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Planting Design 2013 Working Group 11 - Case Study A

2014-01-14T19:45:29Z

Aoshiro: /* Landscape and/or urban context of your case */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_11|working group 11]]

'''''Please add the title of your case study here, adjust the map coordinates and replace the moa image with a characteristic image of your site'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' add name''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''add location''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''add country''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''add author''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Moa.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=71.295556
|lng=-156.766389
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

LGS in german stands for Landesgartenschau which is an exhibition about garden and green areas that takes place in different german states every year.

Generally, the LGS 2012 in Nagold city is considered a success, has improved the green infrastructure in the city and also met public interests.

Some changes in the final project and implementation reveled that the mutual participation between public and planners was limited in the planning process and lead to reactions in the final decision.

Baubotanik is a special aspect in Nagold, where the Platanencubus experiment represent the biggest bio-construction in a urban context.

[[File:Platanenkubus mine web.png]]

== Author's perspective ==

As an architect getting experience in Landscape Architecture field, I'm interested on public spaces planning and management. The success of such projects is directly related, among other aspects, to the ability of planners to meet users expectations and create sustainable places. In this project it interesting to reflect about public participation in the planning/desiging process, as many design ideas were adapted or changed according to public reaction. Understand users needs and expectations is essential to create sustainable spaces which are effective used and preserved.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''

The 2012 Nagold Landesgartenschau was a strategic platform to redevelop the city through the extensions of the inner
city by remodeling its green spaces and parks, connecting and integrating the green infrastructure into the city center, restoring river vegetation. The competition, won by Landscape architect Stefan Fromm, considered the following requirements:

*Improve the riverbanks ecosystem and conditions
*Integrate the historic city downtown into the Landesgartenschau and later to the green corridor
*Link the Hohennagold castle to the green infrastructure
*Propose an efficient area of garden exhibition that could eventually transform into new housing quarters
*Connect the inner city extensions to the downtown through this new green system
*Adequate the existing parks into the new city’s development concept

[[File:Lgs analitic1.png]]

The project takes this green corridor as the core idea of the whole design in which the integration bridge is the Waldach River, which crosses the city from north to south. The project itself begins at the Zellerschule (Zeller School) and travels south t the Viaduct, an important landmark in Nagold landscape, which also divides the inner city extension to the
periphery.
The Waldach River had to go through intense revitalization since a part of it was covered by a concrete surface next to the town’s bus station. It’s path along the city was also in very poor conditions so the decision of the Landscape Architect was to make the river go over the process of revitalization to keep it’s wilderness character inside an evident trapezoidal geometry that embedded the bank from North to South. Along the river, a promenade was made to improve the communication between citizens from different neighborhoods. These promenades also connect the existing reconditioned parks to the historic city’s downtown. At the “Waldachkopf”- the point where the Waldach River and the Nagold River meet each other, the promenade becomes a small
square destined to give the welcome from the downtown to the new open space concept. Sitting steps are located at the river border of this nature stone pavement. A Café Bistro is the limiting element of this surface that functions more as a sitting space as a transition element. This part of the promenade connects to the Stadtpark, located at the other side of the river through a concrete bridge crossing exactly on the top of the meeting point between the two rivers in the Krautbühl Park’s edgy corner.
The pedestrian concrete bridge also has the peculiarity to go over a viewing platform located at the water level of the river that embeds a metaphoric sculpture of the meeting of two rivers symbolized by the subtraction of a man’s silhouette from a
rectangular steel element.

At the end of the bridge the visitor enters the Stadtpark (City Park), a park with various functionalities as sand and water playgrounds at the north of the park, a small train for little children which goes along a vast grass surface and perimeter
pathways accompanied with (Platanen) that repeat the form of the contour of the green surfaces. These long perimeter pathways connect with shorter strait pathways that cross the park in the shorter section. The western edge of the park is meant to be a
transition and contemplation area between the Schlossberg, a mountain considered as nature conservation area, and the park itself. Fromm designs an elevated terrace that runs along the silhouette of the hill and builds gabion walls - without affecting the natural course of the ecosystem- to retain the water that runs into the Waldach River. An Ingenious solution from Fromm was to use this water to run through the playground area and integrate it into the games and geometric definition of the space. The terrace itself has a defined shape bordered by hedges that run along the whole terrace on the border and garden beds distributed geometrically in the inside of it. The terrace also connects to the Schlossberg by some stairs located at the middle and end of the terrace extension. These stairs eventually join the previous pathways that direct you to the castle ruin.
The end of the terrace is also a small gravel surface with a structure of birches and a café in front of the swimming hall at the left and an entirely new mini-golf at the right. From the end of the terrace there’s a visual connection to the ancient Celtic Krautbühl grave in the Krautbühl Park at the other side of the river. As the visitor abandons the terrace, he takes a
straight path that borders the project and gives an overall look to the mini-golf and the open theatre located near the riverbank. Then, he crosses the metal structure bridge to get directly in front of the Celtic grave hill, which is the most important green element of the Krautbühl Park.

The Krautbühl Park is smaller in comparison to the Stadt Park but has more garden surface. The grave hill is the main axis of this park and is metaphorically simulated by the ecumenical green church at the other side of the park. This open church with Corten steel sits has a circular shape like the Celtic grave’s shape. The somehow narrower contour of the Krautbühl’s Park forces the whole progress of the program to be linear, so the offset pathway surrounding the Celtic grave ends with a straight path that crosses the whole park and defines a rectangular and thematic garden structure at the right of the path and a grass open surface at the left. At the river border of the park, a row of Platanen is collocated parallel to the riverbank and a wood promenade in the bottom part of the riverbank with rectangular wood-block banks to sit and contemplate the Nagold River. The spark limits at the south with a new residential development, which clearly will benefit from the improved open space infrastructure of the river in the downtown’s side.

Crossing the revitalized river through the nature stone paved promenade and the improved existing pathways that go under street bridges and run along the riverbank, the visitor gets to the new park at the south, bordered by the viaduct. This park split by the Waldach River tries to connect both sides by an oval shape which also relates to viaduct’s curvy contour and its notable concrete arcs. Inside the Oval Forum, a set of playgrounds and activities is designed to fill its content. At the left side of the Waldach, the perimeter of the oval is emulated into concrete offset sitting steps that could eventually be used as another
open theatre. In the center of the Oval Forum a temporary spherical wood structure is found which park. The right border of the park ends again in the concrete bridge that connects the promenade with the two parks and forces the visitor to move along the remains from the Gartenschau and was used to host a recycled art exhibition but after and despite the will of the city planners to demolish the structure, the citizens wanted it to remain till it eventually falls down.
At the other side of the Oval Forum, some low gabion walls are also used to define the different functions inside the oval, as well as bringing uniformity to the overall concept of the green backbone, since they are also used in the Schlossberg. Most of the playground is found in this side of the Oval Forum.
The connection of the two parts of the Oval Forum occur thanks to the existence of two small pedestrian bridges. The south border of this park is approached as sport fields and basketball courts.
Despite the dominance of the oval forum on the park, the perimeter is being developed in a more rigid structured way to host new residential buildings that occupy the former theme exhibition gardens. In this part, another important attraction of the park remains with less success, the Platanenkubus, a temporary metallic structure that gives shape to a series of plants
that grow surrounding the structure and that will (if it has success after 5 years) bond with the other plants in this structure to hold the viewing platforms and interior paths now supported by the metallic cubic structure. The experimental technique that consists of buildings supported by vegetable structures is called “Baubotanik”, and was discovered by Ferdinand
Ludwig.

Observing the whole network of parks and promenades used to connect Nagold’s neighborhoods and the concept success to bring
back the landscape to the town as well as making it attractive again to the citizens to stay. One must admit the level of vision the city planners had to reorient the current situation Nagold was affronting before the Landesgartenschau. 11 years had passed since the vision of the project was established, and still there are some current residential constructions related to the plans taking place, which infer the long duration of these projects and sustainability they can go over time.

[[File:Nagold Panorama web.png]] [[File:Platanenkubus web.png]]

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Lgs analitic connections.png|analytical drawing 1
Image:Nagold river access web.png|analytical drawing 2
Image:Riedbrunnenpark web.png|analytical drawing 3
Image:Nagold fluß views web.png|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Waldach renaturiert web.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:Before-after Kopie.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:Platanenkubus development.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:Platanenkubus verbindung.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Planting Design 2013 Working Group 11 - Case Study A

2014-01-14T19:40:09Z

Aoshiro: /* Author's perspective */

---> back to group page [[Planting_Design_2013_-_Working_Group_11|working group 11]]

'''''Please add the title of your case study here, adjust the map coordinates and replace the moa image with a characteristic image of your site'''''

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Name''' ||style="background:Lavender"| '' add name''
|-
| '''Location''' || style="background:Lavender"|''add location''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''add country''
|-
| '''Authors''' || style="background:Lavender"|''add author''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[Image:Moa.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=71.295556
|lng=-156.766389
|zoom=8
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

== Rationale: Why is this case interesting? ==

LGS in german stands for Landesgartenschau which is an exhibition about garden and green areas that takes place in different german states every year.

Generally, the LGS 2012 in Nagold city is considered a success, has improved the green infrastructure in the city and also met public interests.

Some changes in the final project and implementation reveled that the mutual participation between public and planners was limited in the planning process and lead to reactions in the final decision.

Baubotanik is a special aspect in Nagold, where the Platanencubus experiment represent the biggest bio-construction in a urban context.

[[File:Platanenkubus mine web.png]]

== Author's perspective ==

As an architect getting experience in Landscape Architecture field, I'm interested on public spaces planning and management. The success of such projects is directly related, among other aspects, to the ability of planners to meet users expectations and create sustainable places. In this project it interesting to reflect about public participation in the planning/desiging process, as many design ideas were adapted or changed according to public reaction. Understand users needs and expectations is essential to create sustainable spaces which are effective used and preserved.

== Landscape and/or urban context of your case ==
*''Biogeography, cultural features, overall character, history and dynamics''
* Illustration: Map; sketches; short descriptive analyses

The 2012 Nagold Landesgartenschau was a strategic platform to redevelop the city through the extensions of the inner
city by attracting investment and revaluating the public space along the damaged riverbanks. The competition, won by Stefan Fromm, considered the following requirements:

*Improve the riverbanks ecosystem and conditions
*Integrate the historic city downtown into the Landesgartenschau and later to the green corridor
*Link the Hohennagold castle to the green infrastructure
*Propose an efficient area of garden exhibition that could eventually transform into new housing quarters
*Connect the inner city extensions to the downtown through this new green system
*Adequate the existing parks into the new city’s development concept

[[File:Lgs analitic1.png]]

The project takes this green corridor as the core idea of the whole design in which the integration bridge is the Waldach River, which crosses the city from north to south. The project itself begins at the Zellerschule (Zeller School) and travels south t the Viaduct, an important landmark in Nagold landscape, which also divides the inner city extension to the
periphery.
The Waldach River had to go through intense revitalization since a part of it was covered by a concrete surface next to the town’s bus station. It’s path along the city was also in very poor conditions so the decision of the Landscape Architect was to make the river go over the process of revitalization to keep it’s wilderness character inside an evident trapezoidal geometry that embedded the bank from North to South. Along the river, a promenade was made to improve the communication between citizens from different neighborhoods. These promenades also connect the existing reconditioned parks to the historic city’s downtown. At the “Waldachkopf”- the point where the Waldach River and the Nagold River meet each other, the promenade becomes a small
square destined to give the welcome from the downtown to the new open space concept. Sitting steps are located at the river border of this nature stone pavement. A Café Bistro is the limiting element of this surface that functions more as a sitting space as a transition element. This part of the promenade connects to the Stadtpark, located at the other side of the river through a concrete bridge crossing exactly on the top of the meeting point between the two rivers in the Krautbühl Park’s edgy corner.
The pedestrian concrete bridge also has the peculiarity to go over a viewing platform located at the water level of the river that embeds a metaphoric sculpture of the meeting of two rivers symbolized by the subtraction of a man’s silhouette from a
rectangular steel element.

At the end of the bridge the visitor enters the Stadtpark (City Park), a park with various functionalities as sand and water playgrounds at the north of the park, a small train for little children which goes along a vast grass surface and perimeter
pathways accompanied with (Platanen) that repeat the form of the contour of the green surfaces. These long perimeter pathways connect with shorter strait pathways that cross the park in the shorter section. The western edge of the park is meant to be a
transition and contemplation area between the Schlossberg, a mountain considered as nature conservation area, and the park itself. Fromm designs an elevated terrace that runs along the silhouette of the hill and builds gabion walls - without affecting the natural course of the ecosystem- to retain the water that runs into the Waldach River. An Ingenious solution from Fromm was to use this water to run through the playground area and integrate it into the games and geometric definition of the space. The terrace itself has a defined shape bordered by hedges that run along the whole terrace on the border and garden beds distributed geometrically in the inside of it. The terrace also connects to the Schlossberg by some stairs located at the middle and end of the terrace extension. These stairs eventually join the previous pathways that direct you to the castle ruin.
The end of the terrace is also a small gravel surface with a structure of birches and a café in front of the swimming hall at the left and an entirely new mini-golf at the right. From the end of the terrace there’s a visual connection to the ancient Celtic Krautbühl grave in the Krautbühl Park at the other side of the river. As the visitor abandons the terrace, he takes a
straight path that borders the project and gives an overall look to the mini-golf and the open theatre located near the riverbank. Then, he crosses the metal structure bridge to get directly in front of the Celtic grave hill, which is the most important green element of the Krautbühl Park.

The Krautbühl Park is smaller in comparison to the Stadt Park but has more garden surface. The grave hill is the main axis of this park and is metaphorically simulated by the ecumenical green church at the other side of the park. This open church with Corten steel sits has a circular shape like the Celtic grave’s shape. The somehow narrower contour of the Krautbühl’s Park forces the whole progress of the program to be linear, so the offset pathway surrounding the Celtic grave ends with a straight path that crosses the whole park and defines a rectangular and thematic garden structure at the right of the path and a grass open surface at the left. At the river border of the park, a row of Platanen is collocated parallel to the riverbank and a wood promenade in the bottom part of the riverbank with rectangular wood-block banks to sit and contemplate the Nagold River. The spark limits at the south with a new residential development, which clearly will benefit from the improved open space infrastructure of the river in the downtown’s side.

Crossing the revitalized river through the nature stone paved promenade and the improved existing pathways that go under street bridges and run along the riverbank, the visitor gets to the new park at the south, bordered by the viaduct. This park split by the Waldach River tries to connect both sides by an oval shape which also relates to viaduct’s curvy contour and its notable concrete arcs. Inside the Oval Forum, a set of playgrounds and activities is designed to fill its content. At the left side of the Waldach, the perimeter of the oval is emulated into concrete offset sitting steps that could eventually be used as another
open theatre. In the center of the Oval Forum a temporary spherical wood structure is found which park. The right border of the park ends again in the concrete bridge that connects the promenade with the two parks and forces the visitor to move along the remains from the Gartenschau and was used to host a recycled art exhibition but after and despite the will of the city planners to demolish the structure, the citizens wanted it to remain till it eventually falls down.
At the other side of the Oval Forum, some low gabion walls are also used to define the different functions inside the oval, as well as bringing uniformity to the overall concept of the green backbone, since they are also used in the Schlossberg. Most of the playground is found in this side of the Oval Forum.
The connection of the two parts of the Oval Forum occur thanks to the existence of two small pedestrian bridges. The south border of this park is approached as sport fields and basketball courts.
Despite the dominance of the oval forum on the park, the perimeter is being developed in a more rigid structured way to host new residential buildings that occupy the former theme exhibition gardens. In this part, another important attraction of the park remains with less success, the Platanenkubus, a temporary metallic structure that gives shape to a series of plants
that grow surrounding the structure and that will (if it has success after 5 years) bond with the other plants in this structure to hold the viewing platforms and interior paths now supported by the metallic cubic structure. The experimental technique that consists of buildings supported by vegetable structures is called “Baubotanik”, and was discovered by Ferdinand
Ludwig.

Observing the whole network of parks and promenades used to connect Nagold’s neighborhoods and the concept success to bring
back the landscape to the town as well as making it attractive again to the citizens to stay. One must admit the level of vision the city planners had to reorient the current situation Nagold was affronting before the Landesgartenschau. 11 years had passed since the vision of the project was established, and still there are some current residential constructions related to the plans taking place, which infer the long duration of these projects and sustainability they can go over time.

[[File:Nagold Panorama web.png]] [[File:Platanenkubus web.png]]

== Analytical drawings ==
''Please add four analytical sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) of your case and take the following aspects into account:''
* ''natural dynamic versus cultural framework - in how far do these two forces come together in your case?''
* ''dynamic through the year (you may imagine how the site looks in spring and summer, maybe you also remember it)''
* ''highlight potentials and problems''

<gallery caption="Analytical Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Lgs analitic connections.png|analytical drawing 1
Image:Nagold river access web.png|analytical drawing 2
Image:Riedbrunnenpark web.png|analytical drawing 3
Image:Nagold fluß views web.png|analytical drawing 4
</gallery>

== Projective drawings ==
* ''Please add four projective sketches/drawings (or montages/schemes) for your case and take the following aspects into account:''
** ''How would you like this case to change in the near future? (in 1-2 years)''
** ''And how could it look like in 10-15 years?''

<gallery caption="Projective Drawings " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:Waldach renaturiert web.jpg|projective drawing 1
Image:Before-after Kopie.jpg|projective drawing 2
Image:Platanenkubus development.jpg|projective drawing 3
Image:Platanenkubus verbindung.jpg|projective drawing 4
</gallery>

== Summary and conclusion ==
''Please summarize your case and give arguments for your projective design (approx 150 words).''

== Image Gallery ==
''You may add a series of images/photos in addition to the sketches/drawings''

<gallery caption="Image Gallery" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
Image:yourfilename1.jpg|image 1
Image:yourfilename2.jpg|image 2
Image:yourfilename3.jpg|image 3
Image:yourfilename4.jpg|image 4
</gallery>

== References ==
''* Please make sure that you give proper references of all external resources used.''

''* Do not use images of which you do not hold the copyright.''

''* Please add internet links to other resources if necessary.''

----
[[Category:Planting Design 2013 Case Study]]

About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Nagold slide.jpg

2013-12-10T20:07:48Z

Aoshiro:

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T13:14:25Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

----

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

----

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Green areas cover around 40% of the region. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and a bit more than 20% is reserved for traffic. Urban Parks like the Helsinki Central Park and more 6 “Green Fingers” are important functional, ecological and esthetical areas for residents.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The public transport system is highly integrated and consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus lines and ferry lines. The city provide the longest cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

----

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Helsinki’s economy is dominated by the services sector, with a high concentration of jobs in infor-mation technology and the public sector. This area is the richest in Finland, representing 30% of national GDP (gross domestic product).

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

----

=== Local Climate ===

[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]
* The region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.

* Temperature in January and February is around −5 °C, rates below −20 °C occur a week or two in a year.

* Days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness.

* For amost 2 months in Winter people in Helsinki have to deal with temperature like – minus 10 °C.

* The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 28 °C.

* Due to the marine effect, in the summer daily temperatures are cooler and night temperatures are higher than in the mainland. As near as in Vantaa, the climate is more continental, with warmer summers and colder winters.

----

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T13:13:07Z

Aoshiro: /* Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

----

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

----

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Green areas cover around 40% of the region. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and a bit more than 20% is reserved for traffic. Urban Parks like the Helsinki Central Park and more 6 “Green Fingers” are important functional, ecological and esthetical areas for residents.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The public transport system is highly integrated and consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus lines and ferry lines. The city provide the longest cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

----

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Helsinki’s economy is dominated by the services sector, with a high concentration of jobs in infor-mation technology and the public sector. This area is the richest in Finland, representing 30% of national GDP (gross domestic product).

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

----

=== Local Climate ===

[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]
* The region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.

* Temperature in January and February is around −5 °C, rates below −20 °C occur a week or two in a year.

* Days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness.

* For amost 2 months in Winter people in Helsinki have to deal with temperature like – minus 10 °C.

* The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 28 °C.

* Due to the marine effect, in the summer daily temperatures are cooler and night temperatures are higher than in the mainland. As near as in Vantaa, the climate is more continental, with warmer summers and colder winters.

----

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T13:12:57Z

Aoshiro: /* Authors' perspectives */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

----

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Green areas cover around 40% of the region. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and a bit more than 20% is reserved for traffic. Urban Parks like the Helsinki Central Park and more 6 “Green Fingers” are important functional, ecological and esthetical areas for residents.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The public transport system is highly integrated and consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus lines and ferry lines. The city provide the longest cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

----

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Helsinki’s economy is dominated by the services sector, with a high concentration of jobs in infor-mation technology and the public sector. This area is the richest in Finland, representing 30% of national GDP (gross domestic product).

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

----

=== Local Climate ===

[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]
* The region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.

* Temperature in January and February is around −5 °C, rates below −20 °C occur a week or two in a year.

* Days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness.

* For amost 2 months in Winter people in Helsinki have to deal with temperature like – minus 10 °C.

* The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 28 °C.

* Due to the marine effect, in the summer daily temperatures are cooler and night temperatures are higher than in the mainland. As near as in Vantaa, the climate is more continental, with warmer summers and colder winters.

----

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T13:12:22Z

Aoshiro: /* Landscape and/or urban context */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Green areas cover around 40% of the region. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and a bit more than 20% is reserved for traffic. Urban Parks like the Helsinki Central Park and more 6 “Green Fingers” are important functional, ecological and esthetical areas for residents.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The public transport system is highly integrated and consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus lines and ferry lines. The city provide the longest cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

----

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Helsinki’s economy is dominated by the services sector, with a high concentration of jobs in infor-mation technology and the public sector. This area is the richest in Finland, representing 30% of national GDP (gross domestic product).

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

----

=== Local Climate ===

[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]
* The region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.

* Temperature in January and February is around −5 °C, rates below −20 °C occur a week or two in a year.

* Days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness.

* For amost 2 months in Winter people in Helsinki have to deal with temperature like – minus 10 °C.

* The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 28 °C.

* Due to the marine effect, in the summer daily temperatures are cooler and night temperatures are higher than in the mainland. As near as in Vantaa, the climate is more continental, with warmer summers and colder winters.

----

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T13:11:21Z

Aoshiro: /* Landscape and/or urban context */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Green areas cover around 40% of the region. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and a bit more than 20% is reserved for traffic. Urban Parks like the Helsinki Central Park and more 6 “Green Fingers” are important functional, ecological and esthetical areas for residents.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The public transport system is highly integrated and consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus lines and ferry lines. The city provide the longest cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

----

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Helsinki’s economy is dominated by the services sector, with a high concentration of jobs in infor-mation technology and the public sector. This area is the richest in Finland, representing 30% of national GDP (gross domestic product).

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

----

=== Local Climate ===

[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]
* The region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.

* Temperature in January and February is around −5 °C, rates below −20 °C occur a week or two in a year.

* Days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness.

* For amost 2 months in Winter people in Helsinki have to deal with temperature like – minus 10 °C.

* The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 28 °C.

* Due to the marine effect, in the summer daily temperatures are cooler and night temperatures are higher than in the mainland. As near as in Vantaa, the climate is more continental, with warmer summers and colder winters.

----

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T13:07:09Z

Aoshiro: /* Cultural/social/political context */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Helsinki’s economy is dominated by the services sector, with a high concentration of jobs in infor-mation technology and the public sector. This area is the richest in Finland, representing 30% of national GDP (gross domestic product).

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

----

=== Local Climate ===

[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]
* The region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.

* Temperature in January and February is around −5 °C, rates below −20 °C occur a week or two in a year.

* Days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness.

* For amost 2 months in Winter people in Helsinki have to deal with temperature like – minus 10 °C.

* The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 28 °C.

* Due to the marine effect, in the summer daily temperatures are cooler and night temperatures are higher than in the mainland. As near as in Vantaa, the climate is more continental, with warmer summers and colder winters.

----

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T13:06:54Z

Aoshiro: /* Cultural/social/political context */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Helsinki’s economy is dominated by the services sector, with a high concentration of jobs in infor-mation technology and the public sector. This area is the richest in Finland, representing 30% of national GDP (gross domestic product).

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===

[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]
* The region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.

* Temperature in January and February is around −5 °C, rates below −20 °C occur a week or two in a year.

* Days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness.

* For amost 2 months in Winter people in Helsinki have to deal with temperature like – minus 10 °C.

* The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 28 °C.

* Due to the marine effect, in the summer daily temperatures are cooler and night temperatures are higher than in the mainland. As near as in Vantaa, the climate is more continental, with warmer summers and colder winters.

----

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T13:05:12Z

Aoshiro: /* Local Climate */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===

[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]
* The region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters.

* Temperature in January and February is around −5 °C, rates below −20 °C occur a week or two in a year.

* Days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness.

* For amost 2 months in Winter people in Helsinki have to deal with temperature like – minus 10 °C.

* The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 28 °C.

* Due to the marine effect, in the summer daily temperatures are cooler and night temperatures are higher than in the mainland. As near as in Vantaa, the climate is more continental, with warmer summers and colder winters.

----

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:56:50Z

Aoshiro: /* Analysis of vulnerability */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:56:25Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:55:54Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

----

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:55:21Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

----

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:54:13Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]

Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]]

Green structure composed of natural areas (Green Fingers), recreational parks, community gardens, cemeteries, ecological corridors, golf area and others.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Helsinki green structure.jpg

2013-02-08T12:49:24Z

Aoshiro: uploaded a new version of "File:Helsinki green structure.jpg"

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:47:22Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area:'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]
Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:46:51Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area'''
A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient use of land and natural resources, saving space for green areas and sustainable uses.
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]]
Helsinki green fingers.[http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg

2013-02-08T12:43:54Z

Aoshiro: uploaded a new version of "File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg"

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:41:09Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area'''
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.

[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:39:21Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

'''* Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:'''
* 43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
* '''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:''' Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

'''* Expand green spaces in urban area'''
[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

'''* Alternative energy sources:''' Helsinki Energy has invested in several wind-energy plants in Finland, in order to raise its share of renewables and move away from the use of fossil fuels, which adversely affects the air quality of the city. Production of energy by wave power could be considered as well.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

'''* Sustainable food supply:''' New crop species are being developed to ensure food production. Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.
[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

'''* Drainage:''' Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

'''* Awareness of regional residents:''' Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:30:16Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Concept Map about the adaptation to Climate Change strategy in Helsinki, by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:'''
* The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:27:56Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

'''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

'''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''':
* Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

'''Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:'''
* The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T12:23:51Z

Aoshiro: /* Analysis of vulnerability */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century.
* There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''': Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

'''* Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:'''
* The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T11:13:42Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses.
* The sea water can be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
* Collect the extra water in reservatories before it reaches other parts of city is important as well.
* Flood maps are necessary to help the rescue service workers to arrive at critical areas in time.

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* '''Promote district heating''': Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

'''* Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:'''
* The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:59:35Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. * The sea water will be blocked by temporary flood barriers, built by using sandbags and bales of recycled paper wrapped in plastic.
*

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* Promote '''district heating''': Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides district heating uses '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

'''* Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:'''
* The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:51:17Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* Promote '''district heating''': Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides district heating uses '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:'''
* The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:'''
* The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:50:36Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* Promote '''district heating''': Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides district heating uses '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:'''
* The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:47:24Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* Promote '''district heating''': Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides district heating uses '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

'''* Strategic planning of Land use:'''
* The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

'''* Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:45:57Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by:'''
* Promote '''district heating''': Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.
* Besides district heating uses '''Electricity consumption''' should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

'''* Energy efficiency:'''
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency, however, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, has a high rate of 6 tons CO2/person. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption, due to very low temperatures and darkness in winter.
* Buildings with efficient insulation system and built with eco-friendly materials contribute to a lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

'''* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring:'''
* Besides significant greenhouse gas emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:'''
* New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:37:11Z

Aoshiro: /* Eutrophication – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewag...

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

'''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998''

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:36:30Z

Aoshiro: /* Analysis of vulnerability */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

== '''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998'' ==

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:35:37Z

Aoshiro: /* Analysis of vulnerability */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''

[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

== '''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998'' ==

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:35:22Z

Aoshiro: /* Analysis of vulnerability */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:'''
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3-6 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. Many northern species which depend on the cold climate are in danger of extinction.
* The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people.
* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services.

'''* Sea level rising:'''
* Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:'''
* In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation.
* Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.
* In inland waters, higher temperatures are likely to increase eutrophication, increase water column stratification, dilute salinity and cause an increase in algal blooms. Such changes will have an impact on the marine species, such as economically significant fish stocks.

== '''''Eutrophication''' – “The enrichment of bodies of fresh water by inorganic plant nutrients (e.g. nitrate, phosphate). It may occur naturally but can also be the result of human activity (cul-tural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff and sewage discharge) and is particularly evident in slow-moving rivers and shallow lakes … Increased sediment deposition can eventually raise the level of the lake or river bed, allowing land plants to colonize the edges, and eventually converting the area to dry land.” - Lawrence and Jackson, 1998'' ==

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:'''
* Citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.
* Food security & Fresh water availability - Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:28:23Z

Aoshiro: /* Analysis of vulnerability */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

'''* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:''' during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

'''* Sea level rising:''' Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:''' In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:''' the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

'''* Elderly''' can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

'''* Food security & Fresh water availability:''' Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:27:48Z

Aoshiro: /* Analysis of vulnerability */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===
'''
* Extreme weather & Temperature increase:''' during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

'''* Sea level rising:''' Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

'''* Flooding & - Storm water management:''' In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

'''* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks:''' the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

'''* Elderly''' can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

'''* Food security & Fresh water availability:''' Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:24:19Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:23:56Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]
Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:23:34Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]
(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:23:08Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]
(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]
Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:21:10Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* '''Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:''' Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Strategic planning of Land use:''' The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* '''Energy efficiency:''' Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* '''Sea levels rise and flooding:''' New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

----
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.
----

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal.
[http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY.
[http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

* '''Food for Tomorrow''' - Proposal for Finland's National Food Strategy
[http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:07:32Z

Aoshiro: /* Proposals for Climate Change Adaption */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* Strategic planning of Land use: The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Energy efficiency: Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* Sea levels rise and flooding: New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

----
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.
----

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal. [http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-08T10:06:37Z

Aoshiro: /* Scenarios */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* Strategic planning of Land use: The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Energy efficiency: Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* Sea levels rise and flooding: New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

----

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal. [http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-03T11:41:15Z

Aoshiro: /* References */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* Strategic planning of Land use: The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Energy efficiency: Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* Sea levels rise and flooding: New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

----

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal. [http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

Helsinki underground master plan(video)
http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/02/14/qmb.fc.helsinki.underground.cnn

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-03T11:31:03Z

Aoshiro: /* Image Gallery */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* Strategic planning of Land use: The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Energy efficiency: Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* Sea levels rise and flooding: New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

----

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal. [http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]
Image:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg|Itäkeskus underground swimming centre [http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

File:Itäkeskus underground swimming centre.jpg

2013-02-03T11:29:31Z

Aoshiro:

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-03T11:26:08Z

Aoshiro: /* References */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* Strategic planning of Land use: The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Energy efficiency: Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* Sea levels rise and flooding: New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

----

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal. [http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

http://www.greennetfinland.fi/en/images/9/9b/Waste_burning_19012010.pdf

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-03T11:25:20Z

Aoshiro: /* References */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* Strategic planning of Land use: The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Energy efficiency: Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* Sea levels rise and flooding: New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

----

(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

----
Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal. [http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

----
[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

http://www.lewism.org/2009/10/09/subterranea-helsinki/

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]

----
[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
About categories: You can add more categories with this tag: "[[Category:Category Name]]", add your categories

Group N - Collaborative Climate Adaption Project

2013-02-03T11:21:55Z

Aoshiro: /* Presentation Slides */

* Back to [[Working_Groups_Seminar_Climate_Change_2012|working group overview]]
* [[Group N - Concept Mapping of Seminar Topics]]

{| align="right" width="300pt" style="background:Gainsboro; color:black"
|-
| '''Area''' ||style="background:Lavender"| ''Helsinki Metropolitan Area''
|-
| '''Place''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Helsinki''
|-
| '''Country''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Finland''
|-
| '''Topic''' || style="background:Lavender"|''See level rise, GHGs Emissions''
|-
| '''Author(s)''' || style="background:Lavender"|''Andreia Oshiro, Carolina Esteves, Diana Cota''
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| [[File:Philipp korting helsinki.jpg|300px]]
|-
| ||style="background:Lavender"|
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" style="background:silver"| {{#widget:GoogleMaps
|width=300
|height=200
|lat=60.16961
|lng=24.94154
|zoom=12
|centermarker=yes
|maptypecontrol=yes
|overviewmapcontrol=yes
|largemapcontrol=yes
|scalecontrol=yes
}}
|}

=== Rationale: Why have you selected this case study area? ===
* Finland is a pioneer in implementation of climate adaptation policies (since 2005). We believe that the study of Helsinki and metropolitan area can bring us valuable examples of how to create and support effective strategies.
* There are already some adaptation actions happening on local level and that could be a good example to follow and help other cities in similar situation.

=== Authors' perspectives ===
* Sustainable Landscape Planning should provide an interdisciplinary approach to protection, conservation and management of urban and rural landscapes, considering environmental, social and economic factors.

* There are many places and people who will face serious problems related to adaptation capacity to Climate Change. Most of them in developing countries have no or few conditions to invest in research and adaptive actions. Anlysis of successful cases can help us to elaborate more effective projects and strategies, as the impacts of Climate Change will be felt differently according to each case.

=== Landscape and/or urban context===
* Helsinki – the capital of Finland - is situated at the mouth of the river Vantaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city is spread across a number of bays and peninsulas and over about 315 islands.
[[File:YTV helsinki area.jpg]]
[http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/YTV_area.jpg]
* The metropolitan area involves also the cities, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, covering around 745 sq. km, with a total population of approximately one million. Only in Helsinki live 602,200 people, making it by far the most populous city in Finland. Therefore it has a density of 2,800 inhabitants per sq.km, which is relatively low in comparison with other European capitals (e.g. London: 5,206/sq.km; Stockholm: 4,600/sq.km; Brussels: 7,025/sq.km).
[[File:Helsinki area-aog.jpg]]
* Economy in this area is dominated by the services sector, with high concentration of jobs in information technology and the public sector.
* Green areas in Helsinki cover around 40% of the land. 20% of the surface is reserved for residential buildings, other buildings account for 13%, and around one fifth is for traffic.
[[File:Helsinki green structure.jpg]][http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]
* Helsinki is a leader in energy efficiency and ranks in 7th place in the European Green City Index.[http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]
However, because of its high carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption, ranks in 11th among the 30 studied cities with a rate of 6 tons CO2/person, above the average 5tons. This is a result of the high need for heating buildings and rising energy consumption.
* The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the subway, bus and ferry lines. Its network is the shortest in Europe. However, the city ranks first with regard to the length of its cycling network, and is a leader in green transport promotion.
* Infrastructure: Since the 1960s, Helsinki has benefited from underground construction. The region is well suited to rock construction because its bedrock is hard and near the surface. In a dense urban structure, many functions are placed underground (industry parks, traffic system, sevices networks, recreation facilities, etc), near existent infrastructure.
[[File:Helsinki undergroung.png]]
[http://www.hel2.fi/ksv/julkaisut/esitteet/esite_2009-8_en.pdf]

=== Cultural/social/political context===

Cultural context

Helsinki has extensive cultural offerings and quality of life of residents. Culture plays an important role in the City’s strategy, policies and decision making. Activities in Theater, Cinema, Music, Dancing, Museums, Art education, etc., are supported by Cultural Office in cooperation with other organizers.
In 2012 Helsinki was designated World Design Capital by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (Icsid).
Its Architecture is a comprise many styles, from classicism to art nouveau. Recently has been shaped by functionalism.

[[File:Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg]]

Helsinki University of Technology, auditorium of the main building. Espoo, Finland. Architect Alvar Aalto. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_University_of_Technology_auditorium.jpg]

Social context

According to many international studies, Helsinki is one of the cleanest cities in Europe. It is high rated in health and sanitation with some of the best drinking water in the world.
General Education and Early Childhood care are promoted for Helsinki’s residents, as well as Higher Education and Research institutions.
Helsinki is a fast growing metropolitan area and its foreign-born population is growing rapidly. Housing construction and development of new areas for housing are main priorities. The city aims at 5,000 new housing units per year, and offers many alternatives of housing to suit different lifestyles and life situations.
Employment in the service sector is higher than in the whole country. Information technology, logistics, business services, high-tech industries as well as education and research are major employers in the region.

Political context

Helsinki, like all other Finnish municipalities, has a City Council. There are 3 large parties in the council of Helsinki. The National Coalition Party with 23 members, the Social Democrats with 15 members and the Green League with 19 members. The National Coalition Party has been the strongest party in the recent years.
The relevant City Department is responsible for preparing a proposal on the motion and, when complete, the proposal is submitted to the relevant committee or board for decision making.
The execution of a decision is handled by the proper department or City Group company according to each matter.
Helsinki citizens are encouraged to participate and influence the decision makers of the city.

=== Local Climate ===
*The whole Helsinki area has a semiboreal humid continental climate with both continental and oceanic characters. Although the far northern location might indicate some very low temperatures, because of Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream, these are pretty high, with the average in January and February around -5 °C.
[[File:Helsinki climate.png]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helsinki_climate.png]

* Extreme temperatures – minus 20 °C – occur rather rare, a week or two in year, mostly in the coldest month of the year February, with an average temperature of -6,6 °C.

* The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 17,2 °C, when also temperatures over 30 °C might be possible.

* Average temperature around the whole year is 4,8 °C and the yearly amount of precipitation is about 689 mm (the most rainy month is January, about 73 mm and the driest March – 36 mm).

* The first snow falls in the middle of November, but a persistent layer of snow is only from December until march available.

*Because of the geographical position, days last less than six hours around the winter solstice with really low sun rays, and the very cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long days in summer, close to nineteen hours around the summer solstice.

=== Analysis of vulnerability ===

* Extreme weather & Temperature increase: during the 21st century the average temperature in Finland is expected to rise 3.2-6.4 degrees. The decrease of ice and snow cover will impact certain ecosystems. The air quality will decrease as a result of higher temperatures. Ultraviolet radiation will be more intensive, which could affect health and comfort of people. However, climate predictions do not give clear signal of lengthening of the dry periods in summer.
[[File:Finland temperatures.png]]

* Sea level rising: Exact regional projections are not conceivable, that give rise to the large uncertainties. Current estimates vary from 10 cm to 2 m by the end of the century. There will be impacts in coastal areas, including possible displacement of communities, social infra-structure, biodiversity and alterations to landform configurations.

* Flooding & - Storm water management: In Helsinki and metropolitan areas live approximately 1 million people that could be susceptible to exceptional seasonal flooding and need for evacuation. Road maintenance will also be affected by increasing rainfall.

[[File:Helsinki Flood 2005b.jpg]][http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/images/Helsinki_Flood_2005b.jpg]

* Energy distribution and maintenance of services and social networks: the citizens are very dependent of electricity because of the city’s cold climate and the high standard of living.

* Elderly can be especially vulnerable to certain weather events such as high temperatures, freezing on pavements, or storm-related damage that cuts off access to essential services. Other factors include living alone, chronic or severe illness, dependency on medications and social exclusion.

* Food security & Fresh water availability: Transport, storage, distribution and access to healthy food and provision of fresh water can be affected.

Illustration: Map/diagram/sketches/photos/background notes

=== Proposals for Climate Change Adaption ===

* Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Electricity consumption should sink and CO2 emission should be reduced from 7.0 (rate in 1990) to 4.3 tonnes per resident by the end of 2030.
[[File:CO emissions 2030.png]] [http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/adaptation/Pages/default.aspx]

* Strategic planning of Land use: The location of dwellings, workplaces and services affects the growth of traffic and access to district heating in Helsinki, what influences greenhouse gas emissions.
[[File:Land use concept.jpg]]
Sketch by Diana Cota.

* Energy efficiency: Buildings buitl with efficient insulation system and eco-friendly materials means lower energy consumption. Regulations and Tax benefits for such constructions help to sustain this measure.
[[File:Solar panels viikki.png]]

* Sea levels rise and flooding: New buildings and other urban development should be redirected to safer areas and follow the recommended lowest base floor of new houses. Dikes, dams, sluices and locks could help to control flooding water.

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(According to Helsinki Metropolitan Area climate strategy for 2030)
[[File:GHG emission strategy - climate change helsinki.jpg]]

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Current Projects:

* '''The BaltCICA Project''' is designed to focus on the most imminent problems that climate change is likely to cause in the Baltic Sea Region. The concentration of large parts of the population and many larger cities in coastal areas make the region especially sensitive to climate change.[http://www.baltcica.org/about.html]

* '''Julia 2030''' - Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY)
The Julia 2030 project involves HSY, six municipalities of the Helsinki region, and the Finnish Environment Institute. The project aims to demonstrate how public sector services can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the use of premises and energy efficiency in procurement, and also reducing the region's carbon emissions resulting from waste disposal. [http://www.hsy.fi/JULIA2030/EN/PROJECT/Pages/default.aspx]

* '''Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.''' The cities of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen, HSY and other regional actors have prepared a joint regional strategy for adapting to climate change. The preparation work started in 2009 and was co-ordinated by HSY. [http://www.hsy.fi/tietoahsy/Documents/Julkaisut/11_2012_Helsinki_Metropolitan_Area_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Strategy.pdf]

=== Proposals for Climate Change Mitigation ===

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming:

43 % of emissions in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area are due to '''heating buildings'''.
'''Electricity consumption''' causes 28 % and '''transport''' almost 20% of emissions.
[[File:Gas emissions.png]]
[http://www.hsy.fi/en/regionalinfo/climate/emissions/Pages/default.aspx]

* Promote district heating: Emissions of electrically heated buildings and of buildings with separate individual heating systems are clearly higher than those of buildings that use district heating.

* Awareness of regional residents: Improve the awareness about the importance of reducing electricity consumption. Monitoring of consumption must be improved so that users of electric power pay according to their actual consumption.

* Promote Public Transport instead of private motoring: Besides significant GHG emissions, increased traffic has other consequences such as traffic congestion, affected air quality, increased noise levels and deteriorating road safety. Low ticket prices, rapid transport connections, frequent services and high quality standards are the most important factors for the competitiveness.

* Sustainable food supply: Is important to seek conditions such as self-sufficient production or alternatives like "Food Hubs", providing access to regional products.[http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/]

* Drainage: Water permeable asphalt in combination with efficient canalization and drainage system would help to accelerate water efflux. Those measures would help to cope in case of floods and increase road safety in strong rainfalls conditions.
[[File:Tnporousasphaltpavement2.png]]
[http://www.alanizpaving.com/blog/bid/21438/Porous-Asphalt-part-2]
[[File:porous asphalt with rain-resized-600.jpg.png ]] [http://www.graniterock.com/technical_notes/porous_asphalt_pavement.html]

* Alternative energy sources: Production of sustainable energy such as wind and wave power could be considered.
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/working_lunch/7633597.stm]

* Expand green spaces in urban area

[[File:Helsinki green fingers.jpg]] [http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf]

=== Scenarios ===
'''Visions for Helsinki in 2060'''

* Lowest Carbon emission level & Highest alternative energy production rate

* Efficient use of Land with concentrated density areas, high developed underground infrastructure and more green spaces on the surface

* Intensive use of public transport systems and high bicycle traffic

* Waste is totally re-utilized to produce energy and recycled products

* Waste water and rain water are collected and utilized to all non-drinking uses in the city

* Helsinki has improved its food supply by cultivating on street gardens, green roofs and providing access to regional products

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[[File:Scenario 01.jpg]]

Propose for adaptation to Climate Change in Helsinki.
Sketch by Andreia Oshiro.

=== What can be generalized from this case study? ===
*theoretical insights
Information and awareness of municipalities and decision makers, enterprises and communities are essential to achieve adequate policy definition, acceptance of adaptation and mitigation measures and general involvement.

Legislation changes and financial incentives are important to support adaptation strategies.

*generated questions
The information provided by researches, assessment and monitoring projects are very important to guide adaptation measures and strategies. However, under a global perspective, the implementation of such measures seems to be carried out without a proper urgency and comprisement. How to accelerate and drive the effectiveness of these actions?

*Short statement + background notes
Measures to Reduce GHG emissions in Helsinki Metropolitan Area has been implemented in public buildings as an example to be followed by private sector.

Besides the economic growth until 2008, emissions in this area began falling in 2007 influenced by lower emissions from district heating.

A compact urban structure creates opportunities for more efficient energy generation and distribution. The underground urban development provide a substantial advantage in sustainability and competitiveness.

=== Presentation Slides ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation 1-3.jpg|Slide One
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 2.jpg|Slide Two
Image:Helsinki – Finnland presentation slide 3.jpg|Slide Three
</gallery>

=== References ===

http://www.oecd.org/environment/climatechange/36736773.pdf

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/10_Forskning/poster-caravan.pdf

http://www.baltcica.org/casestudies/helsinki.html

http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~

Landscape Architecture and the challenge of Climate Change http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/

http://blogs.usda.gov/2010/12/14/getting-to-scale-with-regional-food-hubs/

Helsinki Sanomat Internationl Edition – Metro https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Dozens+of+areas+at+risk+of+flooding+found+in+Helsinki/1135259632624

http://www.flickr.com/photos/sohvimus/5401593650/

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/urbanization_development/all/en/pdf/report_en.pdf]

http://en.uuttahelsinkia.fi/sections/5/environment/32/eco-efficient-land-use-and-construction

http://www.kirjavasatama.fi/pdf/southharbour_greenareassystem_helsinki.pdf

=== Image Gallery ===

<gallery caption=" " widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
Image:Vaanta.jpg|Vantaa River [http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2009/07/09/vantaa-river-in-helsinki-finla/]
Image:rivers helsinki.jpg|Vantaa River Basin[http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1438463905000271-gr1.jpg]
Image:Food for tomorrow.png|Proposal for Finland’s National Food Strategy [http://www.mmm.fi/attachments/mmm/julkaisut/muutjulkaisut/5vTnoB8sh/Ruokastrategia_eng.pdf]
Image:Helsinki residential area.png|Eco-villas [http://www.hel2.fi/taske/julkaisut/2009/eco-viikki_en_net.pdf]

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[[Category:Climate Change Case Study]]
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