities and accommodations
throughout the region

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]
[[Image:historical map.jpg]]
[[Image:Göreme National Park.jpg]]
[[Image:Goreme Valley.jpg]]
[[Image:map2.jpg]]
[[Image:balon1.jpg]]
[[Image:balon2.jpg]]
[[Image:fairy chimneys.jpg]]
[[Image:balon3.jpg]]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/cappadocia.html
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Goreme.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V9R-3VFGVXX-9-2&_cdi=5905&_user=4861060&_pii=S0261517798000685&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1998&_sk=999809993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=c1cd8c66323409fb7bdbeffae91c9807&ie=/sdarticle.pdf

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-19T15:28:34Z

Damla tas: /* Analysis of use/users */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Several reasons stand out why Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia is interesting:
*Cappadocia is truly unique in the world.
*Cappadocia is on the UNESCO shortlist for regions of world heritage.
*Cappadocia has the basic, though elemental, infrastructure deemed necessary for tourism.
*Existing facilities and capabilities for transportation by air and by land are sufficiently developed for serving any high-capacity destination point.
*Cappadocia is literally an open air museum for ancient and prehistoric cultures who populated the region for more than five millennia.
*Cappadocia is on the historic Silk Road.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

That's a unique world shaped by Mother Nature with the help of lava, wind and water.
The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''
Use of site/property
• Visitor attraction, urban centre, national park,
religious use, rural landscape
• Tourist activities and accommodations
throughout the region

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]
[[Image:historical map.jpg]]
[[Image:Göreme National Park.jpg]]
[[Image:Goreme Valley.jpg]]
[[Image:map2.jpg]]
[[Image:balon1.jpg]]
[[Image:balon2.jpg]]
[[Image:fairy chimneys.jpg]]
[[Image:balon3.jpg]]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/cappadocia.html
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Goreme.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V9R-3VFGVXX-9-2&_cdi=5905&_user=4861060&_pii=S0261517798000685&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1998&_sk=999809993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=c1cd8c66323409fb7bdbeffae91c9807&ie=/sdarticle.pdf

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-19T14:24:30Z

Damla tas: /* Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Several reasons stand out why Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia is interesting:
*Cappadocia is truly unique in the world.
*Cappadocia is on the UNESCO shortlist for regions of world heritage.
*Cappadocia has the basic, though elemental, infrastructure deemed necessary for tourism.
*Existing facilities and capabilities for transportation by air and by land are sufficiently developed for serving any high-capacity destination point.
*Cappadocia is literally an open air museum for ancient and prehistoric cultures who populated the region for more than five millennia.
*Cappadocia is on the historic Silk Road.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

That's a unique world shaped by Mother Nature with the help of lava, wind and water.
The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]
[[Image:historical map.jpg]]
[[Image:Göreme National Park.jpg]]
[[Image:Goreme Valley.jpg]]
[[Image:map2.jpg]]
[[Image:balon1.jpg]]
[[Image:balon2.jpg]]
[[Image:fairy chimneys.jpg]]
[[Image:balon3.jpg]]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/cappadocia.html
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Goreme.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V9R-3VFGVXX-9-2&_cdi=5905&_user=4861060&_pii=S0261517798000685&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1998&_sk=999809993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=c1cd8c66323409fb7bdbeffae91c9807&ie=/sdarticle.pdf

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-19T14:23:37Z

Damla tas: /* Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Several reasons stand out why Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia is interesting:
* Cappadocia is truly unique in the world.
* Cappadocia is on the UNESCO shortlist for regions of world heritage.
* Cappadocia has the basic, though elemental, infrastructure deemed necessary for tourism.
* Existing facilities and capabilities for transportation by air and by land are sufficiently developed for serving any high-capacity destination point.
* Cappadocia is literally an open air museum for ancient and prehistoric cultures who populated the region for more than five millennia.
* Cappadocia is on the historic Silk Road.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

That's a unique world shaped by Mother Nature with the help of lava, wind and water.
The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]
[[Image:historical map.jpg]]
[[Image:Göreme National Park.jpg]]
[[Image:Goreme Valley.jpg]]
[[Image:map2.jpg]]
[[Image:balon1.jpg]]
[[Image:balon2.jpg]]
[[Image:fairy chimneys.jpg]]
[[Image:balon3.jpg]]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/cappadocia.html
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Goreme.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V9R-3VFGVXX-9-2&_cdi=5905&_user=4861060&_pii=S0261517798000685&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1998&_sk=999809993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=c1cd8c66323409fb7bdbeffae91c9807&ie=/sdarticle.pdf

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-19T14:17:53Z

Damla tas: /* Spatial analysis of area/project */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia are in the historical region of Turkey.It has the extraordinary landscape was formed millions of years ago,the combined work of lava spitting vulcanoes,wind and water.Additionally,it has been in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1985.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

That's a unique world shaped by Mother Nature with the help of lava, wind and water.
The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]
[[Image:historical map.jpg]]
[[Image:Göreme National Park.jpg]]
[[Image:Goreme Valley.jpg]]
[[Image:map2.jpg]]
[[Image:balon1.jpg]]
[[Image:balon2.jpg]]
[[Image:fairy chimneys.jpg]]
[[Image:balon3.jpg]]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/cappadocia.html
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Goreme.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V9R-3VFGVXX-9-2&_cdi=5905&_user=4861060&_pii=S0261517798000685&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1998&_sk=999809993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=c1cd8c66323409fb7bdbeffae91c9807&ie=/sdarticle.pdf

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-19T14:07:15Z

Damla tas: /* Spatial analysis of area/project */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia are in the historical region of Turkey.It has the extraordinary landscape was formed millions of years ago,the combined work of lava spitting vulcanoes,wind and water.Additionally,it has been in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1985.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]
[[Image:historical map.jpg]]
[[Image:Göreme National Park.jpg]]
[[Image:Goreme Valley.jpg]]
[[Image:map2.jpg]]
[[Image:balon1.jpg]]
[[Image:balon2.jpg]]
[[Image:fairy chimneys.jpg]]
[[Image:balon3.jpg]]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/cappadocia.html
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Goreme.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V9R-3VFGVXX-9-2&_cdi=5905&_user=4861060&_pii=S0261517798000685&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1998&_sk=999809993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=c1cd8c66323409fb7bdbeffae91c9807&ie=/sdarticle.pdf

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey

2010-05-19T14:06:47Z

Damla tas: /* Spatial analysis of area/project */

'''[http://draco.hfwu.de/~wikienfk5/index.php/Student_Case_Studies_Seminar_Cultural_Landscapes_2010 Back to Student Case Studies]'''

{| align="right" width="400pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"

|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"|''Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Kapadokya/Nevşehir''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Turkey''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Derya Yazgi,Damla Tas''
|-
| '''Project start''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of the project start''
|-
| '''Completion''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the date of completion''
|-
| '''World Heritage''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the year of listing''
|-
| '''Client''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the client''
|-
| '''Project costs''' || style="background:Lavender"|''enter the costs (if known)''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"|

[[Image:goreme.jpg|400px]]

<googlemap version="0.9" lat="38.658169" lon="34.844685" zoom="13" width="400" height="300" controls="small">
</googlemap>

|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
|}

=== Rationale: Why is the case study interesting? ===
*''Please summarise:- e.g. Design Innovation? Planning Exemplar? Theoretical Insights? Lessons from its failure?''
Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia are in the historical region of Turkey.It has the extraordinary landscape was formed millions of years ago,the combined work of lava spitting vulcanoes,wind and water.Additionally,it has been in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1985.

=== Author's perspective ===
*''What theoretical or professional perspective do you bring to the case study? Please make a short note on your personal background''
Regarding theoretical or professional perspective,the area should be protected and developed for both scientific and aesthetic reasons.For the protection of areas,it can be used land use management methods such as land-use zoning by restrictions and regulations on building and by the preservation of traditional values.

=== Cultural landscape context ===
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall landscape character, history and dynamics''

Illustration:
Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

'''BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE:''' Anatolian-Iranian Desert

'''CULTURAL FEATURES:'''
This area has been inhabited since Hittite times when the first caves were excavated and both then, and under Assyrian and Roman rule the nearby own now called Kayseri was an important provincial centre. Being on the boundary between the ancient Greek and Persian empires, and later between the Byzantine Greeks and their Persian, Ummayad, Abbasid, Seljuk and Ottoman adversaries, hidden sanctuaries were often needed which the rugged landscape and easily carved rock of central Cappadocia provided underground. The area was initially a sanctuary for Christian anchorites fleeing Roman persecution which became a monastic community in the 4th century.

For the next nine centuries, an urbanised landscape developed which from the cliffs and spectacular pillars – or ‘fairy chimneys’ - of tuff, carved living quarters, stables, storerooms and places of worship. At nearby Kaykmakli and Derinkuyu a network of deep caves and tunnels in the rock was excavated to form underground refuges for hundreds of people which were expanded during the first hostile invasions in the 7th century, to entire multi-storey underground communities.

The fresco painting in the chapels which began in the 7th century by monks too remote to be much affected by Iconoclasm are colorful rare testimony to the civilization of a province of the Byzantine Empire which persisted even into Ottoman times but, except for these remnants, has since disappeared.

Excellent examples of post-Iconoclastic sacred art have been preserved by the dark and dry conditions underground, and several have been carefully restored. There are many other similar classified monuments in the valley outside the Park (G.Drucker, pers. obs. 1985) and in the surrounding countryside.

'''DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT:'''
* 1968: Proposals and draft management plans drawn up by the General Directorate of Forestry and National Parks;
* 1976: Göreme Valley and surroundings protected by Decree A-69 of the High Council of Monuments and Historic Sites under the Cappadocia General Conservation Plan which required the preparation of detailed development plans;
* 1983: The protection of the site further assured under the Cultural and Natural Assets Act 2863;
* 1986: Established as a Historical National Park under National Parks Law 2873.

=== Socio-political context===
*''Brief explanation of political economy, legal framework''

Illustration:
Bullet points, image, background notes
After a two year period of military-led government,
the general multi-party parliamentary election was
held in 1983, and a civilian government came into
power. This government immediately commenced
implementing the 25 January 1980 Economic Stabilization
Measurements formulated by the World
Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund
(IMF), which had been delayed during the sociopolitical
crisis that brought the military intervention
in the country.
These economic stabilization measures led Turkey
to follow export-led industrialization for which tourism has been seen as a major instrument. Wider
issues at a local level were not addressed while the
government was offering generous fiscal and
monetary incentives alongside the leasing of public
lands, most of which were valuable for agriculture,
to the invcstors in the tourism industry for between
49 and 99 years and decreasing red-tape for tourism
investors. In the words of Tosun and Jenkins"',
"using tourism as a kind of panacea for some of thc
macroeconomic problems ushered in an era giving
too generous incentives to the industry in Turkey".
In order to maximize the rate of return from the
investment in the short term, the government determined
specific tourist regions and ccntres. Urgup
was one of them (scc Figutz" 2). The state's generous
fiscal and financial incentives, and logical bureaucratic
measures have aimed at inducing medium and
large capital holders to invest in the tourism
industry, which was an extension of policies of the
political economy during 1983-1991. The governments
of 1983-1991 assumed that initial phases of
income concentration in thc hands of limited,
perhaps determined, entrepreneurs would accelerate
economic growth that would lead to phases of
increasingly equitable distribution of income, and
rising and diversifying consumption for all.
Moreover, the governments seem to have ignored
the present generation, to some extent, so as to
creatc a strong and rich country for future generations,
which may not be compatible with the ethics and codes of sustainable development. However,
this policy has not worked in practice. Concentration
of income in the hands of limited numbers of
rich people induced luxury consumption. In other
words, "the beneficiaries of economic growth have
adopted as their right the consumption standards of
the rich countries and have commonly also diverted
much of their accumulation to these countries for
safc-keeping"4Q
The local people in Urgup did not have enough
capital to access the generous incentives. Thus,
expatriates (non-local people) have invested in the
tourism industry in Urgup. That is to say, the
generous incentives accelerated the process of
tourism growth and ushered in an era of unsustainable
tourism development by ignoring socioeconomic
and environmental matters, and inter and
intra generations equity. Moreover, Urgup was not
ready for this rapid tourism growth due to the fact
that there was not enough infrastructure and the
local people were too remote from the mass tourism
business to be able to benefit from it. Although the
local people used to run small scale tourism-related
business, they could not cope with modern mass
tourism that require up-to-date knowledge of the
international tourism market and wider business
expertise. Hence, the roots of unsustainable tourism
development have been planted by the government's
generous incentive and biased economic development
policies, which accelerated the phase of mass
tourism development in Urgup. In this context, the
Director of the local tourist information officc
stated that
establishing big hotels requires large capital which is
not available at the local level. Thus, big hotel
companies are not owned by the local people. A
majority of the small scale tourist establishments
belong to the local people, but they have serious
problems. Some of them have already closed.
The Director of the local museum and a neighbourhood
headman agree in this regard. They
reported that
the local people do not have enough capital to establish
proper hotels and shops to serve tourists. The
capital must come from non-local sources. Thus, it is
very difficult for the local people to play a leading
role as entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.
As the above comments imply, resources at the
local level are not enough to finance the present
scale of tourism development in Urgup, which is one
of the structural barriers to community participation
in the tourism development process. On the other
hand, the Director of the local tourist information
argued that
qualified employees have been brought from outside
Urgup to work for the hotels since there are not
qualified local pcoplc to work in certain positions in
hotels. Not surprisingly, local people are employed for these jobs which do not require any skills and
qualifications.
Moreover, a neighbourhood headman stated that
hotel managers in Urgup bring their teams with them
from the previous hotels for which they worked.
Thus, the local people were not given many opportunities
to work in the tourism industry. Hotels
employed some of the local people for only 3-5
months, then they sacked the employees. Thus the
local people have not wanted to work in the tourism
industry and they have not seen a job in a hotel as
reliable.
In short, the central government has used tourism
as a tool for the sake of their short-term policies,
without fully considering socio-economic and
environmental impacts of tourism development at
the local level. In other words, badly needed hard
foreign currency earnings and the self-interests of
decision-makers have made governments focus on
the economic benefits of tourism development at
national level, such as contribution of foreign tourist
earning to the balance of payments. This seemed to
be unavoidable just after the socio-economic and
political crisis that had brought military intervention
to preserve democracy in Turkey. As a result, the
development of tourism has widened the gap
bctwccn poor pcoplc and rich people, which contradicts
the principle of sustainablc tourism development
as stated at the outset of this article.
[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Spatial analysis of area/project ===
*''What are the main structural features?''
*''How has it been shaped? Were there any critical decisions?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes
The most striking feature of the landscape is the volcanism which has created dramatic morphological contrasts and produced a wide range of features, from the spur of volcanic cones to the sciare on the lower slopes and the extensive plateau of lava flows. It is a typical example of an area of recent volcanic activity, with the geological structures perfectly preserved, including both the basic features and the whole range of secondary craters and the pyroclastic deposits associated with them.

=== Analysis of idea/program/function ("Planning Objective")===
* ''What are the main functional characteristics?''
* ''How have they been expressed or incorporated?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Analysis of design/planning process ("Process Biography") ===
* ''How was the area/project formulated and implemented?''
* ''Who initiated the project and why?''
* ''Which stakeholders have been involved?''
* ''Who made the major decisions and when?''
* ''Were there any important consultations/collaborations?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Analysis of use/users ===
* ''How is the area/project used and by whom?''
* ''Is the use changing? Are there any issues?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

=== Future development directions ===
* ''How is the area/project evolving?''
* ''Are there any future goals?''

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches photos and background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Peer reviews or critique ===
* ''Has the area/project been reviewed by academic or professional reviewers?''
* ''What were their main evaluations? ''

Please add references, quotes...

=== Successes and limitations ===
*''What do you see as the main successes and limitations of the area/project?''

Illustration: Summary table

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*''Are there any important theoretical insights? ''

Short statement plus background notes

=== What research questions does it generate? ===

Short statement plus background notes

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="200px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:historical map.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Göreme National Park.jpg | your image text and source
Image:Goreme Valley.jpg | your image text and source
Image:map2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon1.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon2.jpg | your image text and source
Image:balon3.jpg | your image text and source
Image:fairy chimneys.jpg | your image text and source
</gallery>

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]
[[Image:historical map.jpg]]
[[Image:Göreme National Park.jpg]]
[[Image:Goreme Valley.jpg]]
[[Image:map2.jpg]]
[[Image:balon1.jpg]]
[[Image:balon2.jpg]]
[[Image:fairy chimneys.jpg]]
[[Image:balon3.jpg]]

=== References ===

* Author Year: Title, publisher, edition, page, ...
* etc.

* Website Year: Link, keyword, ...
* etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6reme
http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/cappadocia.html
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Goreme.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V9R-3VFGVXX-9-2&_cdi=5905&_user=4861060&_pii=S0261517798000685&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1998&_sk=999809993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzS&md5=c1cd8c66323409fb7bdbeffae91c9807&ie=/sdarticle.pdf

----

[[Category:Case Study]]
[[Category:Turkey]]
[[Category:Göreme National Park]]

[[#toc|'''Back to top''']]